1. The document discusses the similarities between atomic and astronomical levels, noting how electrons orbit nuclei like planets orbit stars and both spin on their axes. It also notes spherical shapes are common at both levels.
2. It then discusses Avogadro's constant of 6.022140857(74) ×1023 mol−1, which relates microscopic and macroscopic observations and establishes relationships between physical constants.
3. Based on the similarities observed, the author postulates that there are exactly 6.022140857(74) ×1023 stars in the universe, equivalent to 1 mole of stars.
Slide presentation for MS chemistry unit describing formation of the elements. Presentation uses photos from Hubble Space Telescope. Ends with open writing exercise.
How much of the human body is made up of stardust,Does atoms age and what is ...Healthcare consultant
How much of the human body is made up of stardust,Does atoms age and what is the age of atoms. If an atom or molecule becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons, it becomes an ion. If the atom gains electrons, it has a negative charge. If it loses electrons, it has a positive charge.
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)Simple ABbieC
Content: How the Elements Found in the Universe were Formed
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
Learning Competency
The learners:
• give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Summary
• The big bang theory explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion fission and radioactive decay
• There are three cosmic stages through which specific groups of elements were formed.
(1) The big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements(H, He, and Li).
(2) Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.
(3) Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. They composed of smaller subatomic particles as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have positive charge, neutrons are electrically neutral; and electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus, which takes the central region of an atom, is comprised of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus.
• The atomic number (Z) indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
• Ions, which are positively or negatively charged particles, have the same number of protons in different number of electrons.
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a versatile clas...Babloo Sharma, Ph.D.
A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of perfluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base. The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
Slide presentation for MS chemistry unit describing formation of the elements. Presentation uses photos from Hubble Space Telescope. Ends with open writing exercise.
How much of the human body is made up of stardust,Does atoms age and what is ...Healthcare consultant
How much of the human body is made up of stardust,Does atoms age and what is the age of atoms. If an atom or molecule becomes electrically charged by gaining or losing one or more electrons, it becomes an ion. If the atom gains electrons, it has a negative charge. If it loses electrons, it has a positive charge.
Lesson 1 In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and the Formation of Light Elements)Simple ABbieC
Content: How the Elements Found in the Universe were Formed
Content Standard:
The learners demonstrate an understanding of:
• the formation of the elements during the Big Bang and during stellar evolution
Learning Competency
The learners:
• give evidence for and explain the formation of the light elements in the Big Bang theory (S11/12PS-IIIa-1)
Summary
• The big bang theory explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion fission and radioactive decay
• There are three cosmic stages through which specific groups of elements were formed.
(1) The big bang nucleosynthesis formed the light elements(H, He, and Li).
(2) Stellar formation and evolution formed the elements heavier than Be to Fe.
(3) Stellar explosion , or supernova, formed the elements heavier than Fe.
• Atoms are the smallest unit of matter that have all the properties of an element. They composed of smaller subatomic particles as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons have positive charge, neutrons are electrically neutral; and electrons have a negative charge.
• The nucleus, which takes the central region of an atom, is comprised of protons and neutrons, electrons move around the nucleus.
• The atomic number (Z) indicates the number of protons in an atom. In a neutral atom, number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. The atomic mass (A) is equal to the sum of the number of protons and neutrons.
• Isotopes refer to atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic masses.
• Ions, which are positively or negatively charged particles, have the same number of protons in different number of electrons.
Ultra low dielectric constant (k 1⁄4 1.53) materials with self-cleansing properties were synthesized via incorporation of fluorodecyl-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FD-POSS) into recently synthesized perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers. Incorporation of fluorine rich, high free volume, and low surface energy POSS into a semifluorinated PFCP polymer matrix at various weight percentages resulted in a dramatic drop in dielectric constant, as well as a significant increase in hydrophobicity and oleophobicity of the system. These ultra-low dielectric self-cleansing materials (qtilt 1⁄4 38) were fabricated into electrospun mats from a solvent blend of fluorinated FD-POSS with PFCP polymers.
Bis-perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers towards a versatile clas...Babloo Sharma, Ph.D.
A unique class of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether monomers was synthesized from commercially available perfluorocycloalkenes (PFCAs) and bisphenols in good yields. This facile one pot reaction of perfluorocycloalkenes, namely, octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP), and decafluorocyclohexene (DFCH), with bisphenols occurs at room temperature via an addition–elimination reaction in the presence of a base. The synthesis of PFCA monomers and their condensation with bisphenols lead to perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) aryl ether homopolymers and copolymers with random and/or alternating polymer architectures.
A variety of perfluorocycloalkenyl (PFCA) arylether monomers and polymers with enchained triarylamineunits were successfully synthesized, characterized andreported here. These polymers are highly thermally stableand show variable thermal properties. Successful conver-sion of the newly synthesized TAA enchained perfluoro-cyclopentenyl (PFCP) aryl ether polymers via formylationand EAS demonstrates the synthetic versatility of TAAmoiety and provides an excellent option for applicationspecific post polymerization reactions. The cross-linkingbehavior of PFCP aryl ether polymers was studied underdifferent reaction conditions. The combination of pro-cessability, thermal stabilities, and tailorability makes thesepolymers suitable for a wide variety of applicationsincluding electro-optics, proton exchange membranes andsuper-hydrophobic applications.
Perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) Aryl Ether Polymers via Polycondensation of Oct...Babloo Sharma, Ph.D.
A unique class of aromatic ether polymers
containing perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) enchainment was
prepared from the simple step growth polycondensation of
commercial bisphenols and octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP)
in the presence of triethylamine. Model studies indicate that
the second addition/elimination on OFCP is fast and poly-
condensation results in linear homopolymers and copolymers
without side products. The synthesis of bis(heptafluoro-
cyclopentenyl) aryl ether monomers and their condensation
with bisphenols further led to PFCP copolymers with alternating structures. This new class of semifluorinated polymers exhibit surprisingly high crystallinity in some cases and excellent thermal stability.
An aspect of the invention is directed to a polymer comprising a sulfonated
perfluorocyclopentyl compound. Another aspect of the invention is directed to a sulfonated
copolymer comprising one or more sulfonated polymers. A further aspect of the invention is
directed to membranes prepared from the polymers of the claimed invention.
Materials Required· Computer and internet access· Textbook· AbramMartino96
Materials Required
· Computer and internet access
· Textbook
· Scientific calculator
· Spreadsheet software like Excel
· Digital camera
· Printer or drawing software
· Save this worksheet and use it as your report template
Time Required: Between 3-3.5 hours, note that depending if you use Excel (or similar), your time will be shortened.
Introduction
Figure 1: JP Stellar Revolution
The life cycle of the stars is one of the most fascinating studies of astronomy.Stars are the building blocks of galaxies and by looking at their age, composition and distribution we can learn a great deal about the dynamics and evolution of that galaxy. Stars manufacture the heavier elements including carbon, nitrogen and oxygen which in turn will determine the characteristics of the planetary systems that form around them. It is the mass of the star which will determine its life cycle and this all depends on the amount of matter that is available in its nebula. Each star will begin with a limited amount of hydrogen in their cores. This lifespan is proportional to (f M) / (L), where f is the fraction of the total mass of the star, M, available for nuclear burning in the core and L is the average luminosity of the star during its main sequence lifetime. The larger the mass, the shorter the lifespan ending in a beautiful supernova, the smaller the mass, the longer the lifespan ending as a quiet brown dwarf (Fig. 1).
Main Sequence Stars
Figure 2: https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/
For this lab we will focus on stars similar to our own Sun (up to 1.4MassSun ), main sequence stars. A star that is similar in size to our Sun will take approximately 50 million years to mature from the beginning of their collapse to becoming an “adult” star. Our Sun, after reaching this mature phase, will stay on the main sequence of the HR-diagram for approximately 10 billion years (Fig. 2). Stars like our Sun are fueled by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen forming into helium at their cores. It is this outflow of energy that provides the outward pressure necessary to keep the star from collapsing under its own weight. And in turn, this energy determines the luminosity of the stars.
Death of Our Sun
Figure 3. NGC 6543
When a low mass star like our Sun has exhausted its supply of hydrogen in its core, then there will no longer be a source of heat to support the core against the pull of gravity. Hydrogen will continue to burn in a shell around the core and the star will evolve into the phase of a red giant, growing in diameter. The core of the star will collapse under the pull of gravity until it reaches a high enough density, and it will begin to burn helium and make carbon. This phase will last about 100 million years eventually exhausting the helium and then becoming a red supergiant, growing more in diameter. This is a more brief phase and last only a few tens of thousands of years and the star loses mass by expelling a strong wind. The star eventually loses the mass in its envelope, leav ...
Materials Required· Computer and internet access· Textbook· AbramMartino96
Materials Required
· Computer and internet access
· Textbook
· Scientific calculator
· Spreadsheet software like Excel
· Digital camera
· Printer or drawing software
· Save this worksheet and use it as your report template
Time Required: Between 3-3.5 hours, note that depending if you use Excel (or similar), your time will be shortened.
Introduction
Figure 1: JP Stellar Revolution
The life cycle of the stars is one of the most fascinating studies of astronomy.Stars are the building blocks of galaxies and by looking at their age, composition and distribution we can learn a great deal about the dynamics and evolution of that galaxy. Stars manufacture the heavier elements including carbon, nitrogen and oxygen which in turn will determine the characteristics of the planetary systems that form around them. It is the mass of the star which will determine its life cycle and this all depends on the amount of matter that is available in its nebula. Each star will begin with a limited amount of hydrogen in their cores. This lifespan is proportional to (f M) / (L), where f is the fraction of the total mass of the star, M, available for nuclear burning in the core and L is the average luminosity of the star during its main sequence lifetime. The larger the mass, the shorter the lifespan ending in a beautiful supernova, the smaller the mass, the longer the lifespan ending as a quiet brown dwarf (Fig. 1).
Main Sequence Stars
Figure 2: https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/
For this lab we will focus on stars similar to our own Sun (up to 1.4MassSun ), main sequence stars. A star that is similar in size to our Sun will take approximately 50 million years to mature from the beginning of their collapse to becoming an “adult” star. Our Sun, after reaching this mature phase, will stay on the main sequence of the HR-diagram for approximately 10 billion years (Fig. 2). Stars like our Sun are fueled by the nuclear fusion of hydrogen forming into helium at their cores. It is this outflow of energy that provides the outward pressure necessary to keep the star from collapsing under its own weight. And in turn, this energy determines the luminosity of the stars.
Death of Our Sun
Figure 3. NGC 6543
When a low mass star like our Sun has exhausted its supply of hydrogen in its core, then there will no longer be a source of heat to support the core against the pull of gravity. Hydrogen will continue to burn in a shell around the core and the star will evolve into the phase of a red giant, growing in diameter. The core of the star will collapse under the pull of gravity until it reaches a high enough density, and it will begin to burn helium and make carbon. This phase will last about 100 million years eventually exhausting the helium and then becoming a red supergiant, growing more in diameter. This is a more brief phase and last only a few tens of thousands of years and the star loses mass by expelling a strong wind. The star eventually loses the mass in its envelope, leav ...
The objective of this paper is to propose an approach to the unification of physics by attempting
to construct a physical worldview which can be used as the context for a unified physical theory.
The underlying principle is that we have to construct a clear description of the physical world
before we can build a unified physical theory.
The present state of physics is such that there are many theories which all differ in the descriptive
context in which they operate. The theories of general relativity, quantum theory, quantum
electrodynamics, string theory and the standard model of particle physics are based on differing
concepts of the nature of the physical world.
ecorrect Question 32 0 1 pts Referencing the diagram above, use the .pdffortmdu
ecorrect Question 32 0 /1 pts Referencing the diagram above, use the following information to
answer the question. You\'re an archaeologist working in Peru, South America and you find a of
skeleton in layer B. You it undiscovered primate species because its opposable thumbs and lack
of a tall You\'re trying to decide what type of dating method is appropriate. You recall finding a
fossil in layer C known to be 200,000 years old. You discover another fossil in layer D that dates
back to 2 million years ago. Given this information, which method would you use to date the
skeleton?
Solution
I ave explained te answeer in a little detail since te points needed explaination. The conventional
belief is that carbon datin is the metod but here we see that there are two types of age
determinations. Geologists in the late 18th and early 19th century studied rock layers and the
fossils in them to determine relative age. For this question we will not employ the carbon dating
method ,used for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the
properties of radiocarbon (14
C), a radioactive isotope of carbon. because the half-life of 14
C (the period of time after which half of a given sample will have decayed) is about 5,730 years,
the oldest dates that can be reliably measured by this process date to around 50,000 years ago,
although special preparation methods occasionally permit accurate analysis of older samples.
I will list it as two parts which contain informmation to determine the age of rocks and fossils.
PART 1: DETERMINING RELATIVE AGE OF ROCKS
there are two basic principles used by geologists to determine the sequence of ages of rocks.
They are:
Principle of superposition: Younger sedimentary rocks are deposited on top of older sedimentary
rocks.
Principle of cross-cutting relations: Any geologic feature is younger than anything else that it
cuts across.
PART 2: RADIOMETRIC AGE-DATING
Some elements have forms (called isotopes) with unstable atomic nuclei that have a tendency to
change, or decay. For example, U-235 is an unstable isotope of uranium that has 92 protons and
143 neutrons in the nucleus of each atom. Through a series of changes within the nucleus, it
emits several particles, ending up with 82 protons and 125 neutrons. This is a stable condition,
and there are no more changes in the atomic nucleus. A nucleus with that number of protons is
called lead (chemical symbol Pb). The protons (82) and neutrons (125) total 207. This particular
form (isotope) of lead is called Pb-207. U-235 is the parent isotope of Pb-207, which is the
daughter isotope.
Many rocks contain small amounts of unstable isotopes and the daughter isotopes into which
they decay. Where the amounts of parent and daughter isotopes can be accurately measured, the
ratio can be used to determine how old the rock is.
At any moment there is a small chance that each of the nuclei of U-235 will suddenly decay.
That chance of decay is very small, but it is alw.
The study of quantum physics is the branch of physics that deals with a microscopic object. Because there are a lot of objects that are so small and we cannot observe them directly with our senses. Generally, these objects must be observed by with the instruments like a microscope. This article will tell you about different aspects of quantum physics.
# Internet Security: Safeguarding Your Digital World
In the contemporary digital age, the internet is a cornerstone of our daily lives. It connects us to vast amounts of information, provides platforms for communication, enables commerce, and offers endless entertainment. However, with these conveniences come significant security challenges. Internet security is essential to protect our digital identities, sensitive data, and overall online experience. This comprehensive guide explores the multifaceted world of internet security, providing insights into its importance, common threats, and effective strategies to safeguard your digital world.
## Understanding Internet Security
Internet security encompasses the measures and protocols used to protect information, devices, and networks from unauthorized access, attacks, and damage. It involves a wide range of practices designed to safeguard data confidentiality, integrity, and availability. Effective internet security is crucial for individuals, businesses, and governments alike, as cyber threats continue to evolve in complexity and scale.
### Key Components of Internet Security
1. **Confidentiality**: Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to access it.
2. **Integrity**: Protecting information from being altered or tampered with by unauthorized parties.
3. **Availability**: Ensuring that authorized users have reliable access to information and resources when needed.
## Common Internet Security Threats
Cyber threats are numerous and constantly evolving. Understanding these threats is the first step in protecting against them. Some of the most common internet security threats include:
### Malware
Malware, or malicious software, is designed to harm, exploit, or otherwise compromise a device, network, or service. Common types of malware include:
- **Viruses**: Programs that attach themselves to legitimate software and replicate, spreading to other programs and files.
- **Worms**: Standalone malware that replicates itself to spread to other computers.
- **Trojan Horses**: Malicious software disguised as legitimate software.
- **Ransomware**: Malware that encrypts a user's files and demands a ransom for the decryption key.
- **Spyware**: Software that secretly monitors and collects user information.
### Phishing
Phishing is a social engineering attack that aims to steal sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details. Attackers often masquerade as trusted entities in email or other communication channels, tricking victims into providing their information.
### Man-in-the-Middle (MitM) Attacks
MitM attacks occur when an attacker intercepts and potentially alters communication between two parties without their knowledge. This can lead to the unauthorized acquisition of sensitive information.
### Denial-of-Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks
1.Wireless Communication System_Wireless communication is a broad term that i...JeyaPerumal1
Wireless communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without the help of wires, cables or any other forms of electrical conductors.
Wireless communication is a broad term that incorporates all procedures and forms of connecting and communicating between two or more devices using a wireless signal through wireless communication technologies and devices.
Features of Wireless Communication
The evolution of wireless technology has brought many advancements with its effective features.
The transmitted distance can be anywhere between a few meters (for example, a television's remote control) and thousands of kilometers (for example, radio communication).
Wireless communication can be used for cellular telephony, wireless access to the internet, wireless home networking, and so on.
Bridging the Digital Gap Brad Spiegel Macon, GA Initiative.pptxBrad Spiegel Macon GA
Brad Spiegel Macon GA’s journey exemplifies the profound impact that one individual can have on their community. Through his unwavering dedication to digital inclusion, he’s not only bridging the gap in Macon but also setting an example for others to follow.
Multi-cluster Kubernetes Networking- Patterns, Projects and GuidelinesSanjeev Rampal
Talk presented at Kubernetes Community Day, New York, May 2024.
Technical summary of Multi-Cluster Kubernetes Networking architectures with focus on 4 key topics.
1) Key patterns for Multi-cluster architectures
2) Architectural comparison of several OSS/ CNCF projects to address these patterns
3) Evolution trends for the APIs of these projects
4) Some design recommendations & guidelines for adopting/ deploying these solutions.
APNIC Foundation, presented by Ellisha Heppner at the PNG DNS Forum 2024APNIC
Ellisha Heppner, Grant Management Lead, presented an update on APNIC Foundation to the PNG DNS Forum held from 6 to 10 May, 2024 in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea.
This 7-second Brain Wave Ritual Attracts Money To You.!nirahealhty
Discover the power of a simple 7-second brain wave ritual that can attract wealth and abundance into your life. By tapping into specific brain frequencies, this technique helps you manifest financial success effortlessly. Ready to transform your financial future? Try this powerful ritual and start attracting money today!
1. “1 Universe = 1 Mole”
What I learnt from books and daily observation is Nature tries its best to keep things simple (you
kidding me) by providing a pattern so we can (try to) understand it. Over the time, human also
has learnt tremendously (but may be still very little) about nature and its properties. So far, we
have detected the presence of a tiniest quarks particle (10-19
m) to biggest galaxy, IC 1101 (6
billion light years).
There is a so much undeniable similarity between atomic and astronomical level. Few examples:
Electrons rotate around the nucleus, the same way planets rotate around their stars.
Electrons, nucleus and all other subatomic particles spin on their axis, like all other astronomical
particles do on their axis.
From a nucleus to a water droplet to a planet, all have (almost) spherical shape.
A nucleus is the power source of an atom and keeps it intact. In the same manner, a star keeps its
solar system intact. All other micro or macro particles just rotate around its nucleus.
Today, sitting next to this swimming pool on a beautiful summer night and thinking about
chemistry (Yeah, I do that sometime), a particular number struck my brain so hard. This number
is, as we all know it, Avogadro’s number = 6.022140857(74) ×1023
mol−1
.
2. General role in science [from wikipidia]
Avogadro's constant is a fundamental concept in chemistry and physics. It’s a scaling factor
between macroscopic and microscopic (atomic scale) observations of nature. As such, it provides
the relation between other physical constants and properties. For example, it establishes a
relationship between the gas constant R and the Boltzmann constant kB,
R = kB NA = 8.314 Jmol-1
K-1
and the Faraday constant F and the elementary charge e,
F = NAe = 96485.3365 Cmol-1
The Avogadro constant also enters into the definition of the unified atomic mass unit, u,
1 u = Mu/ NA = 1.660,538,921(73) x 10-27
kg
where Mu is the molar mass constant.
Today, this number, 6.022140857(74) ×1023
, feels so magical. No matter what the physical state
of the matter is, this number is always there.
1 gram or 1 mole of Hydrogen has 6.023 x 1023
atoms.
12 grams or 1 mole of Carbon has 6.023 x 1023
atoms.
55.84 grams or 1 mole of Iron has 6.023 x 1023
atoms, and so on. Why 18 grams, 1 mole of water
has 6.023 x 1023
molecules, why not 8.023 x 1025
molecules or something else?
I read at many places over scientific websites, journals, articles, that the number of stars in the
universe might be 1022
or 1024
.
Just by looking at the similarities between subatomic and astronomic levels, today, I postulate
(fantasize) that we have exactly 1 mole (= 6.022140857(74) ×1023
) of stars in our universe.
By-
Babloo Sharma