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1 - Neoplasia Definition Types & Characteristics, Nomenclature (1).pptx
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- 2. Normal cells –The division is precisely controlled – New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones Cancerous cells – Divide repeatedly out of control even though they are not needed and function abnormally – They can also destroy the correct functioning of major organs NEOPLASM - Definition • An abnormal mass of tissue • Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues • Growth persists in the same excessive manner even after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
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- 4. Terminology Neoplasia -New Growth Tumor - non-specific term meaning lump or swelling. Could be inflammatory or neoplastic. In practice used synonymously with neoplasm Cancer (Crab like)- Malignancy Oncology – study of tumors
- 5. Terminology of growthdisorders Hyperplasia - Increase in number of cells. Can be physiological. Reverts upon removal of stimulus Metaplasia - an adaptive substitution of one type of adult tissue to another type of adult tissue
- 6. Terminology Dysplasia- Disorderedgrowth Carcinoma in situ - Epithelial neoplasm showing all cellular features of malignancy but not yet invaded basement membrane Normal ectocervix Dysplasia cervix
- 8. Classification of tumors Tumorsare classified according to their Behavior -Benign or Malignant Cell of Origin - Epithelial or Mesenchymal Primary or Secondary (due to distant spread of primary tumor)
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- 10. Clinical Benign Malignant Growth rateSlow Relatively rapid Local Invasion No Yes Metastases Never Frequent Benign Vs Malignant Tumors
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- 13. Gross Benign Malignant Border Oftenwell circumscribed Often poorly circumscribed Capsule Usually present Usually absent Necrosis Rare Common Benign Vs Malignant Tumors
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- 16. Malignant tumors -gross Squamous cell Carcinoma Carcinoma of the Colon Fungating growth Ulcerative growth
- 17. Microscopic Benign Malignant Differentiation Well differentiated Variable Nuclear morphology OftenNormal Usually hyperchromatic, irregular outline, multiple nucleoli and pleomorphic Mitotic activity Low High Benign Vs Malignant Tumors
- 18. Anaplasia Lack ofdifferentiation Differentiation – extent to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells both morphologically and functionally Hallmark of malignant transformation Numerous morphologic changes
- 19. Differentiation Adenocarcinoma Normal &benign lesion
- 21. Characteristics of amalignant cell Cellular & Nuclear pleomorphism High nuclear – cytoplasmic ratio (normal 1:4-6; in cancer 1:1) Increased and often atypical mitosis Tumor giant cells Loss of polarity or organization of cells Loss of normal function (functional dedifferentiation) & Development of new function (sometimes)
- 22. Pleomorphism: variation insize and shape
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- 24. Abnormal nuclear morphology: hyperchromatic(abundant DNA), increased N:C ratio (normal 1:4)
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- 28. Tumor Biology Tumor kinetics Rateof tumor growth is determined by 3 main factors Doubling time Fraction of tumor cells that are in replicative pool ( Growth fraction) Rate at which cells are lost and shed
- 29. Group discussion • NOMENCLATUREOF VARIOUS BENIGN AND MALIGNANT TUMORS
- 30. NOMENCLATURE • In general,benign tumors are designated by attaching the suffix -oma to the cell of origin. • Tumors of mesenchymal cells generally follow this rule. • Eg.,Fibroma – Chondroma – Osteoma – Lipoma – Adenoma
- 31. • Malignant tumoursarising in mesenchymal tissue - sarcomas (Greek sar = fleshy).Eg: fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma... • Malignant tumours of epithelial origin- Carcinomas. • Adenocarcinoma • Squamous cell carcinoma etc
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- 33. NOMENCLATURE OF TUMORS EPITHELIALMESENCHYMAL • Benign tumor arising from glandular structure is called adenoma or papilloma E.g.: Squamous cell Papilloma Transitional cell papilloma • Benign connective tissue tumors have prefix denoting the cell of origin E.g.: Fibroma Osteoma Chondroma Lipoma Benign Tumors
- 34. Epithelial Carcinoma • Squamous cellcarcinoma • Adenocarcinoma • Transitional Cell Carcinoma Mesenchymal Sarcoma • Fibrosarcoma • Osteosarcoma • Rhabdomyosarcoma • Leiomyosarcoma NOMENCLATURE OF TUMORS MALIGNANT TUMORS
- 36. Teratoma Tumors arising fromtotipotent cells and representing all 3 germ cell layers- ectoderm, endoderm & mesoderm. Teratomas most often occur in gonads. Dermoid Cyst Benign ovarian teratoma with preponderant ectodermal differentiation Tumors with more than one parenchymal cell type
- 37. • All benigntumors have suffix – omas attached to their cell of origin • Benign epithelial tumors are either papillomas or adenomas • Malignant epithelial tumors are carcinomas • Malignant mesenchymal tumors are sarcomas • Lymphomas & leukemias NOMENCLATURE- SUMMARY
- 38. • Some nonneoplasticlesions with- oma suffix: - Granuloma - Atheroma - Mycetoma - Tuberculoma • Some malignant tumors with -oma suffix named like benign tumors - Melanoma, Lymphoma, Myeloma • Hamartoma, Choristoma EXCEPTIONS TO NOMENCLATURE RULES
- 39. HAMARTOMA Mass of disorganizedbut mature specialized cells or tissue native to the particular site Cartilage Bronchial epithelium
- 40. • Normal tissuein foreign location; Non neoplastic Eg.pancreatic tissue under small bowel mucosa CHORISTOMA (Heterotopia)
- 41. Activity • Illustrate thefeatures of Benign and Malignant cells using H & E diagrams.