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1. INFECTION CONTROL
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHLEBOTOMY
FUNDAMENTALS OF PHLEBOTOMY

2. OBJECTIVES
 Define infection and describe what is
meant by the terms local, systemic,
communicable, and nosocomial.
 Identify the components of the chain of
infection and give examples of each, and
describe infection control procedures to break
the chain.
 Define blood borne pathogen, list
examples, and describe the means of
transmission of blood borne pathogens in a
healthcare setting.
 Describe proper procedures for hand
washing, and donning and removing
protective clothing.
 Describe standard precautions outline
by the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention.

3. INFECTIONS
 Microbes that are capable of causing disease
are called pathogens
 The majority of microbes are
nonpathogenic meaning they do not cause
disease under normal conditions.
 If a pathogen invades the body and
multiplies, the resulting condition is called an
infection.
 4 broad categories of infection
 Local – restricted to a small area of the
body
 Systemic – the entire body is effected
 Communicable – spread from person to
person
 Nosocomial – hospital-acquired
infections (HAIs)

4. CHAIN OF INFECTION
 Infection transmission
requires
 Source of pathogenic
microbes
 Means of transmission
 Susceptible host

5. CHAIN OF
INFECTION
- SOURCE
Patients
Personnel
Visitors
Equipment
Food or water
Person’s own normal flora
Factors effecting transmission
• Amount of pathogen
• Viability – ability of pathogen to survive
on the source
• Virulence – the degree to which an
organism is capable of causing disease

6. MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
• Direct – direct, physical transfer of a pathogen such
as touching or kissing
• Indirect – host contact with a contaminated object
such as gloves, needles, medical equipment
Contact
transmission –
most frequent mode
• Sneezing
• Coughing
• Suctioning procedures
Droplet transmission –
infectious microbe is
transferred to the mucous
membranes of nose or mouth
• Special air handling is required for patients who
have infections with airborne transmission
• Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rubeola virus, varicella
virus are common
Airborne transmission –
evaporated droplets
generated by sneezing or
coughing, they remain
suspended in the air for long
periods of time

7. MEANS OF TRANSMISSION
• Female Anopheles mosquito -
Plasmodium sp – malaria
• Rodent fleas – Yersinia pestis –
plague
Vector
transmission –
microbe is
transferred by an
insect or animal
• Raw chicken - Salmonella
• Poor drinking water – Shigella
Vehicle
transmission –
microbe
transferred
through food,
water, or drugs

8. SUSCEPTIBLE HOST
Can be anyone,
susceptibility affected by
Age
Health
Immune status

9. BREAKING THE CHAIN
OF INFECTION
Ways to prevent transmission
Handwashing
Gloves
Gowns
Masks
Isolation procedures
Decontamination of
surfaces and instruments

10. HANDWASHING
 Wet your hands with running water.
 Apply liquid, bar or powder soap.
 Lather well.
Rub your hands vigorously for at least 15 seconds. Remember to scrub all
surfaces, including the backs of your hands, wrists, between your fingers
and under your fingernails.
 Rinse well.
 Dry your hands with a clean or disposable towel or air dryer.
 If possible, use your towel to turn off the faucet.
Keep in mind that antibacterial soap is no more effective at killing germs
than is regular soap. Using antibacterial soap may even lead to the
development of bacteria that are resistant to the product's antimicrobial
agents — making it harder to kill these germs in the future.

11. BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
Infectious microbes in blood, tissues, or body fluids
 You are at particular risk of percutaneous contact
(needle stick)when performing phlebotomy
Bloodborne Pathogens
Hepatitis B and C
HIV
Human T cell
Lymphotropic Virus
I and II
Syphilis

12. BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
 Transmission of blood borne pathogens
 Nonintact skin – direct contact of the pathogen with
visible and nonvisible preexisting cuts, including chapped
hands and dermatitis
 Percutaneous – through the skin, needle sticks, broken
glass, human bites, transfusion
 Mucous membrane – contact with nasal oral or
conjuctival mucosa by droplets, aerosols, or splashes -
or touching eyes, nose, or mouth with contaminated
hands

13. GLOVES
 Putting on gloves
 Pull gloves on tightly
 Stretch ends over the
cuffs of the gown
 Removing gloves
 Pull gloves off from the
open end
 Turn one inside out
and place in other fist
 Remove other glove
turning it inside out
 Avoid touching the
outside surface of the
gloves

14. STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
• Precautions used in caring for all patients because of the difficulty in
determining individuals with various infections
• Hand washing – use alcohol based sanitizer unless visibly contaminated,
then use soap and water
• Gloves – wear gloves when handling blood, body fluids, or tissue or
items contaminated with blood or body fluids
• Gowns – wear fluid resistant gowns when contamination of clothing is
likely
• Face protection – wear face shield when there is a possibility of aerosol
formation
• Sharps – Dispose of needles and sharps in a puncture proof container.
 Do not recap needles
• Respiratory hygiene – cover your cough with a tissue or cough into your
elbow if you do not have a tissue

15. REFLECTION –
YOU HAVE
LEARNED
The meaning of the terms local, systemic,
communicable, and nosocomial.
The components of the chain of infection and
can give examples of each, and you can
describe infection control procedures to
break the chain.
What constitutes a blood borne pathogen,
you can give examples, and the means of
transmission of blood borne pathogens in a
healthcare setting.
Proper procedures for hand washing, and
donning and removing protective clothing.
Standard precautions outline by the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention.