2. ABSTRACT
The electric motor gets energy from a controller, which regulates the
amount of power—based on the driver's use of an accelerator pedal. The
electric car (also known as electric vehicle or EV) uses energy stored in its
rechargeable batteries, which are recharged by common household
electricity..
The existing two wheeled E Vehicle is balanced by means of gyroscope
sensors. In addition, with that accelerometer is used in the existing E
Vehicle. By overall, electronics components are placed major role in the
existing E Vehicles. To obtain proper balancing and to avoid electronic
components, this project introduces a three-wheeled Mechanical E Vehicle.
The only difference is that, the Three Wheeled Mechanical E Vehicle replaces
complex electronic components like accelerometer and gyroscope with a
simple swivel wheel (the third wheel) making it more stable, economical and
fail-safe. In user point of view, the cost of the electronic type E Vehicle is
very high.
This project is focusing on manufacturing the Three Wheeled Mechanical E
Vehicle without using any type programming and sensors. The aim includes
the Mechanical E Vehicle with low cost, highly efficient and easily handling
by the user.
3. INTRODUCTION
A E Vehicle is mostly used for personal transportation in urban
environment. This was invented by Dean L. Kamen.E Vehicle is like a
scooter but the wheel arrangement is placed side by side instead of
parallel to each other. E Vehicle works on the principle of Inverted
Pendulum which will keep the angle of zero degrees in vertical at all
times. Steering is provided by operating motors with the help of DPDT
switches. Wheels are driven by two motors which are placed nearer to
two wheels. It balances with the help of third section small wheels
(Swivel wheel) so that it doesn’t need Gyroscope, Accelerometer and
any other type of sensors. So, we can also call it as Fail Safe E Vehicle.
The existing E Vehicle costs more around 3lakhs where our Project aims
to build our E Vehicle less than 15,000 Rs. The advantages of
E Vehicle’s are zero emissions, zero turn radius, no noise and higher
degree of freedom. E Vehicle is used for urban police patrolling, Military
surveillance, off road riding and Urban sightseeing. Our project also
aims to reduce the E-waste by reducing the use of electronic
components.
4. PROBLEM STATEMENT
In the existing E Vehicle, the usage of electronic components is more.The
complex electronics like accelerometers, gyroscopic sensors and highly accurate
control system makes the E Vehicle as highly expensive.E Vehicle requires
Technical maintenance regularly otherwise there may be a possibility of failure
of electronic components. Any failure in this electronics system makes it
unstable and may lead to serious accidents which cause serious injuries to the
user. In user point of view, it is also difficult to do the technical
maintenance. The electronic components are also not a serviceable one. It leads
to increase the E-waste quantity
5. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The aim of this project is to make a mechanical based E Vehicle to work with
economical, reliable, stable and fail-safe.Here the methodology is to just
introduce a third wheelfor stability purpose which eliminates all the
complicated and costly electronics parts which are all used for the same
stability purpose. As there is a limited
electronic component the technical maintenance may be reduced. The
advantage of adding third wheel leads to Stability, Easy reversing, less
maintenance and Fail safe.
6. DESIGN OF THREE WHEELED
MECHANICAL E Vehicle
DESIGN OF THREE WHEELED
MECHANICAL E Vehicle
Chassis Stress Calculation:
Stress =load/area
The weight acting on the E Vehicle
= weight of the E Vehicle + weight of the user
Total weight acting on the E Vehicle = (20 + 80) kg
=100kg
Load acting on the E Vehicle = 100 × 9.81
= 981N
Area of the E Vehicle chassis = (500 × 700) mm
= 350000mm2
Stress acting on the chassis =981/350000
=2.803×10-3MN
7. Factor of Safety
A "grid emission factor" refers to a CO2 emission factor
(tCO2/MWh) which will be associated with each unit of electricity
provided by an electricity system. It is a parameter to determine
the baseline emissions for CDM projects in the renewable energy
sector (hydro, wind, solar PV, and geothermal power, etc.)
8. COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION
The Main components of the three Wheeled Mechanical E Vehicle are
listed below.
Frame:
The Frame is the most important part of the E Vehicle. It is designed
in such a way that the E Vehicle wheels are guarded from the
obstacles and has a platform for the driver. The entire weight is
transmitted to the tyre through this Frame.
Microcontroller
Bluethooth Module
Motor Driver m298
Gear Motor
9. Adjustable Rod with Handle
The Adjustable rod is used to vary the height according to the
rider’s comfort. Handle refers to the steering mechanism for E
Vehicle, the equivalent of a steering wheel.
Besides steering, handle also often support a position of the rider’s
weight, depending on their riding position.
10. DC Square Motor
Square geared DC motor is a very high torque motor used in
Household appliances, automatic system etc., Gear box is built to
handle the stall torque produced by the motor. Drive shaft is
supported from with metal bushes. We used two 24V, 300Rpm DC
Square Motor.
11. Battery
Battery is the main power source of our three wheeled
Mechanical E Vehicle. 12V DC Battery is used in our E Vehicle.
The two motors are connected to a battery through a Switch.
12. E Vehicle Wheels
In our project two wheels are used in both the sides. Wehave
used plastic wheels because the cost is very less, easy availability
of wheels and to achieve smooth movement of E Vehicle. Also the
plastic wheels have higher amount of weight gaining capacity.
13. Swivel Wheel
The purpose of the Swivel wheel (third wheel) is just to provide
balance to the E Vehicle. It eliminates the need of Gyroscope
sensor. So, the cost is considerably reduced because Gyroscope
sensor costs more
14. DPDT Switch
Double Pole Double Throw (DPDT) switch is used to guide the
direction of rotation of motor shaft. Two DPDT switches are used
in Mechanical E Vehicle. By operating this switch the direction of
E Vehicle can be varied. Switches are connected with motors
through wires.
15. Bearings
Bearings are used to reduce the friction between moving parts.
In Mechanical E Vehicle Roller Bearing is used.
Four Roller Bearing is used to reduce the wear and tear of the
wheel shaft.
16. ASSEMBLING OF COMPONENTS
Wheels are attached to opposite sides of the Frame through the
Bearings.
Small wheel is fitted in the back side of the Frame.
The Motors are fixed to the wheels through Gears.
The Adjustable rod with Handle is attached to the front side of the
frame by welding.
The Base Plate is mounted on the Frame.
DPDT switch is fixed in the Handle.
Battery is placed in the middle of the Base Plate and connections are
given to two Motors through DPDT switches.
17. CONCLUSION
The Human being’s requirement is easy transportation with
accident free ride. Also, the cost of the equipment used for that
purpose should be very low. In order to fulfil the above things, a
new Mechanical based threewheel E Vehicle is designed in this
project. To identify the
difficulties in existing models, a thorough literature study was
made. The modelling is done with Autodesk Fusion360 software
and dimensions are finalized based on design calculations. The
main objective is to minimize the fuel consumption especially
forcommuting over shortest distance and to fabricate a low cost,
accident free three-wheeled mechanical E Vehicle.
18. REFERENCES
[1] M. Thompson, J. Beula Julietta Mary, “Design and fabrication of failsafe E Vehicle personal
transporter”, International Journal of Mechanical and Industrial Technology, ISSN 2348-7593 (Online)
Vol. 2, Issue 1, pp: (78-82), Month: April 2014 - September 2014.
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B. Venu, “Design and fabrication of fail safe E Vehicle”, IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil
Engineering (IOSRJMCE), e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 3 Ver. II (May. - Jun.
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[4] Ankit S. Khanzode, Ashish G. Masne, Mohd. Shahzad
Gulam Ali, Akshay P. Tale, Kamalkishor G Maniyar,
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