1. African Americans They are also known as the black Americans or the Afro Americans. They are a group of citizens or residents living in the United States of America and they have partial or total ancestry from any native population of the sub-Saharan Africa. Some are also descendants of African Slaves. They are the second largest ethnic and racial minority in the United States 2. Events Event 1: 1877 to 1945 Event: National Association for the Advancement of Colored people (NAACP) In 12th February 1909 the National Association for advancement of colored people was founded by sixty prominent black and white intellectuals, reformers and socialists like James Weldon, Ella Baker, Moor field Storey, Walter white, Roy Wilkins, Benjamin among others they were led by W.E.B Du Bois in New York. The organization was founded when the United States was facing a national crisis of racism to secure the civil and political rights of African Americans and fight for justice for all Americans.103 years later since its inception it’s the oldest, largest and most influential civil rights organization (Tishkoff, Reed, Friedlaender, Ehret, Ranciaro, Froment & Williams, 2009). Event 2:1877 to 1945 Event: Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) In August1914 Marcus Garvey established the universal Negro Improvement association an influential nationalist organization in Jamaica where it operated until he moved to England in 1935 ( Sitkoff, 2009). The organization was founded to promote the spirit of race and pride and also create the sense of peace in black people and to unite all Africa and its Diasporas and redeem it from white rule. The UNIA closed in 1982 but it is recognized as a historic landmark by the National Register of Historic Places and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office (Marable, 1991). Event 3: 1945 to present Event: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) Between January and February 1957 a civil rights group named the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded by Martin Luther king, Charles k Steele and Fred L Shuttle worth in New Orleans to fight all forms of segregation (Harding, 1981). Event 4: 1945 to present Event: The first African American President and Attorney General In 2008 senator Barack Obama from Chicago became the first African American President nominee as a major party nominee for president. On November 4th 2009 he became the first African American president to be elected president and the 44th president of the United States of America. On February 2nd Erick H Holder became the first African American to serve as Attorney General. 3. Sources Primary Sources Washington, J. M. (1986). The essential writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco. In 28th August 1963 martin Luther King in his speech spoke of how he longed for unity between the white and black Americans and freedom for the black Americans his speech has been recited by many people and it clearly ...

1. 1. African Americans
They are also known as the black Americans or the Afro
Americans. They are a group of citizens or residents living in
the United States of America and they have partial or total
ancestry from any native population of the sub-Saharan Africa.
Some are also descendants of African Slaves. They are the
second largest ethnic and racial minority in the United States
2. Events
Event 1: 1877 to 1945
Event: National Association for the Advancement of Colored
people (NAACP)
In 12th February 1909 the National Association for
advancement of colored people was founded by sixty prominent
black and white intellectuals, reformers and socialists like
James Weldon, Ella Baker, Moor field Storey, Walter white,
Roy Wilkins, Benjamin among others they were led by W.E.B
Du Bois in New York. The organization was founded when the
United States was facing a national crisis of racism to secure
the civil and political rights of African Americans and fight for
justice for all Americans.103 years later since its inception it’s
the oldest, largest and most influential civil rights organization
(Tishkoff, Reed, Friedlaender, Ehret, Ranciaro, Froment &
Williams, 2009).
Event 2:1877 to 1945
Event: Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
In August1914 Marcus Garvey established the universal Negro
Improvement association an influential nationalist organization
in Jamaica where it operated until he moved to England in 1935
( Sitkoff, 2009). The organization was founded to promote the
spirit of race and pride and also create the sense of peace in
black people and to unite all Africa and its Diasporas and
redeem it from white rule. The UNIA closed in 1982 but it is
recognized as a historic landmark by the National Register of

2. Historic Places and the Ohio Historic Preservation Office
(Marable, 1991).
Event 3: 1945 to present
Event: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
Between January and February 1957 a civil rights group named
the Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded by
Martin Luther king, Charles k Steele and Fred L Shuttle worth
in New Orleans to fight all forms of segregation (Harding,
1981).
Event 4: 1945 to present
Event: The first African American President and Attorney
General
In 2008 senator Barack Obama from Chicago became the first
African American President nominee as a major party nominee
for president. On November 4th 2009 he became the first
African American president to be elected president and the 44th
president of the United States of America. On February 2nd
Erick H Holder became the first African American to serve as
Attorney General.
3. Sources
Primary Sources
Washington, J. M. (1986). The essential writings and speeches
of Martin Luther King, Jr. San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
In 28th August 1963 martin Luther King in his speech spoke
of how he longed for unity between the white and black
Americans and freedom for the black Americans his speech has
been recited by many people and it clearly shows that the black
people in America were discriminated and treated unfairly and
this is what led to formation of civil rights activists groups.
This is a helpful source.
Higginbotham, E. B., Litwack, L. F., & Hine, D. C. (Eds.).
(2001). The Harvard Guide to African-American History (Vol.
12). Harvard University Press.
The Harvard guide to African American history contains
manuscripts, which feature the lives of the black Americans

3. from the time of slavery to the time they formed different
organizations to fight for their rights. The manuscripts offer
context for analyzing racial discrimination among the
Americans.
Secondary Sources
Sitkoff, H. (2008). The struggle for black equality. Macmillan.
Harvard Sitkoff proves the thesis for his book the struggle for
black equality when he offers a brilliant and clear interpretation
of the dynamics and personalities of the civil rights
organizations and by analyzing the problems affecting the
African Americans he states that there is a difference between
knowing you are black and knowing what it means to be black
in America. His book highlights the struggle for blacks to fight
racism to gain equality and justice his book helped me get to
now different civil rights organizations like the NAAP and
SCLC and how they fought hard for justice for the blacks.
Karenga, M. (1988). Black studies and the problematic of
paradigm: The philosophical dimension. Journal of Black
Studies, 395-414.
The journal of black studies publishes original and creative
research on issues concerning the progress of the people from
African descent both professionally and displinary. The
publishers discuss topics concerning the social transformations
that impact the life of Africans from the 16th century. The
journal is descriptive and well researched.
4. Thesis statement
Thesis: All Americans black or white should be treated equally
to shun racial differences.
References

4. Tishkoff, S. A., Reed, F. A., Friedlaender, F. R., Ehret, C.,
Ranciaro, A., Froment, A., ... & Williams, S. M. (2009). The
genetic structure and history of Africans and African
Americans. Science, 324(5930), 1035-1044.
Sitkoff, H. (2009). A New Deal for Blacks: The Emergence of
Civil Rights as a National Issue: The Depression Decade.
Oxford University Press on Demand.
Harding, V. (1981). There is a river: The Black struggle for
freedom in America (p. xiii). New York: Harcourt Brace
Jovanovich.
Marable, M. (1991). Race, Reform, and Rebellion: The Second
Reconstruction in Black America, 19451990. Univ. Press of
Mississippi.
Please answer the following questions.
APA style, two to three pages
Citations and three references
1. Define Business Case and explain the difference between a
Business Case and a Business Plan.
2. What is the relationship between systems analysts and
stakeholders?? This relationship has a significant impact on a
business case that is developed around and idea or proposal.
3. Identify 7 common reasons why projects fail and explain how
a business case can mitigate the risks associated with them.
4. What is a business driver, and how does it relate to project
planning??? What are technology drivers and what is their
impact on projects?

5. 5. Discuss Enterprise Architecture as it relates to a project and
how it impacts the role of the Analyst.
Primary Source:
Media Accounts
created at the time
of an event
Primary Source:
Photographs of a
historical event
Primary Source:
Artifacts created or
used during a historical
event
Primary Source:

6. Official or legal
documents created at
the time of an event
Primary Source:
First-hand accounts
of a historical event
from someone who
witnessed it
Historical Event
Secondary Source:
Book about a historical event based on
primary sources and secondary sources
Secondary Source:
Journal article about a historical event
based on primary and secondary
sources
Secondary Source:
Paper about a historical event written

7. by a student based on primary and
secondary sources
Tertiary Source:
Encyclopedia (or
other reference
work) article about a
historical event
Tertiary Source:
Video or documentary
about a historical event
Tertiary Source:
Educational website
about a historical event
Tertiary Source:
Textbook
Tertiary Source:
Book or article about a
historical event that is

8. not based on primary
sources
Primary Sources
What are Primary Sources?
during a historical event or by someone who personally
witnessed a historical event.
ources can take many forms, including:
o First-hand accounts—oral histories, memoirs,
diaries, letters, interviews, etc.
o Media accounts—newspaper or television report
o Political or legal documents—Congressional
Records, Presidential Papers, Court rulings,
Speeches, census or tax records
o Artistic works—Photographs, paintings,
sculptures, films
o Artifacts—clothing, buildings, pottery
-hand accounts, must

9. have been created at the time of the historical event that
you are researching.
-hand accounts must be an explanation of the
historical event that you’re researching by someone who
personally witnessed the event.
Where Can I find Primary Sources?
There are many places to find primary sources online, like
websites for archives and museums.
Here are some places where you can find primary sources:
Library of Congress
National Archives and Records
Administration
History Matters
National Security Archive
FBI Archive
Foreign Relations of the United States
Tenement Museum
Herbert Hoover Library
Franklin D. Roosevelt Library

10. Harry S. Truman Library
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
John F. Kennedy Library
Lyndon B. Johnson Library
Richard Nixon Library
Gerald Ford Library
http://www.loc.gov/
http://www.archives.gov/research/
http://www.archives.gov/research/
http://historymatters.gmu.edu/browse/manypasts/
http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/
http://vault.fbi.gov/
https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments
http://www.tenement.org/collections.html
http://www.ecommcode2.com/hoover/research/index.html
http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/resources.html
http://www.trumanlibrary.org/library.htm
http://www.eisenhower.archives.gov/research/online_documents
.html
http://www.jfklibrary.org/Research.aspx
http://www.lbjlibrary.org/research
http://www.nixonlibrary.gov/virtuallibrary/index.php
http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/

11. Secondary Sources
What are Secondary Sources?
storical events written
after the event took place and by
individuals who did not personally witness them.
secondary sources.
with the terms “academic source” or
“scholarly source.”
secondary sources as asking you for a peer-
reviewed journal article or book.
Where do I find Secondary Sources?
are the product of the
analyses of primary sources, with context
provided by secondary sources.
historians or students to build on the work
of other historians.

12. y sources for
your work is the Ashford University
Library.
What separates a Secondary Source from a
Primary Source?
are all created after a historical event
happened.
nt difference is that secondary sources are not
first-hand accounts, like memoirs or
oral history interviews.
What about textbooks and encyclopedias? Are they Secondary
Sources?
most documentaries and educational
websites are not secondary sources because they are based only
on secondary sources. They are
called tertiary sources.
can help students begin the research
process, they are generally not acceptable for use in university-
level work.

13. Topic selected: African Americans
Abstract
African Americans additionally referred to, as Afro-Americans
or Black Americans, is an ethnic group of occupants or subjects
of the U.S together with aggregate or halfway lineage from any
of the local populaces of Sub-Saharan Africa. The term might
likewise be utilized to incorporate just those people who are
dropped from African slaves. As a compound descriptive word,
the term is normally hyphenated as Black-American. (Gates Jr,
& Mitchell, 2014).
Black Americans consists of the second biggest racial and
ethnic minority in the U.S. Most Black Americans are of Central
and West African drop and are relatives of oppressed blacks
inside of the limits of the present United States.
Notwithstanding, outsiders from Caribbean, South American,
Central American, and African countries and their relatives
might possibly additionally self-relate to the term.
(Twagilimana, 2014).
African-American history begins in the 16th century, with
Africans persuasively taken as slaves to America Spanish
regions, and at the 17th century with slaves from Africa taken
to settlements of the English in North America. After the
establishing of the United States, dark individuals kept on being
subjugated and regarded as minority. These situations were
modified by Reconstruction, improvement of the African
American group, and cooperation in the considerable military
clashes of the United States, the disposal of racial isolation, and
the Movement of the Civil Rights. On 2008, Barack Obama
turned into the first African American to be chosen president of
the United States. (Gates Jr, & Mitchell, 2014).

14. Year
Description
1800-1850
· 1800: Gabriel Prosser, an oppressed African-American
metalworker, sorts out a slave rebellion meaning to walk on
Richmond, Virginia. The scheme is uncovered, and Prosser and
various the revolutionaries are hanged. Virginia's slave laws are
hence fixed. (Twagilimana, 2014).
· 1822: Denmark Vesey, a subjugated African-American
woodworker who had bought his flexibility, arranges a slave
revolt with the purpose to lay attack on Charleston, South
Carolina. The plot is found, and Vesey and 34 coconspirators
are hanged.
· On 1839, July 2, theAfrican slaves (about 53) on board the
slave dispatch the Amistad rebelled against their captors,
murdering everything except the ship's guide, who cruised them
to Long Island, N.Y., rather than their planned destination,
Africa. Joseph Cinqué was the bunch's pioneer. The slaves on
board the boat got to be unwitting images for the slavery
resisting development in pre-civil War United States. After a
few trials in which nearby and government courts contended
that the slaves were taken as abduct casualties as opposed to
stock, the slaves were vindicated. The previous slaves on board
the Spanish vessel Amistad secured entry home to Africa with
the assistance of thoughtful teacher social orders in 1842.
(Gates Jr, & Mitchell, 2014).
· 1849: Harriet Tubman escapes from subjugation and turns into
a standout amongst the best and commended pioneers of the
Underground Railroad
1851-1900
· 1863: President Lincoln issues the Emancipation
Proclamation, proclaiming "that all persons held as slaves"
inside of the Confederate states "are, and henceforward might
be free." (Twagilimana, 2014).
· 1868: Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution is
sanctioned, characterizing citizenship. People naturalized or

15. conceived in the U.S. are residents of America, including those
conceived as slaves. This invalidates the Dred Scott Case
(1857), which had decided that blacks were not natives.
· 1869: Howard University's graduate school turns into the
nation's first dark graduate school.
· 1881: Booker T. Washington establishes an Industrial Institute
in Alabama Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. The
Institute turned into one of the main Institute of higher learning
for Black-Americans, and also stresses the common sense use of
information.
· In 1896, George Washington Carver starts instructing there as
chief of the division of agrarian exploration, picking up a global
notoriety for his rural advances.
· 1896: Plessy v. Ferguson: This point of interest Supreme
Court choice holds that racial isolation is protected, making
ready for the oppressive Jim Crow laws in the South.
1901-1950
· 1914: Marcus Garvey makes the Universal Negro Improvement
Association, a persuasive Black Nationalist association "to
advance the soul of race pride" and make a feeling of overall
solidarity among blacks.
· 1931: Nine African Americans young people are arraigned in
Scottsboro, Ala., on charges of having assaulted two white
ladies. In spite of the fact that the proof was thin, the south
region jury then sentenced all to death. Supreme Court later on
topples their feelings twice; every time Alabama retries them,
discovering them liable. In a third trial, four Scottsboro teenage
men were liberated; yet five are sentenced to long jail terms.
(Twagilimana, 2014).
· 1948: Although African Americans had taken part in every
United State war that was major, it was not later after the
Second World War that Harry S. Truman the President issues a
request that was official coordinating the U.S. military. (Gates
Jr, & Mitchell, 2014).
1950-Present
· 1952: Malcolm X turns into a pastor of the Nation of Islam.

16. Through the following quite a long while his impact increments
until he is one among the two most capable individuals from the
Black Muslims (the other was its pioneer, Elijah Muhammad). A
Black Nationalist and separatist development, the Nation of
Islam fights that no one but blacks can resolve the issues of
blacks.
· 1965: Malcolm X, Black Nationalist and originator for
Organization of African-American Unity, is killed (Feb. 21).
· 1968: Martin Luther King, Jr., is assassinated in Tenn.,
Memphis on April 4th. President Johnson later signs the Civil
Rights Act, denying segregation in the deal, rental, and
financing of lodging (April 11). Shirley Chisholm turns into the
first dark female U.S. Delegate. A Democrat from New York,
she was chosen in November and served from 1969 to 1983.
· 1992: The first race revolts in decades emit in south-focal Los
Angeles after a jury absolves four white cops for the recorded
beating of (April 29) Afro-American Rodney King. (Tyner,
2013).
· 2001: Colin Powell turns into the first Black-American United
State Secretary of State.
· In 2002: Halle Berry wins the Best Actress Oscar and she
happens to be the first African American lady. Denzel
Washington, in Training Day was the star, gains the Best Actor
recompense, making this year that Afro-Americans win both the
performer Oscars and best on-screen character.
· 2008: Sen. Barack Obama, Democrat from Chicago, turns into
the first African American to be assigned as a real gathering
candidate for president. (Twagilimana, 2014).
· 2008: On November 4, Barack Obama, turns into the first
African American to be chosen president of the United States,
overcoming Republican competitor, Senator John McCain.
· In 2009: Barack Obama of the Democrat coming from
Chicago, turns into the first African-American president and the
nation's 44th president. In 2nd February, the United State
Senate affirms, with votes of 75 to 21, the Attorney General
Eric H. Holder, Jr. becomes the 1st Black American to serve as

17. Attorney General. (Gates Jr, & Mitchell, 2014).
· 2015: The 114th Congress incorporates 46 African Americans
to the Senate and two to the House of Representatives.
References
Gates Jr, H. L., & Mitchell, W. J. T. (2014). The signifying
monkey: A theory of African American literary criticism.
Oxford University Press.
Boyd-Franklin, N. (2013). Black families in therapy:
Understanding the African American experience. Guilford
Publications.
Tagliamonte, S. A. (2013). Comparative sociolinguistics (pp.
128-156). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Murrell Jr, P. C., Murrell Jr, P. C., & Murrell, P. C.
(2012). African-centered pedagogy: Developing schools of
achievement for African American children. SUNY Press.
Twagilimana, A. (2014). Race and Gender in the Making of an
African American Literary Tradition. Routledge.
Tyner, J. (2013). The geography of Malcolm X: Black
radicalism and the remaking of American space. Routledge.