Relationship between spt n value & shear wave velocitySidharthJain53
The ground motion characteristics of the site are generally affected by the soil when the earthquake comes. So, for performing site characterization of the soil of a selected site, the shear wave velocity is an important parameter for the stiffness or strength of the soil layer, and it is related to the amplification of ground. The shear wave velocity profile can be obtained by wave propagation in the field. But it is not economically done in all the sites so. This report presents a relationship between shear wave velocity (Vs) and SPT N-Value based on the shear velocity measurement is done by horizontal to the vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) done by tromino instrument and N-Value by Soil penetration test at various test sites in the IIT(ISM), Dhanbad campus and its nearby areas.
In this campus of IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, there are silty sand, yellowish sand clay, and greyish sandy clay is present with a thickness of few meters to 9 meters.
The horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) test has been carried out 7 locations of campus at which SPT-N value data is available. This SPT-N is getting by CPWD, Dhanbad branch, which has various projects for the infrastructure of IIT(ISM), Dhanbad. The acquired surface wave data were processed by grilla software developed shear wave profile at the site.
After doing assessments statically, the empirical relationship was developed between Vs and SPT-N value. This developed regression equation in this study can be used for these sites, which predominates consist of loose silty sand to medium silty sand and sandy clay to sandy dead rock.
This slide covers the entire contents for the unit of Projectile motion as described by NTA level 4 curriculum for Geology and Mineral Exploration in mines, Mineral Processing Engineering, Environmental Engineering in Mines and Petroleum Geo sciences at Dodoma Polytechnic of Energy and Earth Resources Management.
The figure of the Earth can be modelled either by a cartesian plane, a sphere or an (oblate) ellipsoid, in decreasing order with respect to the approximation quality. The shortest path between two points on such a surface is called a geodesic. Studying geodesic problems on ellipsoids dates back to Newton. However, the majority of open-source GIS systems today use methods on the cartesian plane. The main advantages of those approaches are simplicity of implementation and performance. On the other hand, those approaches come with a handicap: accuracy.
We experimentally study the accuracy-performance trade-offs of various methods for distance computation (as well as similar geodesic problems such as azimuth and area computation). We test projections paired with cartesian computations, spherical-trigonometric computations and a number of ellipsoidal methods such as [Andoyer'65] and [Thomas'70] formulas, [Vincenty'75] iterative method, great elliptic arc's method, and [Karney'15] series approximation. We also show that some methods from the bibliography (e.g. [Tseng'15]) are neither faster nor more accurate compared to the above list of methods and thus become redundant. For our experiments we use the open source libraries Boost Geometry and GeographicLib.
Our results are of independent interest since we are not aware of a similar experimental study. More interestingly, they can be used as a reference for practitioners that want to use the most efficient method with respect to some given accuracy.
Geodesic computations (such as distance computations) apart from being a fundamental problem in computational geometry and geography/geodesy are also building blocks for many higher level algorithms such as k-nearest neighbour problems, line interpolation, densification of geometries, area and buffer, to name a few.
# References
* Some experimental results can be found here: https://github.com/vissarion/geometry/wiki/Accuracy-and-performance-of-geographic-algorithms
* A related talk (with some graphs on performance and accuracy) can be found here https://fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/geo_boostgeometry
* The source code of most of the algorithms of the study is in Boost Geometry: https://github.com/boostorg/geometry but we contain to our study GeographicLib https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io
Relationship between spt n value & shear wave velocitySidharthJain53
The ground motion characteristics of the site are generally affected by the soil when the earthquake comes. So, for performing site characterization of the soil of a selected site, the shear wave velocity is an important parameter for the stiffness or strength of the soil layer, and it is related to the amplification of ground. The shear wave velocity profile can be obtained by wave propagation in the field. But it is not economically done in all the sites so. This report presents a relationship between shear wave velocity (Vs) and SPT N-Value based on the shear velocity measurement is done by horizontal to the vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) done by tromino instrument and N-Value by Soil penetration test at various test sites in the IIT(ISM), Dhanbad campus and its nearby areas.
In this campus of IIT(ISM), Dhanbad, there are silty sand, yellowish sand clay, and greyish sandy clay is present with a thickness of few meters to 9 meters.
The horizontal to vertical spectral ratio (HVSR) test has been carried out 7 locations of campus at which SPT-N value data is available. This SPT-N is getting by CPWD, Dhanbad branch, which has various projects for the infrastructure of IIT(ISM), Dhanbad. The acquired surface wave data were processed by grilla software developed shear wave profile at the site.
After doing assessments statically, the empirical relationship was developed between Vs and SPT-N value. This developed regression equation in this study can be used for these sites, which predominates consist of loose silty sand to medium silty sand and sandy clay to sandy dead rock.
This slide covers the entire contents for the unit of Projectile motion as described by NTA level 4 curriculum for Geology and Mineral Exploration in mines, Mineral Processing Engineering, Environmental Engineering in Mines and Petroleum Geo sciences at Dodoma Polytechnic of Energy and Earth Resources Management.
The figure of the Earth can be modelled either by a cartesian plane, a sphere or an (oblate) ellipsoid, in decreasing order with respect to the approximation quality. The shortest path between two points on such a surface is called a geodesic. Studying geodesic problems on ellipsoids dates back to Newton. However, the majority of open-source GIS systems today use methods on the cartesian plane. The main advantages of those approaches are simplicity of implementation and performance. On the other hand, those approaches come with a handicap: accuracy.
We experimentally study the accuracy-performance trade-offs of various methods for distance computation (as well as similar geodesic problems such as azimuth and area computation). We test projections paired with cartesian computations, spherical-trigonometric computations and a number of ellipsoidal methods such as [Andoyer'65] and [Thomas'70] formulas, [Vincenty'75] iterative method, great elliptic arc's method, and [Karney'15] series approximation. We also show that some methods from the bibliography (e.g. [Tseng'15]) are neither faster nor more accurate compared to the above list of methods and thus become redundant. For our experiments we use the open source libraries Boost Geometry and GeographicLib.
Our results are of independent interest since we are not aware of a similar experimental study. More interestingly, they can be used as a reference for practitioners that want to use the most efficient method with respect to some given accuracy.
Geodesic computations (such as distance computations) apart from being a fundamental problem in computational geometry and geography/geodesy are also building blocks for many higher level algorithms such as k-nearest neighbour problems, line interpolation, densification of geometries, area and buffer, to name a few.
# References
* Some experimental results can be found here: https://github.com/vissarion/geometry/wiki/Accuracy-and-performance-of-geographic-algorithms
* A related talk (with some graphs on performance and accuracy) can be found here https://fosdem.org/2019/schedule/event/geo_boostgeometry
* The source code of most of the algorithms of the study is in Boost Geometry: https://github.com/boostorg/geometry but we contain to our study GeographicLib https://geographiclib.sourceforge.io
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
EGME 306A The Beam Page 1 of 18 Group 2 EXPER.docxSALU18
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 1 of 18
Group 2
EXPERIMENT 3:The Beam
Group 2 Members:
Ahmed Shehab
Marvin Penaranda
Edwin Estrada
Chris May
Bader Alrwili
Paola Barcenas
Deadline Date: 10/23/2015
Submission Date: 10/23/2015
EGME 306A – UNIFIED LABORATORY
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 2 of 18
Group 2
Abstract (Bader):
The main objective for this experiment was to determine the stress, deflection, and strain of a supported beam
under loading, and to experimentally verify the beam stress and flexure formulas. Additionally, maximum
bending stress and maximum deflection were determined. To accomplish this, a 1018 steel I-beam with a strain
gage bonded to the underside was utilized in conjunction with a dial indicator to monitor beam deflection. In
order to determine the values for strain and deflection, the beam underwent testing utilizing the MTS Tensile
Testing machine, which applied a controlled, incrementally increasing load to the beam. This data was then
utilized along with calculations for the beams neutral axis, moment of inertia, and section modulus to determine
the required objective values. Final values of 12,150 psi for the maximum actual stress (vs. 12,784.8 psi for
theoretical stress), and 0.0138 in for the maximum actual deflection (vs. .0130 in for theoretical deflection)
correlated closely with each other, and successfully verify established beam stress and flexure formulas.
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 3 of 18
Group 2
Table of Contents:
List of Symbols and Units 4
Theory 5
Procedure and Experimental Set-up 8
Results 9
Sample Calculations and Error Analysis 12
Discussion and Conclusion 15
Bibliography 16
Appendix 17
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 4 of 18
Group 2
List of Symbols and Units (Chris):
List of Symbols and Units Name of variables (units) Units
𝜎 Stress psi
𝑃 Applied load lbf
𝐼 Moment of Inertia in.4
𝜀 Strain in/in
𝐿 Length of the bar in
Z Section Modulus of Beam in3
𝑐 Distance to Beam Neutral Axis in
𝐸 Modulus of Elasticity psi
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 5 of 18
Group 2
Theory (Edwin):
There are two main objectives for this experiment: to determine maximum bending stress values in
the beam and to determine the deflection in the beam. To help visualize this phenomena, imagine
cutting a section of a symmetrically loaded beam:
Now, examine diagrams of this section before (Fig. A) and after bending (Fig. B):
(Fig. A)
(Fig. B)
The main points to take away from the above diagrams are as follows: When the moment, M is applied
as shown in Fig. A, forces will be in compression near the top (positive moment) and in tension near
the bottom (negative moment). The effects from this moment are seen in Fig. B.
For determining max stress values, one concept to note is that our bending moment M can help
calculate bending stress. First, we rec
Part II:
When r= 0.7r
Part II:
When r= 0
Reflection on this week’s Objectives
Discuss this week’s objectives:
Objectives / Competencies:
· Analyze internal organizational dynamics and the influence on business continuity.
· Describe cultural, structural, leadership considerations that must be incorporated into strategy implementation.
· Determine the resources needed for strategy implementation
Prepare a 350- to 1,050- word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.
Part ! :
Part II :
When r = ro
Part II:
When r= .8ro
Physics161
Moment of Inertia
Introduction
In this experiment we will study the effect of a constant torque on a symmetrical body. In Part I you will determine the angular acceleration of a disk when a constant torque is applied to the disk. From this we will measure its moment of inertia, which we will compare with a theoretical value. In Part II, you will observe the relationship between torque, moment of inertia and angular acceleration for a rotating rod with two masses on either end. You will vary the mass connected (and therefore the torque applied) to the rod by two pulleys. You will also change the moment of inertia of the rod system by changing the distance of the masses from the center of mass of the rod. Reference
Young and Freedman, University Physics, 13th Edition: Chapter 3, section 4; Chapter 9, sections
1-4Theory
Moment of inertia is a measure of the distribution of mass in a body and how difficult that body is to accelerate angularly. For both parts of the experiment, a falling mass will accelerate a rotating object in the horizontal plane. In Part I, the object will be a disk. In Part II, you will find the moment of inertia of a rod with two masses attached to it.
The basic equation for rotational motion is:
(1)
where is angular acceleration in units of rad/s2, is applied torque in N m, and finally I is the moment of inertia or rotational inertia in units of kg m2. For a uniform disk pivoted about the center of mass, the theoretical moment of inertia is
(2)
where M is the mass of the disk and R is the radius of the disk. In Part I we measure the angular acceleration, α, and use this to calculate moment of inertia, I, which we will compare with the theoretical value of I.
In Part II the moment of inertia is the sum of the moments of inertia of the two masses and the rod. For the masses that slip onto the rod, we will assume point masses. Thus, the moment of inertia for one of the two masses is:
(3)
where r is the distance of the center of mass from the axis of rotation located at the center of the rod. Because the masses can be moved along the rod, r will be adjusted to change their moment of inertia. The moment of the inertia of the rod with mass M and a length L is:
(4)
The moment of inertia for a rod with length L and two masses on each end at a distance r is simply the sum of the.
Semester Spring 2020Course Code PHYS218Course Title.docxtcarolyn
Semester: Spring 2020
Course Code: PHYS218
Course Title: Modern Mechanics
Experiment #: TAP 3
Experiment Title: VARIABLE g PENDULUM
Date: ……………………….. Lab#................................
Section: ……………………….
Student Name
Student ID
Feedback/Comments:
Grade: …….. /100
1. Introduction
This experiment explores the dependence of the period of a simple pendulum on the acceleration due to gravity. A simple rigid pendulum consists of a 35-cm long lightweight (28 g) aluminum tube with a 150-g mass at the end, mounted on a Rotary Motion Sensor. The pendulum is constrained to oscillate in a plane tilted at an angle from the vertical. This effectively reduces the acceleration due to gravity because the restoring force is decreased.
2. Objectives
· Measure the effective length of variable-g pendulum.
· Measure the period of a variable-g pendulum for different values of the tilt angle and verify the dependence of the function T versus .
· Measure moment of inertia
3. Experimental setup:
· Large rod base
· 45 cm stainless steel rod
· Angle indicator
· Rotary motion sensor
· Pendulum accessories
· Air link PASPORT interface
4. Theory
The period of a simple pendulum is given by:
(1)
Where is the acceleration due to gravity and the approximation becomes exact as the amplitude of the oscillation goes to zero. We will limit to angles less than 10° (0.17 rad) where assuming the equality in equation 1 holds produces an error of a fraction of a percent. Here it is understood that is a constant acceleration that acts in the plane of oscillation.
The pendulum we use is actually a physical pendulum (not a point mass) so equation 1 is replaced by the rotational analog:
(2)
where I is the moment of inertia of the system about the fixed axis, m is the mass of the brass masses (150 g) plus the rod (26 g), and r is the distance from the axis to the center of mass of the rod plus masses (~31 cm). Note that I, m, & r are all constant and that I/mr must have the units of length so we may write:
(3)
where is the effective length of a simple pendulum that would behave the same as our physical pendulum. We may then re-write equation 2 in the form of equation 1:
(4)
We will determine by measuring the period when . Then we have:
(5)
In this experiment, the acceleration will be varied by tipping the plane of oscillation of the pendulum by an angle of θ from the vertical (figure 1). The component of g that is in the plane of oscillation is where:
(6)
Figure 1: Components of g
Note that the component of g perpendicular to the plane of oscillation, , is cancelled by forces in the rod since no motion is allowed in this direction. Putting it all together gives:
(7)
Finally, combining equation (4) and (6) we have:
(8)
5. Pre-lab Preparation
Read section 11.2 (page 422). Also read the slides posted on Moodle corresponding to chapter 11.
6. Experimental Procedure
a) Adjust the an initial angle of 0° (figure.
Wind turbine foundation stress/strain & bolt measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Brief description: wind turbine foundation stress measurementFrank-Michael Jäger
System for measuring the stress/tension in the concrete foundation
of wind turbines
Delivery of a system for measurement of compressive stress and stress / strain or tensile stress in concrete for foundations of wind turbines.
Technical implementation in accordance with the system.
The foundation is a data logger for 32 channels RS485, sensors for compressive stress and tensile stress sensors are supplied.
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Hydropower dam stress / strain & reinforcement measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
The system is based ultrasonic technology. With the highly accurate measurement of the running time (TOF) and the temperature with a sensor. With this technology, all parameters Stress, Strain, Load, Lenght and Elongation can be measured.
The resolution is in the ps range. The standard deviation is 35 ps.
The data are available in real time.
All sensors have the same electronics and can be exchanged for the servive.
The sensors have fixed cable RJ45 CAT6 PUR (operating temperature -40 ° C to + 80 ° C) with detachable connection for electronics with RS485 bus.
Each sensor has its own electronics with 12 bit temperature measurement. Each sensor can be addressed for the RS484 bus.
The power supply is 24 V (12 .... 30 V) DC.
The temperature range is - 40 ° C to + 80 ° C. A data logger with SD card can be delivered to the system. The recording rate
(E.g. every hour) is selected. About a USB interface, the data can be retrieved for further processing.
Standard 32 participants on the bus RS485. As an option is an extension to
256 participants possible.
In the material testing laboratory, Tensile test was done on a mild steel specimen as figure 4 to identify the young’s modulus, ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and percentage elongation. The results were as table 1
EGME 306A The Beam Page 1 of 18 Group 2 EXPER.docxSALU18
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 1 of 18
Group 2
EXPERIMENT 3:The Beam
Group 2 Members:
Ahmed Shehab
Marvin Penaranda
Edwin Estrada
Chris May
Bader Alrwili
Paola Barcenas
Deadline Date: 10/23/2015
Submission Date: 10/23/2015
EGME 306A – UNIFIED LABORATORY
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 2 of 18
Group 2
Abstract (Bader):
The main objective for this experiment was to determine the stress, deflection, and strain of a supported beam
under loading, and to experimentally verify the beam stress and flexure formulas. Additionally, maximum
bending stress and maximum deflection were determined. To accomplish this, a 1018 steel I-beam with a strain
gage bonded to the underside was utilized in conjunction with a dial indicator to monitor beam deflection. In
order to determine the values for strain and deflection, the beam underwent testing utilizing the MTS Tensile
Testing machine, which applied a controlled, incrementally increasing load to the beam. This data was then
utilized along with calculations for the beams neutral axis, moment of inertia, and section modulus to determine
the required objective values. Final values of 12,150 psi for the maximum actual stress (vs. 12,784.8 psi for
theoretical stress), and 0.0138 in for the maximum actual deflection (vs. .0130 in for theoretical deflection)
correlated closely with each other, and successfully verify established beam stress and flexure formulas.
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 3 of 18
Group 2
Table of Contents:
List of Symbols and Units 4
Theory 5
Procedure and Experimental Set-up 8
Results 9
Sample Calculations and Error Analysis 12
Discussion and Conclusion 15
Bibliography 16
Appendix 17
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 4 of 18
Group 2
List of Symbols and Units (Chris):
List of Symbols and Units Name of variables (units) Units
𝜎 Stress psi
𝑃 Applied load lbf
𝐼 Moment of Inertia in.4
𝜀 Strain in/in
𝐿 Length of the bar in
Z Section Modulus of Beam in3
𝑐 Distance to Beam Neutral Axis in
𝐸 Modulus of Elasticity psi
EGME 306A The Beam
Page 5 of 18
Group 2
Theory (Edwin):
There are two main objectives for this experiment: to determine maximum bending stress values in
the beam and to determine the deflection in the beam. To help visualize this phenomena, imagine
cutting a section of a symmetrically loaded beam:
Now, examine diagrams of this section before (Fig. A) and after bending (Fig. B):
(Fig. A)
(Fig. B)
The main points to take away from the above diagrams are as follows: When the moment, M is applied
as shown in Fig. A, forces will be in compression near the top (positive moment) and in tension near
the bottom (negative moment). The effects from this moment are seen in Fig. B.
For determining max stress values, one concept to note is that our bending moment M can help
calculate bending stress. First, we rec
Part II:
When r= 0.7r
Part II:
When r= 0
Reflection on this week’s Objectives
Discuss this week’s objectives:
Objectives / Competencies:
· Analyze internal organizational dynamics and the influence on business continuity.
· Describe cultural, structural, leadership considerations that must be incorporated into strategy implementation.
· Determine the resources needed for strategy implementation
Prepare a 350- to 1,050- word paper detailing the findings of your discussion.
Part ! :
Part II :
When r = ro
Part II:
When r= .8ro
Physics161
Moment of Inertia
Introduction
In this experiment we will study the effect of a constant torque on a symmetrical body. In Part I you will determine the angular acceleration of a disk when a constant torque is applied to the disk. From this we will measure its moment of inertia, which we will compare with a theoretical value. In Part II, you will observe the relationship between torque, moment of inertia and angular acceleration for a rotating rod with two masses on either end. You will vary the mass connected (and therefore the torque applied) to the rod by two pulleys. You will also change the moment of inertia of the rod system by changing the distance of the masses from the center of mass of the rod. Reference
Young and Freedman, University Physics, 13th Edition: Chapter 3, section 4; Chapter 9, sections
1-4Theory
Moment of inertia is a measure of the distribution of mass in a body and how difficult that body is to accelerate angularly. For both parts of the experiment, a falling mass will accelerate a rotating object in the horizontal plane. In Part I, the object will be a disk. In Part II, you will find the moment of inertia of a rod with two masses attached to it.
The basic equation for rotational motion is:
(1)
where is angular acceleration in units of rad/s2, is applied torque in N m, and finally I is the moment of inertia or rotational inertia in units of kg m2. For a uniform disk pivoted about the center of mass, the theoretical moment of inertia is
(2)
where M is the mass of the disk and R is the radius of the disk. In Part I we measure the angular acceleration, α, and use this to calculate moment of inertia, I, which we will compare with the theoretical value of I.
In Part II the moment of inertia is the sum of the moments of inertia of the two masses and the rod. For the masses that slip onto the rod, we will assume point masses. Thus, the moment of inertia for one of the two masses is:
(3)
where r is the distance of the center of mass from the axis of rotation located at the center of the rod. Because the masses can be moved along the rod, r will be adjusted to change their moment of inertia. The moment of the inertia of the rod with mass M and a length L is:
(4)
The moment of inertia for a rod with length L and two masses on each end at a distance r is simply the sum of the.
Semester Spring 2020Course Code PHYS218Course Title.docxtcarolyn
Semester: Spring 2020
Course Code: PHYS218
Course Title: Modern Mechanics
Experiment #: TAP 3
Experiment Title: VARIABLE g PENDULUM
Date: ……………………….. Lab#................................
Section: ……………………….
Student Name
Student ID
Feedback/Comments:
Grade: …….. /100
1. Introduction
This experiment explores the dependence of the period of a simple pendulum on the acceleration due to gravity. A simple rigid pendulum consists of a 35-cm long lightweight (28 g) aluminum tube with a 150-g mass at the end, mounted on a Rotary Motion Sensor. The pendulum is constrained to oscillate in a plane tilted at an angle from the vertical. This effectively reduces the acceleration due to gravity because the restoring force is decreased.
2. Objectives
· Measure the effective length of variable-g pendulum.
· Measure the period of a variable-g pendulum for different values of the tilt angle and verify the dependence of the function T versus .
· Measure moment of inertia
3. Experimental setup:
· Large rod base
· 45 cm stainless steel rod
· Angle indicator
· Rotary motion sensor
· Pendulum accessories
· Air link PASPORT interface
4. Theory
The period of a simple pendulum is given by:
(1)
Where is the acceleration due to gravity and the approximation becomes exact as the amplitude of the oscillation goes to zero. We will limit to angles less than 10° (0.17 rad) where assuming the equality in equation 1 holds produces an error of a fraction of a percent. Here it is understood that is a constant acceleration that acts in the plane of oscillation.
The pendulum we use is actually a physical pendulum (not a point mass) so equation 1 is replaced by the rotational analog:
(2)
where I is the moment of inertia of the system about the fixed axis, m is the mass of the brass masses (150 g) plus the rod (26 g), and r is the distance from the axis to the center of mass of the rod plus masses (~31 cm). Note that I, m, & r are all constant and that I/mr must have the units of length so we may write:
(3)
where is the effective length of a simple pendulum that would behave the same as our physical pendulum. We may then re-write equation 2 in the form of equation 1:
(4)
We will determine by measuring the period when . Then we have:
(5)
In this experiment, the acceleration will be varied by tipping the plane of oscillation of the pendulum by an angle of θ from the vertical (figure 1). The component of g that is in the plane of oscillation is where:
(6)
Figure 1: Components of g
Note that the component of g perpendicular to the plane of oscillation, , is cancelled by forces in the rod since no motion is allowed in this direction. Putting it all together gives:
(7)
Finally, combining equation (4) and (6) we have:
(8)
5. Pre-lab Preparation
Read section 11.2 (page 422). Also read the slides posted on Moodle corresponding to chapter 11.
6. Experimental Procedure
a) Adjust the an initial angle of 0° (figure.
Wind turbine foundation stress/strain & bolt measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Brief description: wind turbine foundation stress measurementFrank-Michael Jäger
System for measuring the stress/tension in the concrete foundation
of wind turbines
Delivery of a system for measurement of compressive stress and stress / strain or tensile stress in concrete for foundations of wind turbines.
Technical implementation in accordance with the system.
The foundation is a data logger for 32 channels RS485, sensors for compressive stress and tensile stress sensors are supplied.
Each sensor has an own temperature sensor and a sensor ID in the ROM without own electronics for the measurement of the TOF.
The sensor cable is connected to a 16 -channel multiplexer. Each multiplexer includes electronics for measuring the TOF.
Each multiplexer has its own electronics unit in die-cast aluminum housing.
The data output is a digital output RS485.
Sensor ID, channel number, temperature 12 Bit, TOF in ps resolution.
The data is stored in a data logger on SD card.
The data can be read via USB.
On the RS485 bus more arbitrary devices can be connected.
The real-time data can with a computer program in any physical units, such as stress, strain, load or elongation be converted .
Hydropower dam stress / strain & reinforcement measurement using ultrasonicsFrank-Michael Jäger
The system is based ultrasonic technology. With the highly accurate measurement of the running time (TOF) and the temperature with a sensor. With this technology, all parameters Stress, Strain, Load, Lenght and Elongation can be measured.
The resolution is in the ps range. The standard deviation is 35 ps.
The data are available in real time.
All sensors have the same electronics and can be exchanged for the servive.
The sensors have fixed cable RJ45 CAT6 PUR (operating temperature -40 ° C to + 80 ° C) with detachable connection for electronics with RS485 bus.
Each sensor has its own electronics with 12 bit temperature measurement. Each sensor can be addressed for the RS484 bus.
The power supply is 24 V (12 .... 30 V) DC.
The temperature range is - 40 ° C to + 80 ° C. A data logger with SD card can be delivered to the system. The recording rate
(E.g. every hour) is selected. About a USB interface, the data can be retrieved for further processing.
Standard 32 participants on the bus RS485. As an option is an extension to
256 participants possible.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This report details the geological observations and interpretations made during a field investigation of the Kaptai Rangamati road-cut section, located in southeastern Bangladesh. The purpose of this report is to document the exposed rock units, their characteristics, and the geological structures present within the road cut.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Gliese 12 b: A Temperate Earth-sized Planet at 12 pc Ideal for Atmospheric Tr...Sérgio Sacani
Recent discoveries of Earth-sized planets transiting nearby M dwarfs have made it possible to characterize the
atmospheres of terrestrial planets via follow-up spectroscopic observations. However, the number of such planets
receiving low insolation is still small, limiting our ability to understand the diversity of the atmospheric
composition and climates of temperate terrestrial planets. We report the discovery of an Earth-sized planet
transiting the nearby (12 pc) inactive M3.0 dwarf Gliese 12 (TOI-6251) with an orbital period (Porb) of 12.76 days.
The planet, Gliese 12 b, was initially identified as a candidate with an ambiguous Porb from TESS data. We
confirmed the transit signal and Porb using ground-based photometry with MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3, and
validated the planetary nature of the signal using high-resolution images from Gemini/NIRI and Keck/NIRC2 as
well as radial velocity (RV) measurements from the InfraRed Doppler instrument on the Subaru 8.2 m telescope
and from CARMENES on the CAHA 3.5 m telescope. X-ray observations with XMM-Newton showed the host
star is inactive, with an X-ray-to-bolometric luminosity ratio of log 5.7 L L X bol » - . Joint analysis of the light
curves and RV measurements revealed that Gliese 12 b has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.05 R⊕,a3σ mass upper limit of
3.9 M⊕, and an equilibrium temperature of 315 ± 6 K assuming zero albedo. The transmission spectroscopy metric
(TSM) value of Gliese 12 b is close to the TSM values of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, adding Gliese 12 b to the small
list of potentially terrestrial, temperate planets amenable to atmospheric characterization with JWST.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
word2vec, node2vec, graph2vec, X2vec: Towards a Theory of Vector Embeddings o...Subhajit Sahu
Below are the important points I note from the 2020 paper by Martin Grohe:
- 1-WL distinguishes almost all graphs, in a probabilistic sense
- Classical WL is two dimensional Weisfeiler-Leman
- DeepWL is an unlimited version of WL graph that runs in polynomial time.
- Knowledge graphs are essentially graphs with vertex/edge attributes
ABSTRACT:
Vector representations of graphs and relational structures, whether handcrafted feature vectors or learned representations, enable us to apply standard data analysis and machine learning techniques to the structures. A wide range of methods for generating such embeddings have been studied in the machine learning and knowledge representation literature. However, vector embeddings have received relatively little attention from a theoretical point of view.
Starting with a survey of embedding techniques that have been used in practice, in this paper we propose two theoretical approaches that we see as central for understanding the foundations of vector embeddings. We draw connections between the various approaches and suggest directions for future research.
FAIRSpectra - Towards a common data file format for SIMS imagesAlex Henderson
Presentation from the 101st IUVSTA Workshop on High performance SIMS instrumentation and machine learning / artificial intelligence methods for complex data.
This presentation describes the issues relating to storing and sharing data from Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry experiments, and some potential solutions.
FAIRSpectra - Towards a common data file format for SIMS images
1 3 11
1. LEP
1.3.11
Projectile motion
R
PHYWE series of publications • Laboratory Experiments • Physics • PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH • 37070 Göttingen, Germany 21311 1
Related topics
Trajectory parabola, motion involving uniform acceleration,
ballistics.
Principle and task
A steel ball is fired by a spring at different velocities and at dif-
ferent angles to the horizontal. The relationships between the
range, the height of projection, the angle of inclination, and the
firing veolocity are determined.
Equipment
Ballistic pendulum 11229.00 1
Recording paper, 1 roll, 25 m 11221.01 1
Steel ball, d 19 mm 02502.01 2
Two-tier platform support 02076.03 1
Meter scale, demo, l = 1000 mm 03001.00 1
Barrel base 02006.10 1
Timer 4-4 13605.99 1
Speed measuring attachement 11229.30 1
Connecting cord, 750 mm, red 07362.01 1
Connecting cord, 750 mm, yellow 07362.02 2
Connecting cord, 750 mm, blue 07362.04 1
Problems
1. To determine the range as a function of the angle of incli-
nation.
2. To determine the maximum height of projection as a func-
tion of the angle of inclination.
3. To determine the (maximum) range as a function of the ini-
tial velocity.
Set-up and procedure
Tthe ballistics units is adjusted. The scale is set to read 90°
and a ball is fired upwards (setting 3) and is caught in the
hand. The support base adjusting screws are turned until a
vertical projection is obtained.
The initial velocities of the ball corresponding to the three ten-
sion stages of the firing spring can be determined using the
speed measuring attachment and timer (resolution 0.1 ms), or
from the maximum height for a vertical projection from the
expression v0 = . The inital velocities may vary greatly
from unit to unit.
͙2gh
Fig. 1: Experimental set-up for measuring the meximum range of a projectile with additional equipment to measure the initial
velocity.
2. LEP
1.3.11
Projectile motion
R
21311 PHYWE series of publications • Laboratory Experiments • Physics • PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH • 37070 Göttingen, Germany2
The 2-tier platform support (02076.01) is used for determining
th range. To mark the points of impact, the recording strip is
secured to the bench with adhesive tape. It is best to measure
the long ranges before the short ones (secondary impact
points!) and to mark the primary impact points with a felt pen.
The distance from the ballistics unit is frequently checked with
the metre scale during the test. An empty box can be placed
behind the bench to catch the balls.
To measure the height of projection the metre scale is clam-
ped in the barrel base and moved parallel to the plane of pro-
jection. The empty box is again used to catch the balls. The
heights of projection can be determined ballistically quite well
by eye.
Theory and evaluation
If a body of mass m moves in a constant gravitational field
(gravitational force mg
Ǟ
), the motion lies in a plane.
If the coordinate system is laid in this plane (x, y plane – see
fig. 2) and the equation of motion:
m r
Ǟ
(t) = mg
Ǟ
where:
r
Ǟ
= (x,y) ; g
Ǟ
= (o, –g)
is solved, then, with the initial conditions
r (o) = 0
v
Ǟ
(o) = (vo cos , vo sin )
we obtain the coordinates as a function of time t:
x (t) = vo · cos · t
y (t) = vo · sin · t – t2
:
From this, the maximum height of projection h is obtained as
a function of the angle of projection :
h = sin2
and the maximum range s is:
s = sin 2
From the regression line of the data of fig. 5, using the expres-
sion:
Y = A · XB
we obtain the exponent
B = 2.01 = 0.001 (see (1))
vo
2
g
vo
2
2 g
g
2
d2
dt2
Fig. 2: Movement of a mass point under the effect of gravita-
tional force.
Fig. 3: Maximum range as a function of the angle of inclination
for different initial velocity vo:
Curve 1 vo 5.3 m/s
Curve 2 vo 4.1 m/s
Curve 3 vo 3.1 m/s
Fig. 4: Maximum height of projection h as a function of the
angle of inclination for the initial velocities as in Fig. 1:
3. LEP
1.3.11
Projectile motion
R
PHYWE series of publications • Laboratory Experiments • Physics • PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH • 37070 Göttingen, Germany 21311 3
Note
To ensure an accurate determination of the initial velocity with
the timer, the time taken for the ball to cover the measuring
distance must be taken into account. If vexp is the experimen-
tally determined inital velocity we obtain
vo =
where d is the distance between the point of rotation and the
centre between the light barriers.
͙v2
exp ϩ 2g d sin
Fig. 5: Maximum range s as a function of the inital velocity vo
with a fixed angle of inclinination = 45°.
