0 Running Head: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS 1 0 NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Contributor, N. T. (2019, December 23). Communication skills 3: non-verbal communication. Retrieved from https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/assessment-skills/communication-skills-3-non-verbal-communication-15-01-2018/ Non-verbal communication is primarily about body language, but other factors such as the layout or decoration of a room, or someone’s clothing or appearance, can also communicate messages. Non-verbal communication can be a supplemental for verbal communication and can reinforce or substitute a spoken message. The non-verbal communication can be different in each situation and each encounter. It is affected by the patient’s sensitivities, how one is regarded and the situation itself. it is very important to facilitate the positive non-verbal interactions in the health care settings. Body language can be crucial as it aids in communication and also helps to decode and react appropriately to other people’s visual and cues. Also, the cultural differences can affect the non-verbal communication as some non-verbal communication can be considered appropriate in some cultures. Thus, it is required to have some knowledge regarding cultural differences and cultural competence. Liu, Calvo, A., R., Lim, & Renee. (2016, June 7). Improving Medical Students' Awareness of Their Non-Verbal Communication through Automated Non-Verbal Behavior Feedback. Retrieved from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fict.2016.00011/full The non-verbal communication of clinicians has an impact on patients’ satisfaction and health outcomes. Yet medical students are not receiving enough training on the appropriate non-verbal behaviors in clinical consultations. Computer vision techniques have been used for detecting different kinds of non-verbal behaviors, and they can be incorporated in educational systems that help medical students to develop communication skills. We describe EQClinic, a system that combines a tele-health platform with automated non-verbal behavior recognition. The system aims to help medical students improve their communication skills through a combination of human and automatically generated feedback. EQClinic provides fully automated calendaring and video conferencing features for doctors or medical students to interview patients. We describe a pilot (18 dyadic interactions) in which standardized patients (SPs) (i.e., someone acting as a real patient) were interviewed by medical students and provided assessments and comments about their performance. After the interview, computer vision and audio processing algorithms were used to recognize students’ non-verbal behaviors known to influence the quality of a medical consultation: including turn taking, speaking ratio, sound volume, sound pitch, smiling, frowning, head leaning, head tilting, nodding, shaking, face-touch gestures and overall body movements. The results showed that students’ awareness.

1. 0
Running Head: NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATIONS 1
0
NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
Contributor, N. T. (2019, December 23). Communication skills
3: non-verbal communication. Retrieved from
https://www.nursingtimes.net/clinical-archive/assessment-
skills/communication-skills-3-non-verbal-communication-15-
01-2018/
Non-verbal communication is primarily about body language,
but other factors such as the layout or decoration of a room, or
someone’s clothing or appearance, can also communicate
messages. Non-verbal communication can be a supplemental for
verbal communication and can reinforce or substitute a spoken
message. The non-verbal communication can be different in
each situation and each encounter. It is affected by the patient’s
sensitivities, how one is regarded and the situation itself. it is
very important to facilitate the positive non-verbal interactions
in the health care settings. Body language can be crucial as it
aids in communication and also helps to decode and react
appropriately to other people’s visual and cues. Also, the
cultural differences can affect the non-verbal communication as
some non-verbal communication can be considered appropriate
in some cultures. Thus, it is required to have some knowledge
regarding cultural differences and cultural competence.
Liu, Calvo, A., R., Lim, & Renee. (2016, June 7). Improving
Medical Students' Awareness of Their Non-Verbal
Communication through Automated Non-Verbal Behavior
Feedback. Retrieved from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fict.2016.00011/ful

2. l
The non-verbal communication of clinicians has an impact
on patients’ satisfaction and health outcomes. Yet medical
students are not receiving enough training on the appropriate
non-verbal behaviors in clinical consultations. Computer vision
techniques have been used for detecting different kinds of non-
verbal behaviors, and they can be incorporated in educational
systems that help medical students to develop communication
skills. We describe EQClinic, a system that combines a tele-
health platform with automated non-verbal behavior
recognition. The system aims to help medical students improve
their communication skills through a combination of human and
automatically generated feedback. EQClinic provides fully
automated calendaring and video conferencing features for
doctors or medical students to interview patients. We describe a
pilot (18 dyadic interactions) in which standardized patients
(SPs) (i.e., someone acting as a real patient) were interviewed
by medical students and provided assessments and comments
about their performance. After the interview, computer vision
and audio processing algorithms were used to recognize
students’ non-verbal behaviors known to influence the quality
of a medical consultation: including turn taking, speaking ratio,
sound volume, sound pitch, smiling, frowning, head leaning,
head tilting, nodding, shaking, face-touch gestures and overall
body movements. The results showed that students’ awareness
of non-verbal communication was enhanced by the feedback
information, which was both provided by the SPs and generated
by the machines.
Pogosyan, M. (2017, June 29). Non-Verbal Communication
Across Cultures. Retrieved from
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/between-
cultures/201706/non-verbal-communication-across-cultures
The author here has explained the importance of non-verbal

3. communication in cross cultural through the interview of
Psychologist David Matsumoto who is an acclaimed expert on
non-verbal behavior, culture and emotion. Non-verbal
communication helps us to share our emotions, agreements and
disagreements, thus, helping us to communicate our intentions
along with verbal language. But there are common challenges of
non-verbal communication across the cultures. People can be
saying the content they want to communicate, but just not come
across correctly, because a lot of what is being communicated is
non-verbal. This can lead to intercultural conflict,
misunderstandings and ambiguities in communication, despite
language fluency. As a species, we have been relying on our
non-verbal channels to send and receive messages for
considerably longer than the evolution of our languages.
Although our cultures commit us to different ways of expressing
ourselves without words, we are much more similar than we
might think.
Silverman, J., & Kinnersley, P. (2010). Doctors'non-verbal
behaviour in consultations: look at the patient before you look
at the computer. The British journal of general practice : the
journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners, 60(571),
76–78. https://doi.org/10.3399/bjgp10X482293
Non-verbal communication is at its most significant in the
medical interview if it contradicts the message from verbal
communication. When the two are inconsistent or contradictory,
non-verbal messages tend to override verbal messages. This
explains why a closed question accompanied by effective non-
verbal communication will often lead to an open answer, and
why patients do not necessarily believe a reassuring verbal
comment if accompanied by contradictory facial expressions
and vocal hesitancy. The non-verbal communication is easily
overlooked even though the patient’s care is heavily affected. It
is also clear that non-verbal communication of HCPs is directly
related to the patient’s satisfaction, patient understanding,

4. physician detection of emotional distress, and physician
malpractice claim history. The modern day challenges to
physician non-verbal communication are the difficulties of
increased population and the use of computers. Also, the writer
talks about how important it is to implicate non-verbal
communication for teaching and the medical education need to
incorporate the lessons regarding non-verbal communication
into teaching programs.
Vogel, D., Meyer, M., & Harendza, S. (2018). Verbal and non-
verbal communication skills including empathy during history
taking of undergraduate medical students. BMC medical
education, 18(1), 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-018-1260-
9
The aim of the paper was to study how well final year
undergraduate medical students use skills of verbal and non-
verbal communication during history-taking and whether these
aspects of communication correlate with empathy and gender.
During a three steps performance assessment simulating the
first day of a resident 30 medical final year students took
histories of five simulated patients resulting in 150 videos of
physician-patient encounters. These videos were analyzed by
external rating with a newly developed observation scale for the
verbal and non-verbal communication and with the validated
CARE-questionnaire for empathy. One-way ANOVA, t-tests and
bivariate correlations were used for statistical analyses. As a
result, an undergraduate medical student display differentiated
communication behavior with respect to verbal and non-verbal
aspects of communication and empathy in a performance
assessment and special differences could be detected between
male and female students. These results suggest that explicit
communication training and feedback might be necessary to
raise students’ awareness for the different aspects of
communication and their interaction

5. Single-ServerSingle-Server Model6 Trucks in SystemArrival
Rate (λ)3.5Arrival Rate (λ)3.5Service Rate (μ)4.2Service Rate
(μ)4.25 Trucks In SystemProbability of zero customers in the
system (P0)0.1666666667Probability of zero customers in the
system (P0)0.1666666667Probability of exactly5Trucks in the
system0.0669795953Probability of exactly6Trucks in the
system0.0558163294Probability of <=5Trucks in the
system0.6651020233Probability of <=6Trucks in the
system0.7209183528Probability of >5Trucks in the
system0.3348979767Probability of >6Trucks in the
system0.2790816472Average utilization of the server
(ρ)0.8333333333Average utilization of the server
(ρ)0.8333333333Average number of customers in the system
(L)5Average number of customers in the system (L)5Average
number of customers in the line (Lq)4.1666666667Average
number of customers in the line (Lq)4.1666666667Average time
in the system (W)1.4285714286Average time in the system
(W)1.4285714286Average waiting time in the line
(Wq)1.1904761905Average waiting time in the line
(Wq)1.1904761905Average time being
served0.2380952381Average time being served0.23809523817
Trucks in SystemHigherst Number of Trucks 95% Probability
RateArrival Rate (λ)3.5Service Rate (μ)4.2Arrival Rate
(λ)3.5Service Rate (μ)4.2Probability of zero customers in the
system (P0)0.1666666667Probability of exactly7Trucks in the
system0.0465136079Probability of zero customers in the system
(P0)0.1666666667Probability of <=7Trucks in the
system0.7674319606Probability of exactly16Trucks in the
system0.0090146488Probability of >7Trucks in the
system0.2325680394Probability of <=16Trucks in the
system0.9549267559Average utilization of the server
(ρ)0.8333333333Probability of >16Trucks in the
system0.0450732441Average number of customers in the system
(L)5Average utilization of the server (ρ)0.8333333333Average

6. number of customers in the line (Lq)4.1666666667Average
number of customers in the system (L)5Average time in the
system (W)1.4285714286Average number of customers in the
line (Lq)4.1666666667Average waiting time in the line
(Wq)1.1904761905Average time in the system
(W)1.4285714286Average time being
served0.2380952381Average waiting time in the line
(Wq)1.1904761905Average time being served0.2380952381New
Service Rate at 95% Probability with 5 trucks or less Arrival
Rate (λ)3.5Service Rate (μ)5.9Probability of zero customers in
the system (P0)0.406779661Probability of exactly5Trucks in the
system0.0298840458Probability of <=5Trucks in the
system0.9564190998Probability of >5Trucks in the
system0.0435809002Average utilization of the server
(ρ)0.593220339Average number of customers in the system
(L)5Average number of customers in the line
(Lq)2.9661016949Average time in the system
(W)0.4166666667Average waiting time in the line
(Wq)0.2471751412Average time being served0.1694915254
λ =3.5 Arrival Rate of trucks for hour
ice Rates per truck hour
Multi-ServerMulti-Server Model(with S <= 4)Number of
Servers (S)2Arrival Rate (λ)3.5Service Rate (μ)7Probability of
zero customers in the system (P0)0.600PROBABILITY
TABLEProbability of exactly5Trucks in the
system0.001nPr(x=n)Pr(x<=n)Pr(x>n)Probability of
<=5Trucks in the systemSee Table00.6000.6000.400Probability
of >5Trucks in the systemSee Table10.3000.9000.100Average
utilization of the server (ρ)0.25020.0750.9750.025Average
number of customers in the system
(L)0.53330.0190.9940.006Average number of customers in the
line (Lq)0.03340.0050.9980.002Average time in the system
(W)0.15250.0011.0000.000Average waiting time in the line
(Wq)0.01060.0001.0000.000Average time being
served0.14370.0001.0000.00080.0001.0000.00090.0001.0000.00
0100.0001.0000.000110.0001.0000.000120.0001.0000.000130.0

7. 001.0000.000140.0001.0000.000150.0001.0000.000160.0001.00
00.000170.0001.0000.000180.0001.0000.000190.0001.0000.000
200.0001.0000.000210.0001.0000.000220.0001.0000.000230.00
01.0000.000240.0001.0000.000250.0001.0000.000
2 Loading Teams
λ = 3.5 Arrival rate per hour
Sheet3
Page 1 of 3
NRSG 4673: Healthcare Communications
Module 7 Assignment Instructions & Rubric
Healthcare Communications Paper
Throughout this course we have discussed a wide variety of
healthcare
communications. For this final paper, you will select a type of
communication that has
been discussed in the course (ex. Electronic communication,
patient education, verbal
communication, etc.).
Describe the type of communication that you have chosen.
Identify ways in which this
communication is helpful for patients. Also identify why this
communication is helpful for
the healthcare provider.
Discuss ways in which this form of communication may be
nontherapeutic or may lead

8. to miscommunication. Elaborate on ways or key points that can
be used to educate
other healthcare providers of the advantage of using this type of
communication.
Word count requirements for this paper is 1,250-1,500.
• Paper must be in APA style and format, including cover page,
12 pt. font in
Times New Roman, 1 in. margins, citations, and reference page.
• Include a strong thesis statement/sentence.
• An abstract page is not required for this paper.
• You must use at least two scholarly sources written within the
past 5 years.
• Grading Rubric provided to help guide your work.
Page 2 of 3
Grading Rubric
Criteria Below Expectations
12 points
Meets Expectations

9. 17 points
Exceeds
Expectations
20 points
Select and describe
a type of
communication
from this course.
Selection and
description of a type of
communication from
this course is present.
Lacks depth and
citations.
Selection and
description of a type of
communication from
this course is present
and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation, but from dated
sources.

10. Selection and
description of a type of
communication from
this course is present
and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation from sources
within past 5 years.
Identify ways that
this type of
communication is
helpful to the
patient.
Identification of ways
that this type of
communication is
helpful to patients is
present. Lacks depth
and citation.
Identification of ways
that this type of
communication is
helpful to patients is
present and discussed

11. thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation, but from dated
sources.
Identification of ways
that this type of
communication is
helpful to patients is
present and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation from sources
within past 5 years
Identify ways in
which this type of
communication is
helpful for
healthcare
providers.
Identification of ways
in which this type of
communication is
helpful for healthcare
providers is present
but lacks depth and
citation.

12. Identification of ways
in which this type of
communication is
helpful for healthcare
providers is present
and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation, but from dated
sources.
Identification of ways
in which this type of
communication is
helpful for healthcare
providers is present
and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation from sources
within the past 5 years.
Discuss ways in
which this form of
communication
could become
nontherapeutic or
may lead to

13. miscommunication.
Discussion of ways in
which this form of
communication could
become
nontherapeutic or may
lead to
miscommunication is
present but lacks
depth and citation.
Discussion of ways in
which this form of
communication could
become
nontherapeutic or may
lead to
miscommunication is
present and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation, but from dated
sources.
Discussion of ways in
which this form of

14. communication could
become
nontherapeutic or may
lead to
miscommunication is
present and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Included
citation from sources
within the past 5 years.
Page 3 of 3
Elaborate on ways
or key points that
can be used to
educate other
healthcare
providers of the
advantage of using
this type of
communication
Elaboration on ways or

15. key points that can be
used to educate other
healthcare providers of
the advantage of using
this type of
communication is
present but lacks
depth and citation.
Elaboration on ways or
key points that can be
used to educate other
healthcare providers of
the advantage of using
this type of
communication is
present and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Includes
citation, but from dated
sources.
Elaboration on ways or
key points that can be
used to educate other
healthcare providers of
the advantage of using
this type of
communication is

16. present and discussed
thoroughly. Discussion
is convincing. Included
citation from sources
within the past 5 years.
Thesis
Statement/Sentence
Thesis statement is
present, but vague and
unclear to the reader.
Thesis statement is
present and
appropriate to the
paper but lacks
definition and
comprehensiveness of
the paper.
Thesis statement is
comprehensive.
Thesis provides
essence of the paper
and makes the
purpose of the paper
clear.
APA Style/Format

17. Most elements of APA
style and format
present. Citations and
references not present
or are in incorrect
format
Elements of APA style
and format are all
present. References
and citations are
present and mostly
correct.
All elements of APA
style and format
present and correct.
There are 140 points
available for this
assignment
Note: Learner will earn a score of zero on any missing
elements.