SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 32
ORGANISATIONAL CLIMATE
set of characteristics that describe an organization and
distinguish one organization from others.
DIMENSIONS/COMPONENTS
COMPONENTS
INDIVIDUAL
AUTONOMY
REWARD
STRUCTURE
Support
DEVELOPMENT
RISK-TAKING
INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY
 Employees are free to manage themselves,
have considerable decision – Making power and
not accountable to higher management.
REWARD ORIENTATION
 Degree to which an organization
rewards individuals for hard ships and
achievements.
RISK-TAKING
Degree to which organization supports
the managers in risk handling and how
individuals feel free to try out new ideas
without fear.
It helps the individuals to feel free to
perform without punishments.
DEVELOPMENT
 degree to which conditions in the
organization foster the development
of employees and scope for growth
SUPPORT
Support which an individual receives
from other member of the organization.
sense of team-spirit among the
organization members
TYPES
Autocratic
management
has full control
Democratic
Equal
importance
Business Oriented
Organization give
importance for the
target
FACTORS INFLUVENCING
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
•larger organization - vertical distribution of responsibilities.
•smaller organization - horizontal distribution
ORGANIZATIONAL SIZE
ORGANIZATIONAL CONTENT
degree to which the employees agree with the policies, rules
and regulations of the organization
ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES
Every organization has its own value system laid by its
management
The beliefs and how the work is done in an organization
ADIDAS
Performance: Sport is the foundation for all we do and
executional excellence is a core value of our Group.
Passion: Passion is at the heart of our company.
Integrity: We are honest, open, ethical, and fair. People trust
us to adhere to our word.
ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS
norms include ways to speak to persons in authority, style of
dress, interactions in meetings.
MEMBER CHARACTERISTICS
•A personal characteristic of an organization member affects
the climate prevailing in the organization.
LEADERSHIP STYLE
depends upon the Autocratic and Participative leadership
provided by the management
REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFECTIVE ORGANIZING
Communication System
External Variables
Outputs
Reenergizing The System
Organizational Climate
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
 essential at all phases of organization process
 To integrate all managerial functions.
 Planning accordingly to achieve the goal.
 selection, training of employees.
 Delegating the work
Link the enterprise with external environment
 To know about the customers satisfaction level & needs.
 To know the degree of competition.
EXTERAL VARIABLES
•factors that the organization has no control it but only respond
to it
OUTPUTS
task of the managers to secure and utilize the inputs
efficiently
REENERGIZING THE SYSTEM
Some of the outputs of an organization become input again.
– satisfaction of the employees
– profits of the organizations
STEPS
1.Identification of activities
2. Grouping of activities
3. Assigning the activities
4.Delegation of Activities
Step 1 - IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES
The activities that are necessary for the accomplishment
of goals and objectives of the organization.
STEP 2 - Grouping of activities:
Closely related and similar activities are grouped together to form
sections.
STEP 3 - Assigning the activities:
Giving the task or the grouped activities to the corresponding
departments.
Step 4: Delegation of Activities:
Delegating the work to the employees according to their capabilities.
– Activity Analysis
– Decision Analysis
– Relation Analysis
Activity Analysis
• Identifying all the activities needed to achieve the goal.
• Identifying the order of importance.
• Divide the activities into smaller parts and concentrate
on each one.
Decision Analysis
Future Decisions: long term activities should be taken by top
management.
 Impact: Decisions that affect several functions should be tak
en by the top managers.
Relation Analysis
A study of how a manager has relationship with his subordinates.
OVERT & COVERT FACTORS
OVERT FACTORS
Factors that are visible and measurable are called overt factors
ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY
 who reports to who & spam of control
SIMPLE:-for small organization which require a low degree of
specialization. Offers flexibility
 FUNCTIONAL:-Structure is grouped based upon the functions performed
They are useful for the firms who have large product line.
 DIVISIONAL:- Structure is used by organization having no of divisions
coordinated and controlled by head office. Head office formulates strategies
and allocates resources.
Matrix:-Structure is a combination of divisional & functional structure.
FINANCIAL RESOURCES- availability, usage and management of funds.
GOALS OF ORGANIZATION - clearly defines its goal & properly
communicates then it has a good organizational climate.
SKILLS & ABILITIES OF PERSONNEL- efficient, skillful and have
good capabilities to cope with the changes in the environment.
 TECHNOLOGY CHANGE - Organization which is capable of perceive
technological change & adopt with changes have good organizational climate.
 PERFORMANCE STANDARDS - clearly establish standards for each &
every activities.
EFFECIENCY MEASURMENT - measurements used by government &
Industries like measuring the initiation, supportive roles and managerial roles
of Individuals.
COVERT FACTORS
not visible and measurable are called covert factors
THANK YOU

More Related Content

Similar to 0rganizational climate.....>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

Mgt function2 organizing
Mgt function2 organizingMgt function2 organizing
Mgt function2 organizingKyle Mallo
 
My ppt @ bec doms on leadership
My ppt @ bec doms on  leadershipMy ppt @ bec doms on  leadership
My ppt @ bec doms on leadershipBabasab Patil
 
Module 3 Group Presentation.pptx
Module 3 Group Presentation.pptxModule 3 Group Presentation.pptx
Module 3 Group Presentation.pptxVarunPrem
 
Lecture 5 6 7_organizational structure
Lecture 5 6 7_organizational structureLecture 5 6 7_organizational structure
Lecture 5 6 7_organizational structureChandan Sah
 
By aman , yusra and team
By aman , yusra and teamBy aman , yusra and team
By aman , yusra and teampraveen gupta
 
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM        CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM debajanipalai
 
Management process3 and types
Management process3 and typesManagement process3 and types
Management process3 and typesSujith Bhaskar .R
 
Basics of management
Basics of managementBasics of management
Basics of managementJake Pocz
 
DOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdf
DOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdfDOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdf
DOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdfSukhVinderKaurDeculi1
 
Basic Concepts of Management
Basic Concepts of ManagementBasic Concepts of Management
Basic Concepts of ManagementRaja Adapa
 
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptxINTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptxBinduNair38
 
Organization structure
Organization structureOrganization structure
Organization structuregeneveve_
 

Similar to 0rganizational climate.....>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> (20)

Oganisational design & structure
Oganisational design & structure Oganisational design & structure
Oganisational design & structure
 
Mgt function2 organizing
Mgt function2 organizingMgt function2 organizing
Mgt function2 organizing
 
My ppt @ bec doms on leadership
My ppt @ bec doms on  leadershipMy ppt @ bec doms on  leadership
My ppt @ bec doms on leadership
 
Module 3 Group Presentation.pptx
Module 3 Group Presentation.pptxModule 3 Group Presentation.pptx
Module 3 Group Presentation.pptx
 
Organizing
OrganizingOrganizing
Organizing
 
Organizing
OrganizingOrganizing
Organizing
 
Lecture 5 6 7_organizational structure
Lecture 5 6 7_organizational structureLecture 5 6 7_organizational structure
Lecture 5 6 7_organizational structure
 
Management Functions
Management FunctionsManagement Functions
Management Functions
 
By aman , yusra and team
By aman , yusra and teamBy aman , yusra and team
By aman , yusra and team
 
Library 2.0
Library 2.0Library 2.0
Library 2.0
 
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM        CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF SM
 
Management process3 and types
Management process3 and typesManagement process3 and types
Management process3 and types
 
Basics of management
Basics of managementBasics of management
Basics of management
 
DOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdf
DOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdfDOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdf
DOE 8 Management Control Sysytems-Agency Theory.pdf
 
Basic Concepts of Management
Basic Concepts of ManagementBasic Concepts of Management
Basic Concepts of Management
 
Organizing
OrganizingOrganizing
Organizing
 
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptxINTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptx
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS SYSTEM PPT NEW.pptx
 
Mo 2b
Mo 2bMo 2b
Mo 2b
 
Organization structure
Organization structureOrganization structure
Organization structure
 
OB-UNIT-1.pptx
OB-UNIT-1.pptxOB-UNIT-1.pptx
OB-UNIT-1.pptx
 

Recently uploaded

SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxiammrhaywood
 
_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data
_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data
_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting DataJhengPantaleon
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsanshu789521
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingTechSoup
 
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptxCARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptxGaneshChakor2
 
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)eniolaolutunde
 
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher EducationIntroduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Educationpboyjonauth
 
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxEmployee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxNirmalaLoungPoorunde1
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxVS Mahajan Coaching Centre
 
mini mental status format.docx
mini    mental       status     format.docxmini    mental       status     format.docx
mini mental status format.docxPoojaSen20
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17Celine George
 
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...Marc Dusseiller Dusjagr
 
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdfssuser54595a
 
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxHow to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxmanuelaromero2013
 
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
Hybridoma Technology  ( Production , Purification , and Application  ) Hybridoma Technology  ( Production , Purification , and Application  )
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application ) Sakshi Ghasle
 
Solving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptx
Solving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptxSolving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptx
Solving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptxOH TEIK BIN
 
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...EduSkills OECD
 
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdfBASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdfSoniaTolstoy
 

Recently uploaded (20)

SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptxSOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
SOCIAL AND HISTORICAL CONTEXT - LFTVD.pptx
 
_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data
_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data
_Math 4-Q4 Week 5.pptx Steps in Collecting Data
 
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha electionsPresiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
Presiding Officer Training module 2024 lok sabha elections
 
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
Código Creativo y Arte de Software | Unidad 1
 
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptxThe basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
The basics of sentences session 2pptx copy.pptx
 
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy ConsultingGrant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
Grant Readiness 101 TechSoup and Remy Consulting
 
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptxCARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
CARE OF CHILD IN INCUBATOR..........pptx
 
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
Software Engineering Methodologies (overview)
 
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher EducationIntroduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
Introduction to ArtificiaI Intelligence in Higher Education
 
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptxEmployee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
Employee wellbeing at the workplace.pptx
 
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptxOrganic Name Reactions  for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
Organic Name Reactions for the students and aspirants of Chemistry12th.pptx
 
mini mental status format.docx
mini    mental       status     format.docxmini    mental       status     format.docx
mini mental status format.docx
 
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17
Incoming and Outgoing Shipments in 1 STEP Using Odoo 17
 
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
“Oh GOSH! Reflecting on Hackteria's Collaborative Practices in a Global Do-It...
 
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
18-04-UA_REPORT_MEDIALITERAСY_INDEX-DM_23-1-final-eng.pdf
 
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptxHow to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
How to Make a Pirate ship Primary Education.pptx
 
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
Hybridoma Technology  ( Production , Purification , and Application  ) Hybridoma Technology  ( Production , Purification , and Application  )
Hybridoma Technology ( Production , Purification , and Application )
 
Solving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptx
Solving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptxSolving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptx
Solving Puzzles Benefits Everyone (English).pptx
 
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
 
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdfBASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK  LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
BASLIQ CURRENT LOOKBOOK LOOKBOOK(1) (1).pdf
 

0rganizational climate.....>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>

  • 1.
  • 2. ORGANISATIONAL CLIMATE set of characteristics that describe an organization and distinguish one organization from others.
  • 4. INDIVIDUAL AUTONOMY  Employees are free to manage themselves, have considerable decision – Making power and not accountable to higher management.
  • 5. REWARD ORIENTATION  Degree to which an organization rewards individuals for hard ships and achievements.
  • 6. RISK-TAKING Degree to which organization supports the managers in risk handling and how individuals feel free to try out new ideas without fear. It helps the individuals to feel free to perform without punishments.
  • 7. DEVELOPMENT  degree to which conditions in the organization foster the development of employees and scope for growth
  • 8. SUPPORT Support which an individual receives from other member of the organization. sense of team-spirit among the organization members
  • 9. TYPES Autocratic management has full control Democratic Equal importance Business Oriented Organization give importance for the target
  • 11. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE •larger organization - vertical distribution of responsibilities. •smaller organization - horizontal distribution
  • 13. ORGANIZATIONAL CONTENT degree to which the employees agree with the policies, rules and regulations of the organization
  • 14. ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES Every organization has its own value system laid by its management The beliefs and how the work is done in an organization ADIDAS Performance: Sport is the foundation for all we do and executional excellence is a core value of our Group. Passion: Passion is at the heart of our company. Integrity: We are honest, open, ethical, and fair. People trust us to adhere to our word.
  • 15. ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS norms include ways to speak to persons in authority, style of dress, interactions in meetings.
  • 16. MEMBER CHARACTERISTICS •A personal characteristic of an organization member affects the climate prevailing in the organization.
  • 17. LEADERSHIP STYLE depends upon the Autocratic and Participative leadership provided by the management
  • 18. REQUIREMENTS FOR AN EFFECTIVE ORGANIZING Communication System External Variables Outputs Reenergizing The System Organizational Climate
  • 19. COMMUNICATION SYSTEM  essential at all phases of organization process  To integrate all managerial functions.  Planning accordingly to achieve the goal.  selection, training of employees.  Delegating the work Link the enterprise with external environment  To know about the customers satisfaction level & needs.  To know the degree of competition.
  • 20. EXTERAL VARIABLES •factors that the organization has no control it but only respond to it OUTPUTS task of the managers to secure and utilize the inputs efficiently
  • 21. REENERGIZING THE SYSTEM Some of the outputs of an organization become input again. – satisfaction of the employees – profits of the organizations
  • 22. STEPS 1.Identification of activities 2. Grouping of activities 3. Assigning the activities 4.Delegation of Activities
  • 23. Step 1 - IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIVITIES The activities that are necessary for the accomplishment of goals and objectives of the organization. STEP 2 - Grouping of activities: Closely related and similar activities are grouped together to form sections. STEP 3 - Assigning the activities: Giving the task or the grouped activities to the corresponding departments.
  • 24. Step 4: Delegation of Activities: Delegating the work to the employees according to their capabilities. – Activity Analysis – Decision Analysis – Relation Analysis
  • 25. Activity Analysis • Identifying all the activities needed to achieve the goal. • Identifying the order of importance. • Divide the activities into smaller parts and concentrate on each one.
  • 26. Decision Analysis Future Decisions: long term activities should be taken by top management.  Impact: Decisions that affect several functions should be tak en by the top managers.
  • 27. Relation Analysis A study of how a manager has relationship with his subordinates.
  • 28. OVERT & COVERT FACTORS OVERT FACTORS Factors that are visible and measurable are called overt factors
  • 29. ORGANIZATION HIERARCHY  who reports to who & spam of control SIMPLE:-for small organization which require a low degree of specialization. Offers flexibility  FUNCTIONAL:-Structure is grouped based upon the functions performed They are useful for the firms who have large product line.  DIVISIONAL:- Structure is used by organization having no of divisions coordinated and controlled by head office. Head office formulates strategies and allocates resources. Matrix:-Structure is a combination of divisional & functional structure.
  • 30. FINANCIAL RESOURCES- availability, usage and management of funds. GOALS OF ORGANIZATION - clearly defines its goal & properly communicates then it has a good organizational climate. SKILLS & ABILITIES OF PERSONNEL- efficient, skillful and have good capabilities to cope with the changes in the environment.  TECHNOLOGY CHANGE - Organization which is capable of perceive technological change & adopt with changes have good organizational climate.  PERFORMANCE STANDARDS - clearly establish standards for each & every activities. EFFECIENCY MEASURMENT - measurements used by government & Industries like measuring the initiation, supportive roles and managerial roles of Individuals.
  • 31. COVERT FACTORS not visible and measurable are called covert factors