Viktor Schauberger was an Austrian forester, naturalist, inventor and biomimicry experimenter in the early 20th century. He developed theories on fluid dynamics and water movement based on his observations of nature. Some of his ideas included more efficient water turbines and methods of water refinement. Though his work was not accepted by mainstream science at the time, it inspired many in the environmental movement. He spent his later years continuing to develop inventions related to water and energy generation based on natural principles.
Viktor Schauberger was an Austrian forester, naturalist, inventor and biomimicry experimenter in the early 20th century. He developed theories on fluid dynamics and water movement based on his observations of nature. Some of his ideas included more efficient water turbines and methods of water refinement. Though his work was not accepted by mainstream science at the time, it inspired many in the environmental movement. He spent his later years continuing to develop inventions related to water and energy generation based on natural principles.
This summary provides an overview of the purpose and content of the document:
The document discusses Walter Russell's cosmology and the goal of developing robust models of Russell's wave theory and applying it to topics like transmutation and free energy. It acknowledges that fully understanding Russell's work requires both studying his published writings as well as contemplation and meditation on the concepts. It aims to help students navigate Russell's work by deconstructing and rebuilding the models in a clear progression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes a simple VHF receiver that can be built for around $20 using a superregenerative design. The receiver requires no special components or test equipment to construct. It uses a single JFET transistor as a superregenerative detector to provide high sensitivity of around 1 microvolt. The receiver can detect both AM and FM signals between 49-55 MHz with modifications allowing it to receive other VHF bands. With adjustments to the regeneration control and quench waveform control, the receiver can be tuned to receive narrowband FM transmissions with reasonable selectivity.
1) The document discusses the discovery by Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov of anti-gravitational and invisibility effects associated with the chitin shells of certain insects, which he termed the Cavernous Structures Effect (CSE).
2) Grebennikov observed that people experienced sensations like changes in weight, flashes of light, and tingling above bee and wasp nests containing many small caverns, though instruments did not detect anything.
3) Further experiments showed the CSE zone inhibited bacteria growth and changed microbe and plant behavior, and that bees adapted and finished work earlier in the CSE field. The effect passed through barriers and its "trace" remained
This document provides details on the design and performance of two simple software-defined radio (SDR) receivers called DR1 and DR2 for the HF ham bands between 30 kHz and 70 MHz.
DR1 is a single-chip sample and hold receiver using the 74HC4066 chip that achieves good performance such as a sensitivity of 3-5 uV, IIP3 of 28-33 dBm, and SNR of 80 dB despite its simplicity. However, it has an audio image that can interfere in crowded bands. DR2 is similar but uses I/Q sampling to reject the audio image with 35-45 dB rejection. Both receivers connect directly to a PC sound card for processing and demodulation in software
This document appears to be a field guide or reference text about various types of mushrooms or fungi. It provides brief descriptions of multiple species in other languages, including their identifying characteristics like color, shape, habitat and whether they are edible or poisonous. Each entry includes the species name, short description and sometimes notes on taste or uses. The document uses scientific names and terminology related to mycology.
This document describes how to build a simple and portable shortwave radio receiver using a single hand-wound coil. The receiver requires only basic components, including a variable capacitor, transistor, diode and battery. It can receive international radio broadcasts with its small whip antenna. The document provides detailed instructions on winding the coil, assembling the circuit board, and operating the receiver to tune in shortwave radio signals.
The Maxon SL55 is a handportable radio designed for professional users. It is compact yet rugged with features like long battery life, scanning, encryption, and programmable settings. The radio has 16 channels across VHF and UHF bands with adjustable channel spacing and transmit power up to 5 watts. It performs well in both transmit and receive modes with clear audio and strong selectivity. The SL55 is simple to use but still offers advanced features through programming with accessories.
This summary provides an overview of the purpose and content of the document:
The document discusses Walter Russell's cosmology and the goal of developing robust models of Russell's wave theory and applying it to topics like transmutation and free energy. It acknowledges that fully understanding Russell's work requires both studying his published writings as well as contemplation and meditation on the concepts. It aims to help students navigate Russell's work by deconstructing and rebuilding the models in a clear progression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document describes a simple VHF receiver that can be built for around $20 using a superregenerative design. The receiver requires no special components or test equipment to construct. It uses a single JFET transistor as a superregenerative detector to provide high sensitivity of around 1 microvolt. The receiver can detect both AM and FM signals between 49-55 MHz with modifications allowing it to receive other VHF bands. With adjustments to the regeneration control and quench waveform control, the receiver can be tuned to receive narrowband FM transmissions with reasonable selectivity.
1) The document discusses the discovery by Viktor Stepanovich Grebennikov of anti-gravitational and invisibility effects associated with the chitin shells of certain insects, which he termed the Cavernous Structures Effect (CSE).
2) Grebennikov observed that people experienced sensations like changes in weight, flashes of light, and tingling above bee and wasp nests containing many small caverns, though instruments did not detect anything.
3) Further experiments showed the CSE zone inhibited bacteria growth and changed microbe and plant behavior, and that bees adapted and finished work earlier in the CSE field. The effect passed through barriers and its "trace" remained
This document provides details on the design and performance of two simple software-defined radio (SDR) receivers called DR1 and DR2 for the HF ham bands between 30 kHz and 70 MHz.
DR1 is a single-chip sample and hold receiver using the 74HC4066 chip that achieves good performance such as a sensitivity of 3-5 uV, IIP3 of 28-33 dBm, and SNR of 80 dB despite its simplicity. However, it has an audio image that can interfere in crowded bands. DR2 is similar but uses I/Q sampling to reject the audio image with 35-45 dB rejection. Both receivers connect directly to a PC sound card for processing and demodulation in software
This document appears to be a field guide or reference text about various types of mushrooms or fungi. It provides brief descriptions of multiple species in other languages, including their identifying characteristics like color, shape, habitat and whether they are edible or poisonous. Each entry includes the species name, short description and sometimes notes on taste or uses. The document uses scientific names and terminology related to mycology.
This document describes how to build a simple and portable shortwave radio receiver using a single hand-wound coil. The receiver requires only basic components, including a variable capacitor, transistor, diode and battery. It can receive international radio broadcasts with its small whip antenna. The document provides detailed instructions on winding the coil, assembling the circuit board, and operating the receiver to tune in shortwave radio signals.
The Maxon SL55 is a handportable radio designed for professional users. It is compact yet rugged with features like long battery life, scanning, encryption, and programmable settings. The radio has 16 channels across VHF and UHF bands with adjustable channel spacing and transmit power up to 5 watts. It performs well in both transmit and receive modes with clear audio and strong selectivity. The SL55 is simple to use but still offers advanced features through programming with accessories.
This document outlines different power and band settings for PMR radios and LPD devices including legal and extended power levels up to 2W for various modes. It also lists combinations of jumper settings labeled JP1, JP2, and JP3 that correspond to the different operating modes. The document provides instructions for toggling between PMR-only and PMR+LPD modes on the radio.
Airband prijemnik 220 m hz to 400mhz bandsmail hondo
This document describes a simple circuit that can be built to receive communications between aircraft and ground control in the 220MHz to 400MHz frequency band. The circuit uses inexpensive common components like resistors, capacitors, an inductor and transistor. It provides an easy and low-cost way for people to listen to air-ground radio conversations given that radios and scanners to receive these frequency bands can be large, complicated and expensive.
This document provides information about basic AC electrical generators. It discusses different types of generators including rotating armature generators and rotating field generators. It also describes polyphase generators and the three main types of generator cooling: air, hydrogen, and liquid. Temperature rise, reliability, and construction are important factors in generator design. The stator, rotor, winding design, and cooling systems are explained. Excitation systems are also covered along with practice questions and a final exam. The document serves as a training module to increase knowledge of AC generator design and operation.
1. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja
Mikrotalasi
Prednosti metode
Fizički principi
Tehnike ispitivanja
Područja primjene
Ispitivanje proizvoda
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja
doc.dr. Samir Lemeš
<slemes@mf.unze.ba>
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 2/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mikrotalasi
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mikrotalasi
Mikrotalasi su vrsta elektromagnetskog
zračenja frekvencije od 300 MHz do
325 GHz (talasnih dužina
od 10 m do 1 mm)
Prva važnija upotreba
mikrotalasa je radar
Mikrotalasi se ponašaju
slično svjetlu: putuju
pravolinijski, odbijaju se
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 3/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mikrotalasi
Imaju talasne dužine 10.000 do
100.000 puta veće od svjetlosti;
prodiru duboko u materijal
Dubina prodiranja mikrotalasa zavisi
p
j
od permitivnosti, permeabilnosti i
provodljivosti materijala
Mikrotalasi se odbijaju
od unutrašnjih granica
u materijalu
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 5/30
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 4/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prednosti metode
Širokopojasni frekventni odziv
Prenos signala kroz zrak bez smetnji
Nema kontaminacije ispitivanog
j
materijala
Lako se dobiju informacije o fazi i
amplitudi mikrotalasa
Nije potreban fizički kontakt mjerila i
materijala koji se ispituje
Nema promjena u materijalu
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 6/30
1
2. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Prednosti metode
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Male dimenzije uređaja
Mikrotalasi se mogu koristiti za
otkrivanje i mjerenje pukotina:
Ne mogu prodirati duboko u metal
Greška čija je efektivna dimenzija
znatno manja od talasne dužine se ne
može kompletno identifikovati
Ne može se koristiti za greške manje
od 0,1 mm
Pukotine ispod površine se mogu
otkriti mjerenjem površinskog
napona, koji treba biti puno veći
neposredno iznad pukotine
Metoda je najosjetljivija kad su pukotine
otvorene (površinske)
Ako je pukotina ispod površine,
indikacija njenog položaja su visoki
naponi na površini iznad pukotine
Više frekvencije potrebne za otkrivanje
malih pukotina
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 7/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Fizički principi
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 8/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
U slobodnom
prostoru,
elektromagnetni
talas je
transverzalni
t
l i
Brzina kojom
talas putuje duž
z-ose je data
relacijom:
v=fλ
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Fizički principi
Refleksija i refrakcija mikrotalasa na
prelazu između dva medija različitih
elektromagnetskih osobina su
praktično iste kao kod vidljive
svjetlosti
j tl ti
Važi Snellov
zakon:
n2sin = n1sin
gdje su n1 i n2
indeksi prelamanja
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 11/30
Fizički principi
Osobine
homogenog
materijala od
kojih zavisi propagacija mikrotalasa su
magnetna permeabilnost, dielektrični
t
bil
t di l kt ič i
koeficijent i električna provodljivost
Električna provodljivost može biti od
10-16 Ωmm za dobre izolatore do oko
107 Ωmm za dobre
provodnike (npr. bakar)
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 9/30
Ograničenja metode
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 10/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Fizički principi
Apsorpcija i disperzija mikrotalasa:
javljaju se usljed interakcije
električnog polja sa dielektričnim
(molekularnim) osobinama
nemetalnog materijala
t l
t ij l
Polarizacija i provođenje (kondukcija)
materijala utječu na upijanje i
rasipanje energije električnog polja
Pri tome se energija mikrotalasa
pretvara u toplotnu energiju
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 12/30
2
3. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Fizički principi
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Stojeći talasi
nastaju usljed
interferencije:
Dva talasa iste
frekvencije
prodiru u
suprotnim smjerovima
Taj fenomen se koristi za mjerenje
debljine materijala, zahvaljujući vezi
između frekvencije i amplitude
stojećeg talasa za dati medij
Rasipanje
(scattering) se
javlja kad se
mikrotalasi odbijaju od nehomogenih
područja
d čj
U tom slučaju odbijeni talas nije jedan
talas, nego se sastoji od niza talasa
različitih amplituda, faza i smjerova
Na slici je prikazano rasipanje kod
metalnih sfera različitog prečnika
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 13/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Transmisija
kontinuiranog
talasa fiksne
frekvencije
Transmisija
kontinuiranog
talasa opadajuće
frekvencije
Transmisija
impulsne
modulacije
Tehnike ispitivanja
Svaka od pomenutih tehnika koristi
jedan ili više procesa kojima materijali
djeluju na mikrotalase
Na osnovu tih tehnika, instrumenti se
dijele na 4 grupe:
Transmisija
Refleksija
Stojeći talas
Rasipanje
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 17/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Refleksija
kontinuiranog
talasa fiksne
frekvencije
Refleksija
kontinuiranog
talasa fiksne
frekvencije
Refleksija impulsne
modulacije
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 15/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 14/30
Tehnike ispitivanja
Fizički principi
Tehnike ispitivanja
Stojeći talasi fiksne
frekvencije
Reflektivno rasipanje
fiksne frekvencije
Mikrotalasna holografija
Mikrotalasna impedanca
površine
Mikrotalasna detekcija
korozije nastale usljed
naprezanja
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 16/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Tehnike ispitivanja
Tehnika transmisije:
Na površini se talas dijeli na
reflektovani i na prelomljeni talas
p
Amplituda i
faza signala
kojeg primi
antena se
porede s
referentnim
signalom
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 18/30
3
4. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Tehnike ispitivanja
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Tehnika
transmisije može imati tri
varijacije:
Tehnike ispitivanja
Tehnika
refleksije
može biti:
Kontinuirani
talas fiksne frekvencije
Kontinuirani talas
promjenjive
frekvencije
Impulsno
modulirani talas
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 19/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
sa
jednom
antenom
sa dvije
antene
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 20/30
Tehnike ispitivanja
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
I
tehnika refleksije može imati tri
varijacije:
Kontinuirani
Kontinuirani
Mikrotalasna
holografija se zasniva
na interferenciji dva talasa
Kad su mikrotalasi u rasponu od
ultraljubičastih do infracrvenih
frekvencija, može se dobiti
hologram na fotografskom filmu
Hologram je slika
mreže dobijene
interferencijom
talas fiksne frekvencije
talas promjenjive
frekvencije
Impulsno modulirani talas
Kako
impulsi moraju biti uski kod
ispitivanja plitkih defekata, koristi
se i frekventna modulacija
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 21/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Tehnike ispitivanja
Ista
tehnika se koristi kod
mikrotalasnih frekvencija (300 MHz
do 300 GHz), a umjesto filma se
koristi
mikrotalasni
prijemnik
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 23/30
Tehnike ispitivanja
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 22/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Područja primjene
Mjerenje debljine materijala
Mogu se mjeriti i metalni i nemetalni
materijali
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 24/30
4
5. Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Područja primjene
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Otkrivanje diskontinuiteta
Za razliku od poroznosti i odstupanja
od nominalnog hemijskog sastava,
diskontinuiteti
kao što su
uključci, greške,
pukotine, dovode
do refleksije,
prelamanja ili
rasipanja elektromagnetnih talasa
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 25/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Područja primjene
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Hemijski sastav dielektričnih
materijala
Promjene hemijskog sastava utječu
na brzinu prostiranja mikrotalasa
Promjene brzine mijenjaju količinu i
ugao reflektovane i
emitovane energije
Mogu se mjeriti:
polimerizacija, oksidacija,
esterifikacija, vulkanizacija
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Područja primjene
Mjerenje anizotropije
Osobine materijala koje zavise od
smjera mogu se mjeriti pomoću
linearno polariziranih mikrotalasa
Mjerenje se zasniva na rotiranju glave
senzora u
odnosu na
materijal i
praćenjem
ugla rotacije
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 29/30
Mikrotalasno otkrivanje
površinskih pukotina u metalima
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 26/30
Područja primjene
Mjerenje vlažnosti
Molekule vode snažno
upijaju i rasipaju mikrotalase
Ova tehnika se koristi i u
kontinuiranom (procesnom) mjerenju
i u laboratorijskim uslovima, posebno
za plastične i keramičke materijale
Ne može se koristiti kod gasova
Jak je utjecaj temperature
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 27/30
Područja primjene
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 28/30
Ispitivanje
proizvoda
Područja primjene
Mjerenje korozije
uzrokovane naprezanjem
Aluminij, magnezij i titan u skloni
pojavi korozije ako su izloženi
naprezanju u određenom okruženju
Mjeri se
impedanca
površine,
koja zavisi
od korozije
Mikrotalasna ispitivanja 30/30
5