研英写作 08 讲义

新东方在线考研写作天津新东方学校国内考试部刘烁炀

考研作文总体介绍小作文（应用文）要求： 100words ，满分 10 分，平均分 5.5 － 6 分，考场建议时间： 20 分钟，考试内容：投诉，建议，邀请，辞职，道歉，申请，推荐，求职，离职等内容，目标得分： 8 分；

考研作文总体介绍大作文以图画题为主，早年考过图表文章，提纲作文，背景作文以及开放式作文要求： 160 － 200 字，满分 20 分，平均分 11 分，考场建议时间： 40 分钟；目标得分： 14 分

A 节应用文的评分侧重点信息点的覆盖内容的组织语言的准确性格式语域的恰当注：对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题做调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分

B 节作文的评分重点内容的完整性文章的组织连贯性语法结构和词汇的多样性语言的准确性

解读评分原则（以大作文为例）奖励分（ 3 分）＋基准分（ 17 分）哪个更好提高呢 ?

奖励分给分原则书法笔迹大字 vs 小字笔的选择

奖励分给分原则正确正规可读非正规标记： &, Vs, etc. 简写的问题： WTO ？ World Trade Organization (WTO) ^_^ 共 200 字！

奖励分给分原则标点的问题随意点逗号的问题句号的问题省略号顿号书名号惊叹号和问号

奖励分给分原则修改的问题尽量不修改反对对于内容的修改正确的修改方法修正液

基准分的考察范围内容形式语言

一内容相关即可，自圆其说 13 个万能理由经济，效率，交流，他人，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，空间，耐久

经济，效率，交流，他人，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，空间，耐久你认为是住在城市里面好还是乡下好？住在城里的好处？安全健康交流情感经济效率环境方便住在乡下的好处？经济安全环境性格空间耐久交流方便

经济，效率，交流，他人，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，空间，耐久在你家附近建一个超市，你是否同意？同意？经济效率交流他人方便环境情感不同意？安全健康环境方便空间经济

经济，效率，交流，他人，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，空间，耐久养宠物的利与弊？养宠物的好处？交流安全健康经济性格情感耐久养宠物的坏处？经济安全交流他人方便环境健康

课后练习 A 堵车的好处 B 举办奥运会的坏处

避免跑题例：温室的花朵经不起风雨

内容趋同最保险 1997 年托福考试真题： 20 世纪即将过去， 21 世纪马上到来，在你看来， 20 世纪最著名的发明事什么？为什么？它将对 21 世纪带来怎样的影响？

万能话题的选择——一例多用环保话题：在你家周围建一个工厂，你是否同意？你认为科学家对人类的贡献大还是艺术家对人类的贡献大？你的职业梦想是什么？如果让你发明一样机器，你会选择什么？

二形式比较重要分段段落安排合理

三语言最重要谚语和典故修辞准确和地道复杂的句式多变的用词

1 谚语和典故 Just as an old Chinese proverb says, … Just as an old English proverb says, … Just as an old Arab proverb says, …

谚语和典故日常积累谚语是可以编的具体的问题抽象化，抽象的问题具体化

（ 1 ）具体的问题抽象化白猫黑猫，抓住耗子就是好猫 —— 结果最重要 Ends justify means.

（ 2 ）抽象的问题具体化：劳逸结合 —— 要懂得休息和休闲 All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 男大当婚，女大当嫁 —— 结婚是正常的行为 Each Jack has his Jill.

总结不要直白的表达自己的目的； Jack 和 Jill 在谚语中经常出现否定常出现练习：人是铁，饭是钢，一顿不吃饿的慌。 No longer can Jack live without grain.

2 修辞 a busy bee the blue sky the black coffee a evil devil a pure angel deep ocean as busy as a bee as blue as sky as black as coffee as evil as a devil as pure as an angel as deep as ocean

3 语言的准确和地道少写多改翻译新概念第二册后三十篇文章，与原文进行对照，找出自己的不足

4 复杂的句式简单句变复杂的方法五大经典句型

（ 1 ）简单句变复杂的方法形容词和副词同位语作插入语介词结构作修饰非限定性定语从句非谓语动词

a 形容词和副词老刘讲课。黑黑胖胖的，穿着短袖衬衣的老刘激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课。

b 同位语作插入语什么是同位语？位置相同的语言叫作“同位语” 黑黑胖胖的，穿着短袖衬衣的老刘，一个二十六岁的男人，激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课，比阅读还要无聊的课。所有名词后面可加同位语

c 介词结构作修饰在一个艳阳高照的秋日的午后，在刚刚建好的天津新东方的教室里，黑黑胖胖的，穿着短袖衬衣的老刘，一个二十六岁的男人，激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课，比阅读还要无聊的课。

d 非限定性定语从句在一个艳阳高照的秋日的午后，在刚刚建好的天津新东方的教室里，黑黑胖胖的，穿着短袖衬衣的老刘，一个二十六岁的男人，激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课，比阅读还要无聊的课， which left us a deep impression.

e 非谓语动词我是一名教师。我讲课。 I am a teacher. I give classes. I am a teacher and I give classes. Because I am a teacher, I give classes. I am a teacher, so I give classes. Being a teacher, I give classes. I, being a teacher, give classes. am ，（ be ） being

e 非谓语动词我不是一名教师，但是我讲课。 I, not being a teacher, give classes. 我过去是个学生，但是现在我讲课。 am －－》 being was －－》 having been I, having been a student, give classes. 我过去不是学生，但是现在我讲课。 I, not having been a student, give classes. 汝非鱼，安知鱼之乐乎？

e 非谓语动词你自己不是鱼。 You are not a fish yourself. 你怎么能知道鱼的欢乐呢？ How can you know the happiness of a fish ？ How can you, not being a fish yourself, know the happiness of a fish? 我们自己不是老年人，我们怎么能知道老年人的痛苦呢？

e 非谓语动词当前后两个句子的主语相同的时候，可以去掉一个主语，将句号改为逗号，并将其中一个动词变为 ing, 或者 having done 得形式 ,being 除表进行时往往可被省略。如果主语不同呢？今天很热。我在家呆着了。 It is hot today. I stay at home. It being hot today, I stay at home.

e 非谓语动词 am －－》 being was －－》 having been do －－》 doing did －－》 having done

(2) 五大经典句型倒装虚拟语气 as 引导的状语从句状语从句的省略问题 rather than vs other than

a 倒装介词地点状语提前，后接系表倒装 In the sunshine, stands a young tree.( 注意主谓一致 ) 否定副词提前，部分倒装。 Hardly can I do it. 虚拟语气的省略倒装（略）

b 虚拟语气 It is high time ＋ that ＋主语＋ did （是做某件事情非常紧急和迫切的时刻了。）问题如此严重，我们必须马上解决这个问题。 The situation being so serious, it is high time that we took effective measures to ……

b 虚拟语气 It is important/ necessary/ urgent +that +(should)+do 我们必须制订（ work out ）一些法律法规（ laws and regulations ）来解决这个问题。 It is imperative that laws and regulations should be worked out to ……

b 虚拟语气条件从句引导的虚拟语气

c as 引导的状语从句让步状语从句： Although she is a girl, she sings like a man. Girl as she is, she sings like a man. 尽管漫画很简单，但是其寓意却非常深刻。 Simple as the picture is, the meaning behind it is as deep as ocean.

d 状语从句的省略问题 When in Rome, do as Romans do. When in Rome, you do as Romans do. ( 祈使句的省略 ) When you are （状语从句的省略） in Rome, you do as Romans do. 规略：当从句和主句的主语相同，而从句中的动词为系动词的时候，从句中的主语和系动词可以被省略

d 状语从句的省略问题 6 岁的时候，我老爸开始给我讲英文。 When at the age of 6, my father began to teach me English. 怎么改 ? When I was at age of 6, my father began to teach me English. When at the age of 6, I was taught English by my father.

e rather than vs other than rather than ：而不是（万能插入语） I am the best teacher. I, rather than anyone else, am, rather than was, the best teacher, rather than the worst one.

e other than: 除了 I, other than anyone else, am the best teacher. No one, other than I, is the best teacher. 中国正在面临非常严重的。。。问题。

5 词汇的多样性词汇量的概念简单词复杂化的方法五大恶心词汇词汇的替换方法

5.1 词汇量的概念拼写稍微复杂的单词，放弃初中词汇

5.2 简单词复杂化的方法 (1) of +n.=adj.

5.2 简单词复杂化的方法 (2) the poor, the beautiful, the old

5.2 简单词复杂化的方法 (3) n.+and its like 。。。和他的同类（作为从一个到多个的推广方法，议论文常用）表达陌生的词汇

5.2 简单词复杂化的方法 (4) so called +n. 所谓的

5.3 五大恶心词汇 important significant, necessary, essential, urgent very of great importance, significantly important 替换 very 的方法：将 adj. 的同义词变为 adv. 即相当于 very

5.3 五大恶心词汇 Different various, a variety of, vary from person to person People’s opinions are various. People have a variety of opinions. People’s opinions vary from person to person. Think thing

5.4 词汇的有效替换上下义词的概念同义词和反义词代词

文章的连贯性问题并列 as well as, and…as well, not only… but also… 转折转折副词 ( 不能连接两个句子 ): however, instead, unfortunately, fortunately, in fact, on the contrary 转折连词 :while, but…

文章的连贯性问题递进连词 first, second, third To begin with, Besides, Last but not least On one hand, on the other, In addition

文章的连贯性问题因果关系副词 : consequently, hence, thus, consequently, therefore, thereby, as a consequence 介词 :owing to, thanks to, due to, 连词 :so, and consequently

文章的连贯性问题万能关联词 in other word, that is to say, as a matter of fact

范文分析 98.1 母鸡下蛋，虚假承诺 Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1 write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon 此提纲应分为两段写作） 2 give your comments 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论（解决方法）

范文分析 The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of promises have been arising from all walks of life . Regrettably, quite a lot of promises are sheer nonsense, just as the hen in the given cartoon commits herself to lay eggs which are round without any angles and corners and have shells, egg whites and yolks.

范文分析 Odds and funny as they sound, such false promises can be seen and heard everywhere in our country. Administration departments assure to perform their tasks effectively and fairly without taking any bribes; manufacturing units guarantee to turn out products of good quality; commercial enterprises swear to provide genuine commodities and polite and enthusiastic services. Can you find anything new and substantial other than their obligations, duties and jobs in these so called promises? I guess your answer will be negative. As a matter of fact, their intention to make such commitments is nothing but to put on civilized outer clothing to please or deceive the public.

范文分析 I dare say that your society is suffering corruption and cheat which are causing damage to society both materially and morally. But the hen and her like should know that by dishonest words no one can survive the intense competition under market economy system. They should remember the old saying, “Honesty is the best policy”.

范文分析 Here is an interesting cartoon: With her head held high, maybe singing, a hen stands proudly in the cartoon of the picture with a notice in hand. It says: “Firstly, I promise that the eggs I lay are absolutely round without any square corners. Secondly, they all have shells and cores.” It’s so ridiculous that we can’t help laughing. But after that there must be something left.

范文分析 Recently, many promises have come up in many walks of life, especially the service departments. They promise you that they will provide you with warm smile service and good products. At first you are moved nearly to thank them. But if you think twice, you may wonder if those should be their duties. It goes without saying that factories should produce goods of quality, department stores should serve customers politely, buses should arrive on time, and so forth, because all of these are their responsibilities. But why should they promise what are their due jobs? One reason may be that they want to correct their past mistakes under the planned economic system. Another is that they intend to improve their images and please the customers.

范文分析 In my opinion, trying to be better is worth welcoming, but making empty promises is unacceptable. If factories, stores and administrations do their jobs well rather than talk nonsense, our society will be more prosperous.

范文分析 As is shown in the cartoon, the hen made two pieces of promises. On the one hand, she said that her eggs would be sure to be round. On the other hand, she could ensure that her eggs must have egg crust, egg white and egg yellow. According to the words given in the picture, we know that making promises is very popular among different departments and organizations. But it’s clear that what they promise is nothing but their obligations or duties. This phenomenon is not a good thing to our society.

范文分析 There are at least two main reasons, I think, for this phenomenon. In the first place, some enterprises want to pursuit fashion, but have not true promise to make, so they promised what they didn’t need to say. Secondly, it is a normal phenomenon in the process of reform and open door to the world. Maybe there are some other reasons, but the mentioned above is commonly accepted.

范文分析 As far as I am concerned, I believe that this phenomenon is not a good thing, but with the reform and open door policy being carried out, and with the development of our national economy, these problems will be solved step by step. I am sure my opinion is sound and well-grounded.

范文分析这个问题迟早会得到解决 ( 消失 ). It will only be a matter of time before the problem becomes things of the past. 万能句式结尾请注意在时间状语从句中的时态问题”主将从现”

范文分析总结段落安排合理聪明的学生举例子句式复杂多样用词有效替换语法错误较少我们的目标？

考研写作题型深度剖析 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) support your view with an example/examples.

考研写作题型深度剖析 05.1 养老足球赛 Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论

考研写作题型深度剖析 04.1 终点又是新起点： Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1 describe the drawing; 2 interpret its meaning, and 3 support your view with examples. 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋举例论证（至少 2 个）

考研写作题型深度剖析 03.1 温室的花朵经不起风雨 Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1 describe the set of drawings and interpret its meaning 2 point out its implications in our life 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋生活中的意义？

考研写作题型深度剖析 02.1 美国女孩子穿中国传统服饰： Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay entitled “cultures--national and international” In the essay you should 1 describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and （此提纲应分为两段写作） 2 give your comments on the phenomenon 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论

考研写作题型深度剖析 01.1 爱心是一盏灯 1 showing your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below. 2 give a specific example, and 3 give your suggestion as to the best way to show love 描述图画（阐释寓意）＋举例论证＋给出评论（ suggestion ）

考研写作题型深度剖析 98.1 母鸡下蛋，虚假承诺 Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1 write out the messages conveyed by the cartoon 此提纲应分为两段写作） 2 give your comments 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论（解决方法）

结论负面话题 1 describe the picture 描述图画 2 interpret its symbolic meaning 阐释寓意（举例子） 3 give your comments 给出评论（多为解决方法）好的、中性话题 1 describe the picture 描述图画 interpret its symbolic meaning （不举例子）举例子

描述图画段落万能开头句描述图画总结

万能开头句目前，世界正在面临。。。的问题 One of the pressing problems facing our nation / world today is …. 人们慢慢认识到。。。 There is a growing worldwide awareness of….

万能开头句报纸上有一张图画引起人们广泛的关注。 There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. Cartoon, photograph, drawing Magazine, journal

万能开头句中国正在面临非常严重的 ( 养老 / 环境 / 社会 ) 问题 In no country other than China, it has been said, is the problem of more serious.

万能开头句在过去十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，我国的经济有了巨大的发展，但同时带来了一些问题，而下面的问题是最严重的。在……时间中发生了……事件由于…… 有了巨大的发展但同时带来了一些问题下面的问题是最严重的。

万能开头句 The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the reform and open door policy being carried out, bringing some problems at the same time, with the following one being the foremost

描述图画 As is shown in the picture,… （后接完整单独句子描写图画） Shown, depicted, drawn Picture, cartoon, drawing, photograph Clearly, Vividly, ridiculously, interestingly…

描述图画开始真正描写图画 : 在图画中央有 , 它 , 周围有可以使用倒装主语与前文一致 , 可使用非限定性定语从句或者现在分词介词作伴随结构

描述图画如图所示，黑暗中有一盏小小的油灯，它向周围散发着光亮。 As is shown in the cartoon, in the darkness happily stands a candle. It spreads brightness around itself.

描述图画 As is shown in the cartoon, in the darkness happily stands a candle, spreading brightness around itself. Just as an old Arab proverb says, love is just like love, being brighter in the darker places. Just as an old Arab proverb says, where there is love, there is hope.

描述图画照片中央站着一位美丽的美国女孩 , 她穿着传统的中国服饰 , 佩戴着各种各样的饰物 , 脸上洋溢着灿烂的笑容 . Stands ？？？？？？

描述图画 As is vividly shown in the photo, in the sunshine stands a pretty American girl, (who is ) in Chinese traditional clothes, wearing necklace and its like, with a sweet smile on her face.

描述图画操场上有一个小伙子在跑步，向着终点冲刺。然而，终点又被命名为起点。尽管他已经很累了（大汗淋漓），但是他还要乐观的继续跑下去。 Runs Rushing to Be defined as 尽管？？

描述图画 As is shown in the cartoon, on the playground runs a young man, rushing to the final, which is defined as another start one. Tired as he is, he has to continue his journey optimistically.

描述图画图画中央躺着一位老年人 , 蜷缩着像一个皮球 , 他被四个子女赶出门外 ; 而四个子女各自把守着自己家的大门 , 拒绝接纳老人 . Lies Like 使用定语从句还是分词？谁把守？

描述图画 In the middle of the picture lies an old man. He crouches like a football, who is rejected by his sons and daughter. they are guarding their homes respectively and refusing to take care of their father.

描述图画 In the middle of the picture lies an old man, crouching like a football, who is rejected by his sons and daughter, who are guarding their homes respectively and refusing to take care of their father.

描述图画如图所示，在椅子上有一个年轻人，希望理发师把自己的头发理成贝克汉姆的样子。 As is vividly drawn in the picture, in the chair sits a young man, having his hair cut as cool as David Beckham.

描述图画温室里有一朵柔嫩的小花 , 长的很茂盛 , 而温室为它遮风挡雨 . 当小花从温室中挪出来的时候，它无法抵抗风雨的侵蚀，很快就枯萎了，任由它的花叶随风飘零。 Stands Grow vigorously With 结构 When it is removed from the shelter, it cannot stand the brush of the rain. 枯萎？随风飘零？

描述图画 in the green house stands a delicate flower, growing vigorously, with the shelter protecting it from the brush of the storm. When removed out of the protection , the flower cannot stand the storm and quickly dies, with its leaves falling in the wind.

总结尽管图画很简单 , 但其寓意却是非常深奥的 . Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning is as deep as ocean. 作者的真实目的不是图画本身，而是要引导我们去探求在图画背后究竟隐藏着什么 .( 任选 ) The author’s real purpose is not the fact itself, but to lead us to find what hides behind the ice burg.

第一段注意事项万能开头如图所示，非谓语动词， with 伴随结构总结注意用词替换一副图尽量用一个句子表示。

意义阐释段落描述图画中各部分的象征意义段落具体描述――展开段落阐释原因 ( 可能性较小 )

描述图画中各部分的象征意义表示图画中本体与喻体的关系的短语本体 be revealed as 喻体 is referred to as 喻体 be associated with 本体 refer to, stand for, indicate, epitomize 请注意单复数的使用

描述图画中各部分的象征意义小花象征着孩子们孩子被父母过分保护父母被比作温室温室抵抗风雨风雨象征着现实中的竞争 Be associated with Over-protected Be revealed as the greenhouse epitomize

描述图画中各部分的象征意义 Symbolically, the delicate flower is naturally associated with the youth, Who are overprotected by their parents, Who are revealed as the greenhouse, It protects them from brush of storms, Which epitomizes the fierce competition in the real world.

描述图画中各部分的象征意义 Symbolically, the delicate flower is naturally associated with the youth, overprotected by their parents, revealed as the greenhouse, protecting them from brush of storms, which epitomizes the intense competition in the real world.

拓展段落的方法 ( 一 ) 科学论据法 : 根据一项调查表明…… 举例子虚拟语气

科学论据法根据一项调查表明…… According to a survey According to one of the latest survey conducted by a certain international organization,…

科学论据法列举数字后 , 后面需要一个定语从句来补充说明每年，法国巴黎市民花费在养狗上的费用价值 $1 ， 000 ， 000 美元，可以够日本人吃一年的！钱被花在宠物上的钱 Money spent on pets annually

科学论据法列举数字后 , 后面需要一个定语从句来补充说明 According to one of the latest survey, money spent on pets in the city of Paris is as much as $1,000,000,000, which can feed all the Japanese in the world for a whole year.

举例子例子的选择方法普遍的例子将个别例子变为普遍例子的方法 Suppose there is a family For example, for instance

举例子—引出例子的方法我们人类历史上与这个话题相关的例子有很多，下面这个是最有说服力的。 Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples of …, with the following one being the foremost. With 的伴随结构中非谓语动词

举例子—引出例子的方法在我所听到的，看到的，经历过的所有和这个话题相关的例子之中，最有说服力的是…… Among all the touching facts relating to … that I have heard, noticed, and experienced, the most impressive one is …

举例子—引出例子的方法除了这个例子，我找不到更有说服力的了。 I can think of no better examples other than …

虚拟语气如果没有改革开放政策 , 我们可能根本吃不到麦当劳或者肯德鸡 . 如果没有希望工程，那些孩子将永远接受不到宝贵的知识。如果情况继续恶化下去 , 我们将付出更加昂贵的代价。

虚拟语气好的情况假设如果没有，那么。。。 If there were no such policy, we would never taste KFC. 坏的情况如果继续下去，那么我们将付出昂贵的代价。 If the situation were to continue, we would pay a high price.

虚拟语气 -- 省略倒装 Were there no opening policy, we would never taste Macdonalds at all. Were the situation to continue, we would pay a high price.

综合训练：关于”爱心是一盏灯”的例子希望工程义务献血照顾老人照顾伤残人

希望工程我们人类历史上与爱心相关的例子有很多，希望工程是最有说服力的。在中国西部有一些家庭，他们是如此的贫困以至于无法资助孩子上学。尽管他们很可怜，但是来自各个行业的人们向他们伸出了援助之手，这就是所谓的希望工程。根据一项调查，每年希望工程所募集的资金价值￥。。。，这些钱可以。。。如果没有这些帮助，那么这些孩子将永远无法得到宝贵的知识，永远生活在黑暗之中。

我们人类历史上与爱心相关的例子有很多，希望工程是最有说服力的。 Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples of love, with the Hope Project being the foremost.

在中国西部有一些家庭，他们是如此的贫困以至于无法自助孩子上学。 In the west of China exist some families. They are so poor that they cannot support their children’s education. Being so poor that they cannot support their children’s education. In the west of China exist some families, being so poor that they cannot support their children’s education. In the west of China exist some families, being so poor that hardly can they support their children’s education.

尽管他们很可怜，但是来自各个行业的人们向他们伸出了援助之手，这就是所谓的希望工程。尽管？各行各业？所谓的？ Pathetic as they are, people (who are) coming from all walks of life began to help them, which is so called Hope Project.

根据一项调查，每年希望工程所募集的资金价值￥。。。，这些钱可以。。。 According to the latest survey, money collected annually has reached as much as about $1,000,000,000, which can help 3 million children finish their primary school.

如果没有这些帮助，那么这些孩子将永远无法得到宝贵的知识，永远生活在黑暗之中。 Were there no such precious help, those children would never taste the knowledge and live in the darkness forever. Were there no such precious help, never would those children taste the knowledge and live in the darkness forever.

其他话题呢？义务鲜血照顾老人照顾伤残人

个人评价段落写什么？讨论的对象是什么？怎么写？

好的现象取其菁华，祛其糟粕。 Absorb the essence and neglect the drawbacks.

坏的现象？－－解决之。情况如此危急，解决这个问题刻不容缓。首先，我们必须制订一些法律和法规。第二，个人应该被教育。。。伴随着一个恰当的法律和警觉的民众，这个问题迟早可以被解决。

情况如此危急，解决这个问题刻不容缓。 The situation being so serious, it is high time that we took effective measures to solve the problem.

首先，我们必须制订一些法律和法规。 On the one hand, it is essential that laws and regulations should be worked out.

第二，个人应该被教育。。。 On the other, people should be educated to …

伴随着一个恰当的法律和警觉的民众，这个问题迟早可以被解决。 With a proper law and an alert public, it will only be a matter of time before the problem becomes things of the past. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their life to the uttermost.

总结第一段描述图画（废话式开头＋倒装描写图画＋总结）第二段，指出图画的寓意－－举例子（拓展段落的三个方法）第三段，发表评论。－－解决方法（虚拟＋倒装）

有阳光的地方就有阴影

题目分析写什么？阳光？阴影？段落安排？会不会跑题？

描述图画 There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is shown above, in the sun shine stands a delicate tree, growing vigorously, leaving a long shadow behind itself. Just as the old Arab proverb says, where there is sunshine, there is a shadow.

阐释寓意 Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning is as deep as ocean. Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples about sunshine and its shadow, with the following one being the foremost. The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the sunshine － policies being carried out, bringing its shadow at the same time － the damage to the environment.

阐释寓意 According to a survey, money lost in environmental pollution has reached $1,000,000,000, which can … Were the tendency to continue, we would pay a high price. Were the tendency to continue, our future generation would not bother to think of excuse for us.

描述图画 There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is shown above, on the thick pile of papers, proudly sits an old professor, seeming satisfied with his success, neglecting the demand of students.

阐释寓意 Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning is as deep as ocean. The past decade has witnessed a huge development in education owing to some policies being carried out, bringing some problems at the same time, with the above one being the foremost.

阐释寓意 According to a survey, the number of papers published in 2006 is 10 times as much as that of 1996, with the students’ ability remaining still. Were the situation to continue, we would pay a high price.

个人评价－－解决这个问题虚拟语气学校制订法律法规去限制每年发表论文的数量；老师们也应该被教育去花更大的精力在学生身上。只有在一个……的环境下，学生才能尽情体会学习的乐趣。

个人评价 The situation being so serious, it is high time that we took effective measures to solve the problem. On the one hand, it is essential that rules should be worked out to limit the number of the paper published annually; On the other, teachers should be educated to pay more attention to students. Only in a prosperous, reasonable atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which students can enjoy their study to the uttermost.

There has been… As is shown above, on the playground runs a young man, rushing to the final of the full mark of major courses, such as …and so forth, neglecting the importance of morality and its like. Tired as he is, he has to continue his running as his parents’ wishes. Simple as…

What is the purpose of …? The author’s real purpose… The past decade has witnessed … According to a survey, the average students’ ability on study has been significantly improved, with the psychological health being worsened. Nowadays, the college has been filled with a variety of examples of such things, with Majiajue being the foremost. Were the situation to continue, we would pay a high price.

综合训练 Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should 1) describe the drawing briefly, 2) explain its intended meaning, and then 3) support your view with an example/examples.

describe the drawing briefly, There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is vividly depicted above, in front of the football stands an athlete, imagining the goal keeper is so giant that hardly can he score the goal; on the contrary, the goal keeper minimizes himself and he cannot keep the net at all. Funny as the picture is, the symbolic meaning is as deep as oceans.

explain its intended meaning, What is the intended meaning of the picture? The writer’s real purpose is not the fact itself, but to lead us to discover what hides behind the iceberg. The past decade has witnessed a huge development in society owing to the reform and open door policy being carried out, bringing some problems at the same time, with the youth’s lack of confidence being the foremost. According to the latest survey, over 60% youth get defeated when they meet any difficulty, which leads great social concern.

support your view with an example/examples. Among all the touching facts relating to confidence that I have heard, noticed, and experienced, the most impressive one is LiuXiang. As the world sport star, he invariably imagines positively that he can win in every hurdle race, never shrinking in front of other experienced players. Had he been afraid of his rivals, never could he make any world record in the Olympic Games. Just as the old Arab proverb says, our final enemy is ourselves. Only in a strong mind believing in ourselves can we hope to witness the ideal scene, in which we can conquer any difficulties and enjoy the struggle to the uttermost.

社会热点问题介绍背景产生原因造成危害解决方法预测趋势

段落的选择介绍背景产生原因造成危害解决方法预测趋势关于大学生就业问题假冒伪劣商品问题青少年吸烟问题过渡捕捞问题

考研写作题型深度剖析 00.1 过度捕捞问题 Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1 describe the pictures 2 deduce the purpose of the drawer of the pictures, and 3 suggest counter-measures 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论（解决方法）

The past century has witnessed a sharp decrease in the amount and species of fish owing to over-fishing. Were the situation to continue, never would our future generation taste any fish.

97 年考研题目 Studying the following set of graphs Predict the tendency of cigarette and Give your reasons

结论善于将提纲转化为准备好的内容将题目读透

一介绍背景漫画来介绍背景图表来介绍背景

2 图表给出的背景图表类型介绍柱状图 : bar chart, 饼状图 pie chart, 线性图 line chart, 表格 statistics ， table 所描述的图表可分为两大类型

静态图： pie chart As is vividly shown in the graph, the total … is divided into four parts. A makes up 34% 51% stands for B 9% refers to C 6% is defined as D

静态图： pie chart 尽可能少的罗列数字 over one third Nearly one tenth over a half The rest respectively

静态图： pie chart The total … is divided into four parts, with A, B, C and D making up % % % and % respectively. 学会抓住主要矛盾 The total … is divided into four parts, with A and B making up % totally. 总结 : 尽管图中的数字看起来是孤立存在的 , 但事实上他们是紧密相连的 . Isolated as the figures seem to be, as a matter of fact, they are connected to one another closely.

2 动态图 , 以柱状图为例看横轴看纵轴找到主要的变化看标题当图画中的数字过多时 , 要找出应有变化规律避免句式重复 private car is playing an increasingly important role in people’s means of transportation.

private car is playing an increasingly important role in people’s means of transportation.

Percent living with parents (Canada) Unmarried Married Married 32% 48% 74% 56% Men 19% 36% 67% 47% Women 30-34 25-29 20-24 Total 3% 5% 9% 4% Men 2% 4% 7% 3% Women 30-34 25-29 20-24 Total

如何找出相应的规律 ? 在图表中 , 存在几个变量 , 就有几个规律 , 即 : 男女对比 , 年龄变化 , 已婚未婚三个规律 .

补充一些表示变化的词语上升 : surge, climb to, rise, skyrocket, jump to, a steady rise, a steep increase 下降 : plunge, decline, drop, fall, descend 程度 : sharp, drastic, dramatic, intensive, remarkable, sustained, temporary

比较状语从句的写作方法 As much as 句式汽车的速度是自行车速度的 10 倍。 A car runs 10 times as fast as a bike runs. A car runs 10 times as fast as a bike does. A car runs 10 times as fast as does a bike. 抽象动词与实意动词的替换比较状语从句的倒装

比较状语从句的写作方法 more than 句式中国的人口比日本人口多。 The population of China is bigger than the population of Japan. The population of China is bigger than that of Japan.

比较状语从句的写作方法 (2) 倍数关系中国的人口比日本多三倍。 The population of China is three times larger than that of Japan 赵薇的眼睛比林忆莲大 N 倍。 Zhaowei’s eyes are N times larger than Linyilian’s eyes. Zhaowei’s eyes are N times larger than that of Linyilian. Zhaowei’s eyes are N times larger than those of Linyilian.

补充练习 Car Accidents declining in Walton City

According to the graph , the rise and fall of the rate of car accidents in Walton City varies with the seasons . From January to March last year it increased by 68% , from March to June it dropped by about half the previous rate ; and from June to August there was a steep rise of 66.6%. After that, however, there was a steady decrease , and this makes us optimistic that car accidents are declining in Walton City

A boom in the number of MA candidates

A boom in the number of MA candidates In recent years, the number of the candidates for the MA degree has increased drastically . According to a survey, the number in 1998 has reached 260,000, which is more than five times than that of 1995 when it was only 50,000 in all. Why do so many young people go on with their studies?

二阐释原因很明显，有很多复杂的原因导致这个现象的发生，而下面的是最有代表性的。 Obviously, a variety of complicated factors contribute to the phenomenon, with the following one being the foremost. 除了下面的原因，没有更好的了。 I can think of no better reasons for the phenomenon other than the following two. 为这样一个复杂的现象给出原因不是一个简单的事情。 It is no simple job to induce reasons for this complicated phenomenon.

大学生目前就业困难的原因扩招？学生水平下降？用人单位标准提高？学生的期望过高一些学生专业的问题

两个参考原因 Some students are pursuing too high a goal when they are seeking for jobs. Some students are pursuing too high a goal when seeking for jobs. Some majors the students study on campus do not fit in with the demands of jobs.

拓展段落的方法 ( 二 ) 关键词展开法 : 将主题句中的关键词展开说明 , 如 too high a goal 推导法 : 推导带来何种结果如专业不好的学生很难找到合适的工作

Some students are pursuing too high a goal when seeking for jobs. They care about various factors such as salaries, working conditions and so forth, which narrows their choices. Some majors the students study on campus do not fit in with the demands of jobs. Hardly can such students find favorable positions

考研人数为什么大幅度增加？工作不好找？不希望过早进入社会想提高知识储备周围人都考研

考研人数为什么大幅度增加？ Some undergraduates want to have a better job after graduation. Since the jobs’ requirements are more rigid than ever before, a master’s degree holder will surely stand more chances to get such a position. Other candidates, already with working experience , are eager to update their knowledge to satisfy the demanding jobs.

造成危害段落 Unfortunately, … has triggered a series of negative effects, with … being the foremost. Quite regrettably, … has brought some unforeseeable problems, with … being foremost. 根据一项调查表明，… 如果这种问题继续下去，我们将付出昂贵的代价。

预测趋势 Predict, anticipate, expect After considering all the information presented above, I, as most of others will do, safely draw the conclusion that … 否定转移的问题后面接具体的原因 After all, it is an irreversible tendency.

综合训练 The Aging of Our Society 25 ％ 14 ％ 10 ％占总人口百分比 400 200 132 数量（百万） 2050 2015 2002

参考范文 From the table we can see that the number of senior citizens will increase from 132 million this year to 200 million in 2015, and then to 400 million in 2050. Accordingly, the percentage will rise from 10% to 14%, and then to 25%. According to the standard of the United Nations, a society is defined as old when the senior citizens over 60 reach 10% of the whole population. Consequently this table shows that our society ， following many western countries, is stepping into the era of the so-called “aging society”.

参考范文 The aging phenomenon will bring many unfavorable consequences, with health care of the elder generation being the foremost. With more and more members entering a senior age, the percentage of people in the main working force falls abruptly, thus gradually preventing the traditional social welfare system from functioning properly and effectively. The transformation to a modern and more scientific system of social security, however, may take a relatively long period, bringing hope and pain at the same time.

参考范文 For the old people themselves, apart from the irreversible decaying of health, mental hazards may constitute a more formidable problem—loss of sense of security, identity and confidence may accelerate the aging process. Last but not least, aging poses an even greater threat to our country than to the developed world because we are aging before we become rich.

参考范文 To battle the potential negative effects, several necessary steps should be taken: the chief task lies in taking care of the old people and helping them take care of themselves. All the members in the society should join their hands in creating a favorable environment for the old people. The old people themselves should never stop pursuing whatever they view as important in life since “It is not the years in your life, but the life in your years that counts”. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy society can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which old people can enjoy their twilight to the uttermost.

如何构思？主题是什么？讨论的问题是什么？如何安排段落？介绍背景产生原因解决方法

介绍背景三幅图的顺序安排？报纸上有一组图表引起了人们的广泛关注。过去十年间，本科生和研究生的数量显著的增长，带来了巨大的就业压力。根据一项调查表明，只有 65 ％的大学生能找到工作其中，专业分配是… 这些数字看起来是孤立存在的，而事实上，他们是紧密相联的。

介绍背景 There has been a heated discussion about a set of graphs in the newspaper. According to the graphs, the past decade has witnessed a huge increase of the number of undergraduate as well as graduate students owing to the expanding enrollment policy being carried out, bringing some problems at the same time, with hunting for jobs being the foremost.

介绍背景 According to a survey, only two thirds of the students can find their jobs after graduation, with most of them concentrating on computer, finance and management areas. Isolated as the figures seem to exist, as a matter of fact, they are connected with one another closely.

产生原因 I can find no better reasons for the phenomenon other than the following two. On the one hand, students are facing an ever intensive competition owing to the expanding scale of enrollment. On the other, some majors the students study on campus do not fit in with the demand of the jobs. Hardly can such students find favorable jobs.

解决方法 It is high time that we took effective measures to solve the problem. For one thing, it is essential that proper policies be worked out to promote students’ employment. On the other, students should be educated to broaden their range of knowledge. Only in a sensible, healthy atmosphere can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which students can enjoy their life to the uttermost.

社会话题文章的总结描述背景：图画、图表阐释原因造成危害解决方法预测趋势

应用文应用文的考试由来应用文的判分重点应用文的考察范围应用文的格式应用文的六句口诀应用文的分类讲解应用文的其他注意事项

应用文的考试由来雅思考试的动态

应用文的评分侧重点信息点的覆盖内容的组织语言的准确性格式语域的恰当注：对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题做调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分

应用文的考察范围投诉信建议信申请信求职信辞职信求学信求助信感谢信号召信邀请信道歉信合同摘要简历备忘录寻物启事招领启事

备忘录 From: To : CC ： Subject: Key words: Date: 正文

考试几率分析合同简历摘要求职信

应用文的格式 ..\My Documents\ 教材讲义 \ 应用文的格式 .doc 注意几个方面 : 署名一律 LIMING 不要忘记 Your Sincerely 或者 Yours 开头 Dear Sir/Madam, 信封不予考虑

应用文的六句口诀 1 开门见山说意图， 2 信息要点覆盖到， 3 举一反三讲细节， 4 语言正式词多变， 5 感谢客气不能少， 6 期待回信成老套。注意：首段表明写作目的，中间段扩展内容，注意读信人的感受，末段表明礼貌，并说出自己的期望。

投诉信投诉信又可称为抱怨信，其主要目的是表达写信人对于某一情况的不满。 You live in a room in college which you share with another student. You find it very difficult to work there because your roommate always has friends visiting. He/she has parties in the room and sometimes borrows your things without asking you. Write a letter to the Accommodation Officer at the college and ask for a new room next term. You would prefer a single room. Explain your reasons.

写作策略（在未给出提纲前提下）首段：说明与收信人的相关性，表明写作意图并且在尽可能的情况下做到客观礼貌给读信人留下好的印象，并且始终牢记读信人未必就是错误的责任人，他的合作对问题的解决至关重要。主题段落：写明投诉的原因，要展开说明，可以说具体的理由也可以说问题的具体体现方式。结尾段：提出解决方案，不需要展开但要公平、公正。此段应体现书信的礼貌原则，应当有类似“如你能 ··· ，我将万分感激”的话语，这也是投诉信最能体现礼貌原则的地方。

投诉信的开头常用句式和套话 I am writing to complain about/that… I am writing to make a complaint about… I an writing to express my concern/ dissatisfaction/ disappointment about… I feel bad/sorry to trouble you but I am afraid I have to make a complaint about… I am most reluctant to complain, but… I am writhing to advise you that I find…unsatisfactory. I wish to draw your attention to the problem/fault…that I bought…

投诉信的结尾常用句式和套话 I trust you will take my complains seriously and… I will appreciate it very much if you could… I would be perfectly satisfied if you can kindly… I understand you will give immediate attention to this matter. I would like to have this matter settled by the end of… I would be grateful if you could… I would appreciate it if you could…

范文解析 Dear Sir or Madam: I am writing to inform you that I wish to move into a new room next term. I would prefer a single room, as I find the present sharing arrangement inconvenient. I must explain that the reason for my dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends are constantly visiting him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. In addition, he sometimes borrows my things without asking me. In these circumstances, I find it difficult to concentrate on my studies, and I am falling behind in my assignments.

范文解析 I am sure you will agree that the only solution is for me to move into a room of my own, where I will be free from such distractions. Therefore, I would be grateful if you could find a single room for me, preferably not in the same building but as near to the college campus as possible. Yours sincerely, Janice Kennedy

道歉信道歉信的目的是向收信人表明歉意，请求对方对自己的某种过失表示谅解。写作策略：首段：表明写作意图，对某事表示歉意。主体段落：说明道歉的具体原因，应展开。在主体段落中，写信人应当在申述理由时照顾读信人的感受，切忌强词夺理。结尾段：再次表明歉意，请求收信人的谅解。在结尾段还可以建议对自己的过失采取何种补救措施。

道歉信中开头常用句式和套话 I am writing this letter to express my regret… I am writing to apologize for… I would like to give you my apology for… I am very sorry to say that… I must apologize about (not) doing sth… Please accept my sincere apology for… I am writing to say sorry for… I am terribly sorry, but…

道歉信中结尾段常用句式和套话 Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience I have caused. Please allow me to say sorry again. Hope you can accept my apologies and understand my situation. I sincerely hope that you will be able to think in my position and accept my apologies. I want to let you know how regretful I am feeling now. I am sorry that I can’t…and trust that you will be able to understand.

例题分析假设你是一个学校的学生 , 将图书馆中的一本书弄坏了 , 请给图书管理员写一封信 , 说明问题并请求原谅 . 题目分析：第一段第二段第三段

第一段表明写作目的（你是谁，给谁写，关于什么？） Dear Sir or Madam: I am writing here formally to apologize for the damage done to the book, borrowed last week and due to be returned next week.

第二段写什么？书的破坏程度 or 书被损坏的过程怎么搞坏的？借给同学，同学弄坏的水洒了太投入，把书撕了太投入，在书上做了标记淋雨了宿舍着火了被偷了

要注意读信人的感受 I have always been cherishing the book as treasures. However, I have a cat accompany with me, who often jumps up and down to please me while I am reading. Yesterday, it happened to knock over the cup and out spoiled the coffee. Unfortunately, four pages of the book were stained.

第三段－－解决方法 As the only friend and roommate in the house, I cannot punish her but myself. I have contacted the publishing house to order a new one. If not possible, I am ready for any reasonable penalty. Sorry for any inconvenience I have caused. Sincerely yours, LiMing

辞职信 Directions: Two months ago you got a job as an editor for the magazine Designs & Fashions . But now you find that the work is not what you expected. You decide to quit. Write a letter to your boss, Mr. Wang, telling him your decision, stating your reason(s), and making an apology. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address.(10 points)

如何构思？第一段：表明写作目的第二段：？？第二段：表明辞职原因第三段：？？第三段：再次表明歉意结论：辞职信是道歉信的变体

辞职的原因？继续求学－－考研要出国觉得自己力不从心找到更好的工作待遇太低周围同事太烂领导傻 × 企业文化不好距离太远父母需要照顾搬家女友需要照顾

Dear Mr. Wang, I am much grateful to be employed by you two months ago as an editor for your magazine Designs & Fashions . I appreciate the opportunity of having worked here with you and other colleagues. The experiences will be unforgettable throughout my life. However, as a young man whose primary interest is in computer science rather than fashion designing, I find my present job doesn’t fall in with my previous training and strength. I therefore decide to quit this job for something else that conforms to my former preparation. Please accept my sincere apologies for any inconveniences my leaving may incur.

优秀范文赏析 You’ve just been offered a job, but you will not be able to start work on the appointed day. Write a letter to your boss explaining the problem and asking for an alternative day to start work.

Dear Sir or Madam: I have applied for a position under your supervision and have been offered one a couple of weeks ago and due to start my work next week. However, I am writing here formally to request a delay of my start working day.

The reason for changing my working plan is about my wife, who is going to give birth of my first child next week in my hometown. My wife and I are both nervous and somewhat excited for this big event. As a husband and will-be-father, I think, I must go back and stay with my wife and wait for my first child coming to the world. I can not stand the worry and anxiety caused by the whole matter, so I have to decide to change my working schedule.

I am sorry for any inconveniences I have caused by this change in plan and I promise to start my work three weeks later. I do appreciate your kind consideration you have shown to me.

建议信—— 07 年考研真题 51. Directions: Write a letter to your university library, making suggestions for improving its service. You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points)

Dear Sir or Madam: I, as a senior student of the university, am writing here to provide some advice to improve the service in the library. I can find no better suggestions other than the following two. To begin with, why not provide heater during winter time? It is always so cold in the library that many students catch cold when studying there.

Besides, please pay more attention to the order at the reading room. So many disturbances such as talking aloud, mobile phone rings and the like make us difficult to concentrate on study. Under these circumstances, I find that I am falling behind on my studies. It will be grateful if you could take my suggestions seriously. I am looking forward to your early reply. Your sincerely, Li Ming

求职信求职信是写信人就某一职位向收信人提出请求。考试中，考生在写求职信时应当在注意礼貌的同时，注意信息的可信度。尤其是在强调自身经历和优点的时候，更应把握尺度。

写作策略首段：说明写作意图。介绍自己是谁，为什么写信，从何处得知消息（对公司评估广告效应非常重要）。主体段落：介绍相关工作经历及本人个性，以表明你可以胜任这个职位。尾段落：表示感谢和期待。因为求职信是在请求别人考虑你的申请，考虑给你机会，所以礼貌语气是必要的，也是重要的。

求职信开头段常用句式和套话 I am writing in response to your advertisement in China Daily of June 8… I write this letter to apply for the position that you have advertised in Beijing Youth Thursday… Your advertised position of general manager assistant interests me…

求职信开头段常用句式和套话 I am writing to express my interest in your recently advertised position for a waitress… I would like to apply for the vacancy of… I am writing this letter to recommend myself as a qualified candidate for the job of senior accountant you have advertised in… I write this letter to submit my application for…

求职信结尾段常用句式和套话 I have enclosed my resume that outline in detail my qualifications and experience. Should you grant me a personal interview, I would be most grateful. Any favorable consideration of my application will be highly appreciated. Thank you for considering my application and I am looking forward to meeting you. If you need to know more about me, please contact me at…

例题分析 You see an advertisement in the local newspaper that a restaurant wants someone to be a part-time waiter or waitress in the evening. Write a letter to the manager, in your letter, you should write why you are writing, why you are suitable for the job and why you need the job.

范文分析－－写信目的 Dear Mr. Moore: I am writing here to express my interest about your position advertised in the local newspaper and I am confident to introduce myself to you as a candidate as a waiter.

范文分析－－你为什么适合这个岗位 I think I am the most suitable person for the position. I have been a restaurant-related person in the past five years. When I was a college student, I had once had a part-time job as a waiter in Macdonald in local neighborhood. Since I was hard working and diligent, I was soon promoted as an executive manager. Two years later, I started my own restaurant and I also served as a waiter. Small as it was, it had been one of the most popular restaurants until I decided to sell it out for immigration to England.

范文分析－－你为何需要这个岗位？ My dream in England is to open a Chinese restaurant here and I have to get to know about the culture of eating habit. Such a job, no doubt, can provide me the very information I need. And also, I think, my past experience can of course help myself to be a competitive waiter. Thank you for your consideration of my application. Please contact me if necessary through the number 123-4567, (available 24 hours).. Yours sincerely,

推荐信－－推荐信是向收信人推荐第三人做某件事情。写作策略：首段：表明写作意图。包括向收件人简要介绍自己的背景，自己与被推荐人的关系，推荐他 / 她做什么。主体段落：说明推荐原因，介绍被推荐者的工作经历或个性特点，应当突出与写信人的相关性。结尾段：表示感谢和期待。

推荐信注意事项客观公正原则准确实事求是原则有缺点并存原则善意的缺点： perfectism… 言之有理，言之有据

推荐信开头常用的句式和套话 1) I am writing to you to recommend… 2) I would like to present…for your consideration in your search for qualified manager. 3) With reference to your requirements, I shall, without reservation, recommend…as an ideal candidate.

推荐信经典开头 To whom it may concern, This is Prof. ×× from ×× University. %% has asked me for a recommendation letter to support him to enter your distinguished university. As his advisor, I feel honored to satisfy his request.

推荐信结尾常用的句式和套话 1) Therefore, I don’t hesitate to recommend…as the right person for your consideration. 2) I would like to lend my support to…for his… 3) I am willing to stand by Mr./Ms…for… 4) Any favorable consideration to this letter would be considered a personal favor. 5) I would like to thank you for your attention to this letter and restate my support to Mr . … 6) Before concluding the letter, I would again apply myself to convincing you that…

推荐信经典结尾 I am ready to provide any further information upon your request. Please do not hesitate to contact me if necessary.

如何夸奖一个人？聪明？ Intelligent Ingenious Talent Gifted Have insightful opinions 勤奋 Diligent Industrious Hardworking

如何夸奖一个人？性格 Humorous Amiable Sociable Enthusiastic Ready for help Cooperative Team spirit leadership

其他类别信件邀请信感谢信寻物启事招领启事

After leaving your home, turn left first and walk along the street until you meet the second cross. Turn right there and about three hundred meters’ walk will take you to my home.

写作常见错误分析严重错误非严重错误

严重错误 1 一个句子在没有连词存在的情况下，有且只有一个谓语动词（插入语除外，先行词作宾语的定语从句除外） He, I believe, came from Africa. She is the kind of girl (that) I love.

严重错误 2 That 一定要在定语从句中充当名词成分， what 一定要在名词性从句中充当名词成分。 Many students enter the university without any idea of that they are going to do after graduation.

严重错误 3 时态不一致描述漫画：一般现在时，现在完成时描述已经发生的现象，一般过去时，过去完成时一般过去时表示与现在相反的状态 China was a great country. I loved you.

严重错误 4 词性错误主谓不一致（尤其是主语与谓语动词间有插入成分时） I, the son of an ordinary family, is a boy. 单复数不一致 They are boy. 性别不一致。 She, whose father is a doctor, is my brother.

非严重性错误 1 冠词问题介词问题非谓语动词问题复杂从句错误代词指代不明语义重复中文式英语

改错练习 1 The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient. 2 Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless. 3 Last night was too cold. 4 By comparison, nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages, such as it is very clean and cheap. 5 Some people claim that fast food will instead of tradition food.

改错练习 6 Despite he is very diligent at study, he still cannot pass the CET 4. 7 Though the internet has man benefits, but it also has some drawbacks. 8 In the past, the price of milk was so expensive that few people could afford it. 9 I forgot my watch at home. 10 Smoking is harmful to your body.

改错练习 11 The true fact is he never offers help to others. 12 There are many people plan to study abroad. 13 Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city. 14 The society should pay more attention to the problems of education, poverty and disease, however, they seldom do so. 15 Today is hot, I stay home.

改错练习 16 When talking to the interviewer, my heart was beating very fast. 17 Comparing with the performance of Linda, Kent’s performance is far from perfect. 18 The big noise makes me can’t sleep. 19 My suggestion is more attention should be attached to the issue of youth drug abuse. 20 The amount of bikes will decline in ten years.

改错练习 21 The reason why people choose to live in cities is because the city life is more convenient. 22 Raising pets are good for old people and child. 23 Keep pet in big city is not allowed. 24 However, others people suggest that college students do the part-time job is quite beneficial. 25 Young people live and study by themselves is of great significance to their future career.

I like singing. I like her singing.

改错练习 26 I am very difficult to write articles in English. 27 I hope this letter would draw your attention and look into the case. 28 A small thief entered into my room and my room was stolen at last night. 29 I must to return back home as soon as possible. 30 We drew a final conclusion that Tom is a dishonest man.

课后建议少写多改多背多看抓住重点勇于放弃

我的心曾经悲伤过七次—— 纪伯伦第一次，它把成功寄希望于侥幸；第二次，当它在空虚时，用爱欲来填充；第三次，在困难和容易之间，它选择了容易；第四次，它自由软弱，却把它认为是生命的坚韧；第五次，它犯了错误，却委过于环境；第六次，它依靠卑贱来博取高尚；第七次，它侧身于生活的污泥中，虽不甘心，却又畏首畏尾；

谢谢！感谢大家无声的掌声！

例 1 05.1 养老足球赛 Write an essay of 160-200words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it. 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论

describe the drawing There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is vividly depicted in the cartoon , in the middle of the drawing, lies an old man , crumbling like a football, deserted by his sons and daughters , who are guarding their doors and refuse to take care of their father.

interpret its meaning 图画的意义是什么？冰山…… 过去十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，人民的生活水平有了巨大的提高，但同时带来一些问题，上图的问题最严重。根据一项调查表明， 2005 年，有 50 ％的老年人缺乏子女的照顾。如果……

interpret its meaning Funny as the cartoon is, the symbolic meaning behind the picture is as deep as ocean. China, being famous for its virtue of respecting elders, has been filled with examples about attending to old people , with…being the most persuasive. However, the past decade has witnessed an increasing number of cases about maltreating the elders in some part of our country, either in cities or in the countryside. According to the latest survey, nearly 30% of the old people are lack of the tending from their off springs, were the situation to continue, we would pay a high price.

give your comment The problem being so serious, it is high time that we took effective and efficient measures to counter the maltreatment towards old people. For one thing, laws and regulations should be worked out to punish those who would not support their parents’ living; for another, we young people should be educated to respect and esteem the old. Only in a reasonable, prosperous and healthy society can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which old people can enjoy their twilight to the uttermost.

例 2 01.1 爱心是一盏灯 1 showing your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below. 2 give a specific example, and 3 give your suggestion as to the best way to show love 描述图画（阐释寓意）＋举例论证＋给出评论（ suggestion ）

showing your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the pictures below There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is vividly shown in the picture, in the darkness stands a candle, spreading light and warmness around itself. Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning behind the picture is as deep as the ocean. Just as the old proverb says, where there is light, there is help.

give a specific example Among all the touching facts relating to love that I have heard, noticed and experienced, the most impressive one is Hope Project. In some remote part of the west of China, exist numerous families being so poor that hardly can they support their children’s education. Pathetic as they are, people coming from all walks of life began to help them, which is so called Hope Project. According to a survey, money collected annually is worth as much as $100,000,000, which can help one million children to go to school. Were there no such precious help, those children would never get the knowledge suitable to their age and live in the darkness for ever.

give your suggestion as to the best way to show love Then how to show love to others ? It goes without saying that we are living in a world of love and help. Whenever we lend others a helping hand, we will receive help somewhere else. All the members in the society should join their hands in creating a favorable environment for others. Only in a society full of love can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which people can enjoy their lives to the uttermost.

例 3 02.1 美国女孩子穿中国传统服饰： Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay entitled “cultures--national and international” In the essay you should 1 describe the picture and interpret its meaning, and （此提纲应分为两段写作） 2 give your comments on the phenomenon 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋给出评论

describe the picture There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is vividly shown in the picture, in the middle of the photograph, stands a foreign girl, dressed in Chinese traditional clothes, with a sweet smile on her face. Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning behind the picture is as deep as the ocean. Just as the old proverb says, cultures transmit beyond border.

interpret its meaning 图画的意义是什么？冰山…… 在过去十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，我国与海外的交往越来越多。根据一项调查表明，…… 如果没有这样的政策，我们就吃不到麦当劳和肯德鸡了。

interpret its meaning What is the meaning of the picture? The past decade has witnessed a phenomenon that an increasing number of cultural intercourses have taken place owing to the reform and open door policy being carried out . According to a survey, the number of people coming from foreign countries has reached to 100,000,000, who have brought fresh ideas to China and taken away Chinese traditional essence. Were there no such policy, we would never taste KFC at all, neither would foreigners know anything about Chinese Kungfu.

give your comments on the phenomenon With the process of the globalization, it goes without saying that we are living in an ever small world. With the development of society and the reform and open door policy being carried out, we are thirst for overseas visitors and outlook at the outside of the world. However, it is essential that we keep it in mind that we have to absorb the essence and resist the drawbacks. Only in a reasonable, healthy society can we hope to witness the ideal scene in which Chinese and foreigners can enjoy their lives to the uttermost.

例 4 04.1 终点又是新起点： Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1 describe the drawing; 2 interpret its meaning, and 3 support your view with examples. 描述图画＋阐释寓意＋举例论证（至少 2 个）

describe the drawing There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper. As is vividly shown above, on the playground runs a young man, rushing to the final, which is also marked as another start one. Tired as he is, he has to continue his travel optimistically. Just as the old Arab proverb says, determination means another start point

interpret its meaning Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning behind the pictures is as deep as the ocean. The running situation is naturally associated with our real life. Whenever we have achieve a goal or the like, should we just stop pursuing the further goal and just enjoy the happiness of success or be savage again for the next terminal--a question deserves our more attention.

support your view with examples Among all the touching facts relating to running that I have heard, noticed and experienced, the most impressive one is Liuxiang, the gold medal winner in Olimpics, 2004. Had he stopped practice only after he had won a region championship, he would not have been the world super star. Turn our attention to the business field. According to a survey, 70% of the companies merged by bigger ones, have once been overjoyed with their small profits and unaware of the danger posed by more ambitious rivals. In sum, keeping making progress should be the right attitude toward life and work for everybody and even for a country.

感谢大家无声的掌声！刘烁炀 [email_address]

研英 写作 08 讲义

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