The document discusses the components and functions of blood. It describes that blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and are involved in oxygen transport. White blood cells help fight infection through phagocytosis or immune responses. Platelets assist in clotting to stop bleeding from damaged blood vessels. The lifecycles and production of the different blood components are also summarized.
The document summarizes key components and functions of the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It describes how blood transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste throughout the body while also playing roles in temperature regulation and homeostasis. Specific components of blood such as plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are defined along with their functions. The formation and breakdown of red blood cells is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of hematologic function and alterations. It discusses the components of blood including plasma and blood cells. Key points include:
- Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, ions and hormones and helps regulate pH, temperature and provides immune defenses.
- The cellular portion of blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Hematopoiesis is the lifelong process of blood cell formation from stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Anemia is a condition of low red blood cell count or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, decreased production or increased destruction of red blood cells. Common types of anemia include iron-deficiency anemia and hemolytic anemia.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood physiology. It describes that blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, waste products and hormones throughout the body. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin which reversibly binds oxygen. Old red blood cells are destroyed and their components recycled or excreted. Disorders can occur if red blood cell counts or hemoglobin levels become too high or low.
This document discusses plasma proteins and their functions. Some key points:
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood that remains after red and white blood cells are removed by centrifugation. It makes up 55-60% of total blood volume.
- Serum is similar to plasma but lacks coagulation factors as it is produced when blood is allowed to clot.
- The main plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin maintains osmotic pressure while globulins are involved in transport and immunity.
- Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis can separate plasma proteins based on their electrical charge and antigenic properties. Specific acute phase proteins increase during inflammation.
The document discusses haematinics, which are substances that stimulate red blood cell production or increase haemoglobin levels. It describes various types of anaemia, haematinics like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, and their roles, administration, and side effects in treatment of anaemia. It also discusses plasma expanders which are intravenous fluids used to increase blood volume. Various plasma expanders are detailed, including crystalloids like saline and ringers solution, and colloids like albumin, dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Their mechanisms, uses, properties and potential adverse effects are outlined.
This document provides information about Yinkfu Marcel Ndamnsah and Dr. Shei Claude Nfor who are studying Medical Laboratory Science as a Bachelor of Science at Shalom University. It includes their contact information and field of study. The document also contains 6 units that cover topics related to hematology and types of anemia, including definitions, processes, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments. The units discuss hematocrit, erythropoiesis, the lifespan and destruction of erythrocytes, different types of anemia, polycythemias, and leucopoiesis.
This document provides an introduction to hematology, including:
- A review of hematopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are formed.
- Descriptions of the main components of blood - plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - and their functions.
- An overview of the development and characteristics of the main types of blood cells - erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes.
- Mention of some common laboratory tests used in hematology like complete blood count.
The document summarizes key components and functions of the circulatory system, including the heart, blood vessels, and blood. It describes how blood transports nutrients, gases, hormones, and waste throughout the body while also playing roles in temperature regulation and homeostasis. Specific components of blood such as plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are defined along with their functions. The formation and breakdown of red blood cells is also summarized.
This document provides an overview of hematologic function and alterations. It discusses the components of blood including plasma and blood cells. Key points include:
- Blood transports oxygen, nutrients, ions and hormones and helps regulate pH, temperature and provides immune defenses.
- The cellular portion of blood contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. Hematopoiesis is the lifelong process of blood cell formation from stem cells in the bone marrow.
- Anemia is a condition of low red blood cell count or hemoglobin and can be caused by blood loss, decreased production or increased destruction of red blood cells. Common types of anemia include iron-deficiency anemia and hemolytic anemia.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood physiology. It describes that blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. It transports oxygen, nutrients, waste products and hormones throughout the body. Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow and contain hemoglobin which reversibly binds oxygen. Old red blood cells are destroyed and their components recycled or excreted. Disorders can occur if red blood cell counts or hemoglobin levels become too high or low.
This document discusses plasma proteins and their functions. Some key points:
- Plasma is the liquid component of blood that remains after red and white blood cells are removed by centrifugation. It makes up 55-60% of total blood volume.
- Serum is similar to plasma but lacks coagulation factors as it is produced when blood is allowed to clot.
- The main plasma proteins are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen. Albumin maintains osmotic pressure while globulins are involved in transport and immunity.
- Electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis can separate plasma proteins based on their electrical charge and antigenic properties. Specific acute phase proteins increase during inflammation.
The document discusses haematinics, which are substances that stimulate red blood cell production or increase haemoglobin levels. It describes various types of anaemia, haematinics like iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, and their roles, administration, and side effects in treatment of anaemia. It also discusses plasma expanders which are intravenous fluids used to increase blood volume. Various plasma expanders are detailed, including crystalloids like saline and ringers solution, and colloids like albumin, dextran, gelatin, hydroxyethyl starch, and polyvinylpyrrolidone. Their mechanisms, uses, properties and potential adverse effects are outlined.
This document provides information about Yinkfu Marcel Ndamnsah and Dr. Shei Claude Nfor who are studying Medical Laboratory Science as a Bachelor of Science at Shalom University. It includes their contact information and field of study. The document also contains 6 units that cover topics related to hematology and types of anemia, including definitions, processes, causes, signs and symptoms, and treatments. The units discuss hematocrit, erythropoiesis, the lifespan and destruction of erythrocytes, different types of anemia, polycythemias, and leucopoiesis.
This document provides an introduction to hematology, including:
- A review of hematopoiesis, the process by which blood cells are formed.
- Descriptions of the main components of blood - plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets - and their functions.
- An overview of the development and characteristics of the main types of blood cells - erythrocytes, granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocytes.
- Mention of some common laboratory tests used in hematology like complete blood count.
This document provides a summary of key information about blood:
1. Blood is composed of plasma and cellular elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which gives blood its red color and allows it to carry oxygen.
2. The main functions of blood are to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body, to fight infections through white blood cells, and to regulate pH, temperature, water content and pressure.
3. Blood groups are classified by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The main blood group systems are ABO and Rh factor. Compatible blood types are required for safe blood transfusions.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood composition and function. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then discusses the functions of these blood components, including oxygen transport, immune defense, blood clotting, and regulation of pH and temperature. The life cycles and production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are also summarized.
Blood is a complex tissue composed of plasma and formed elements suspended within it. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, salts, enzymes and proteins. Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen, while WBCs help fight infection. Platelets assist in blood clotting. The liver and kidneys help regulate blood composition and pH. Hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow and produces new blood cells through stem cell differentiation.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
The document describes the functions of blood, lymph, and immunity. It discusses the composition of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. It also covers the lymphatic system and immune system, including innate immunity provided by white blood cells and adaptive immunity involving lymphocytes and antibody production.
This document summarizes hematopoietic and blood disorders. It begins by describing the blood forming organs and components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It then discusses three main types of anemia - iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, and folic acid deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and results from inadequate iron intake, poor absorption, blood loss, or increased iron requirements. Pernicious anemia occurs due to lack of intrinsic factor leading to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption. Folic acid deficiency anemia can be caused by insufficient intake, absorption issues, or drug interactions.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.
Blood is composed of plasma and various cells and cell fragments. It functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste, and regulatory molecules throughout the body, and to protect against pathogens. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A person's blood type must be matched to the donor's type before transfusion to avoid an immune response.
The document discusses the composition and functions of human blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infection. Platelets assist in blood clotting. Blood also regulates pH and temperature levels. The liver and kidneys help maintain proper blood composition.
The document summarizes key points about blood and the blood system from Chapter 14 of the textbook "BIOL 2074: Anatomy & Physiology II". It discusses the components and functions of blood, including that blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also describes the formation and roles of these components, such as how red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells help fight infection. Hemostasis, the stopping of bleeding, is also summarized.
Biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins.pptxArfi12
The document discusses biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins. It defines plasma as the liquid part of blood and lists its main components. The functions of blood are then outlined as transport, protection, and regulation. Blood plasma proteins are then discussed in detail, including their types (albumins, globulins), concentrations, and functions in transport and immune response. Conditions affecting protein levels like dysproteinemia and paraproteinemia are also summarized. Specific plasma proteins such as albumins, alpha and beta globulins are described in terms of their structures and roles.
The document discusses blood and its components. It describes how blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect against infection, and platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding. The document provides details on the formation, functions, and counts of the different blood cell types.
This chapter discusses the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells. Proper matching of blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
A lipid profile measures levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides to evaluate a patient's risk for heart disease. It is often ordered for patients with risk factors like family history of high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes or hypertension. High LDL and triglyceride levels and low HDL levels can indicate increased risk. A lipid profile provides a complete picture of lipids to guide treatment and prevention strategies.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the functions of blood including transport, regulation of pH and ions, clotting, and defense. It describes the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It explains the processes of hemostasis, coagulation, and the pathways involved in clotting.
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
This document provides a summary of key information about blood:
1. Blood is composed of plasma and cellular elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin which gives blood its red color and allows it to carry oxygen.
2. The main functions of blood are to transport oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones and waste products throughout the body, to fight infections through white blood cells, and to regulate pH, temperature, water content and pressure.
3. Blood groups are classified by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. The main blood group systems are ABO and Rh factor. Compatible blood types are required for safe blood transfusions.
This document summarizes key aspects of blood composition and function. It describes how blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It then discusses the functions of these blood components, including oxygen transport, immune defense, blood clotting, and regulation of pH and temperature. The life cycles and production of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets are also summarized.
Blood is a complex tissue composed of plasma and formed elements suspended within it. Plasma is 55% of blood volume and contains water, salts, enzymes and proteins. Formed elements include red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets. RBCs contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen, while WBCs help fight infection. Platelets assist in blood clotting. The liver and kidneys help regulate blood composition and pH. Hematopoiesis occurs in bone marrow and produces new blood cells through stem cell differentiation.
For More Medicine Free PPT - http://playnever.blogspot.com/
For Health benefits and medicine videos Subscribe youtube channel - https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLKg-H-sMh9G01zEg4YpndngXODW2bq92w
The document describes the functions of blood, lymph, and immunity. It discusses the composition of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes hematopoiesis, the production of blood cells in the bone marrow. It also covers the lymphatic system and immune system, including innate immunity provided by white blood cells and adaptive immunity involving lymphocytes and antibody production.
This document summarizes hematopoietic and blood disorders. It begins by describing the blood forming organs and components of blood including red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. It then discusses three main types of anemia - iron deficiency anemia, pernicious anemia caused by vitamin B12 deficiency, and folic acid deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type and results from inadequate iron intake, poor absorption, blood loss, or increased iron requirements. Pernicious anemia occurs due to lack of intrinsic factor leading to inadequate vitamin B12 absorption. Folic acid deficiency anemia can be caused by insufficient intake, absorption issues, or drug interactions.
Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. It is composed of four heme groups with iron and globin proteins containing two alpha and two beta chains. Hemoglobin concentration is normally 13.5-18 g/dL in men and 11.5-16 g/dL in women. Polycythemia is a condition with an increased total number of red blood cells and can be primary due to bone marrow abnormalities or secondary due to factors like living at high altitudes.
Blood is composed of plasma and various cells and cell fragments. It functions to transport gases, nutrients, waste, and regulatory molecules throughout the body, and to protect against pathogens. Blood consists of red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma. The different blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on red blood cells. A person's blood type must be matched to the donor's type before transfusion to avoid an immune response.
The document discusses the composition and functions of human blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements such as red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body. White blood cells are part of the immune system and help fight infection. Platelets assist in blood clotting. Blood also regulates pH and temperature levels. The liver and kidneys help maintain proper blood composition.
The document summarizes key points about blood and the blood system from Chapter 14 of the textbook "BIOL 2074: Anatomy & Physiology II". It discusses the components and functions of blood, including that blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It also describes the formation and roles of these components, such as how red blood cells carry oxygen and white blood cells help fight infection. Hemostasis, the stopping of bleeding, is also summarized.
Biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins.pptxArfi12
The document discusses biochemical characteristics of blood plasma proteins. It defines plasma as the liquid part of blood and lists its main components. The functions of blood are then outlined as transport, protection, and regulation. Blood plasma proteins are then discussed in detail, including their types (albumins, globulins), concentrations, and functions in transport and immune response. Conditions affecting protein levels like dysproteinemia and paraproteinemia are also summarized. Specific plasma proteins such as albumins, alpha and beta globulins are described in terms of their structures and roles.
The document discusses blood and its components. It describes how blood is made up of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide, white blood cells protect against infection, and platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding. The document provides details on the formation, functions, and counts of the different blood cell types.
This chapter discusses the components and functions of blood. Blood is composed of plasma and formed elements including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. White blood cells help fight infection. Platelets help form blood clots to stop bleeding. The blood types are determined by antigens on red blood cells. Proper matching of blood types is important for safe blood transfusions.
A lipid profile measures levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides to evaluate a patient's risk for heart disease. It is often ordered for patients with risk factors like family history of high cholesterol, obesity, diabetes or hypertension. High LDL and triglyceride levels and low HDL levels can indicate increased risk. A lipid profile provides a complete picture of lipids to guide treatment and prevention strategies.
The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and blood. It discusses the functions of blood including transport, regulation of pH and ions, clotting, and defense. It describes the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It explains the processes of hemostasis, coagulation, and the pathways involved in clotting.
In this presentation I've tried to summarize classification of hemolytic anemia and in depth review of rbc membrane disorders like hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, enzymopathies of hemolytic anemia like g6pd disorder, pyruvate kinase disorders, hemoglobinopathies related to hemolytic anemia like thalassemia, sickle cell anemia and especially pathophysiology and mechanism of hemolysis either extravascular or intravascular. Hope it helps you understand the entity better.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
3. Blood is a specialized bodily fluid (technically a tissue).
In vertebrates it is composed of blood cells suspended in a
liquid called blood plasma.
Plasma, which comprises 55% of blood fluid, is mostly
water (90% by volume), and contains dissolved proteins,
glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma
being the main medium for excretory product
transportation), platelets and blood cells themselves.
The blood cells present in blood are mainly red blood cells
(also called RBCs or erythrocytes) and white blood cells,
including leukocytes and platelets (also called
thrombocytes)
9. Formation of Blood Cells
Negative feedback systems regulate the
total number of RBCs and platelets in
circulation
Abundance of WBC types based of
response to invading pathogens or foreign
antigens
Hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis
Red bone marrow primary site
10. Red Blood Cells/ Erythrocytes
Contain oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin
Production = destruction with at least 2
million new RBCs per second
Biconcave disc – increases surface area
Strong, flexible plasma membrane
Glycolipids in plasma membrane responsible
for ABO and Rh blood groups
Lack nucleus and other organelles
No mitochondria – doesn’t use oxygen
11. Hemoglobin
Globin – 4 polypeptide chains
Heme in each of 4 chains
Iron ion can combine reversibly with one oxygen
molecule
Also transports 23% of total carbon dioxide
Combines with amino acids of globin
Nitric oxide (NO) binds to hemoglobin
Releases NO causing vasodilation to improve blood flow
and oxygen delivery
13. Red Blood Cells
RBC life cycle
Live only about 120 days
Cannot synthesize new components – no nucleus
Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation
and destroyed by fixed phagocytic macrophages
in spleen and liver
Breakdown products recycled
Globin’s amino acids reused
Iron reused
Non-iron heme ends as yellow pigment bilirubin and
biliverdin
15. Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
1
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Heme
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Heme
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Heme
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Liver
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme Fe3+
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Circulation for about
120 days
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme Fe3+
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Circulation for about
120 days
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Circulation for about
120 days
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Stercobilin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Feces
Small
intestine
Circulation for about
120 days
Bacteria
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Urine
Stercobilin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Feces
Small
intestine
Circulation for about
120 days
Bacteria
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Kidney
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Urobilin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
13 12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Amino
acids
Reused for
protein synthesis
Globin
Urine
Stercobilin
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Feces
Large
intestine
Small
intestine
Circulation for about
120 days
Bacteria
Bilirubin
Red blood cell
death and
phagocytosis
Transferrin
Fe3+
Fe3+ Transferrin
Liver
+
Globin
+
Vitamin B12
+
Erythopoietin
Key:
in blood
in bile
Erythropoiesis in
red bone marrow
Kidney
Macrophage in
spleen, liver, or
red bone marrow
Ferritin
Urobilin
Heme
Biliverdin Bilirubin
Fe3+
14
13 12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
16. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Anemia is defined as a below-normal plasma hemoglobin
concentration resulting from a decreased number of circulating red
blood cells or an abnormally low total hemoglobin content per unit
of blood volume
17. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Haematinics -Thesea re substancesr equired in the formation of blood,
and are used for treatment of anaemias.
Causes of anaemia-
(a) Blood loss (acute or chronic)
(b) Impaired red cell formation due to:
. Deficiency of essential factors, i.e. iron, vitamin B12folic acid.
erythropoietin deficiency.
18. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A. Iron
Iron is stored in intestinal mucosal cells as ferritin (an iron-protein
complex) until needed by the body.
Iron deficiency results from acute or chronic blood loss.
Supplementation with ferrous sulfate is required to correct the
deficiency.
B. Folic acid
The primary use of folic acid is in treating deficiency states that arise
from inadequate levels of the vitamin.
Folate deficiency may be caused by 1) increased demand (for
example, pregnancy and lactation), 2) poor absorption
caused by pathology of the small intestine, 3) alcoholism,
19. Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
C. Cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12)
Deficiencies of vitamin B12 can result from either low dietary levels
or, more commonly, poor absorption of the vitamin due to the failure
of gastric parietal cells to produce intrinsic factor (as in pernicious
anemia) or a loss of activity of the receptor needed for intestinal
uptake of the vitamin.
Erythropoietin normally made by the kidney, that regulates red
blood cell proliferation and differentiation in bone marrow.
Human erythropoietin, produced by recombinant DNA
technology, is effective in the treatment of anemia caused by end-
stage renal disease, anemia associated with
human immunodeficiency virus infection, and anemia in some
cancer patients. Darbepoetin
20. Erythropoiesis
Starts in red bone marrow
with proerythroblast
Cell near the end of
development ejects nucleus
and becomes a reticulocyte
Develop into mature RBC
within 1-2 days
Negative feedback
balances production with
destruction
Controlled condition is
amount of oxygen delivery
to tissues
Hypoxia stimulates release
of erythropoietin
21. White Blood Cells/ Leukocytes
Have nuclei
Do not contain hemoglobin
Granular or agranular based on staining
highlighting large conspicuous granules
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
23. Functions of WBCs
Usually live a few days
Except for lymphocytes – live for months or years
Far less numerous than RBCs
Leukocytosis is a normal protective response to
invaders, strenuous exercise, anesthesia and
surgery
Leukopenia is never beneficial
General function to combat invaders by
phagocytosis or immune responses
24. Emigration of WBCs
Many WBCs leave the
bloodstream
Emigration (formerly
diapedesis)
Roll along endothelium
Stick to and then
squeeze between
endothelial cells
Precise signals vary for
different types of WBCs
25. WBCs
Neutrophils and macrophages are active
phagocytes
Attracted by chemotaxis
Neutrophils respond most quickly to tissue
damage by bacteria
Uses lysozymes, strong oxidants, defensins
Monocytes take longer to arrive but arrive in
larger numbers and destroy more microbes
Enlarge and differentiate into macrophages
26. WBCs
Basophils leave capillaries and release
granules containing heparin, histamine and
serotonin, at sites of inflammation
Intensify inflammatory reaction
Involved in hypersensitivity reactions (allergies)
Eosinophils leave capillaries and enter tissue
fluid
Release histaminase, phagocytize antigen-
antibody complexes and effective against certain
parasitic worms
27. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are the major soldiers of the
immune system
B cells – destroying bacteria and inactivating their
toxins
T cells – attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells,
cancer cells and some bacteria
Natural Killer (NK) cells – attack a wide variety of
infectious microbes and certain tumor cells
28. Platelets/ Thrombocytes
Myeloid stem cells develop eventually into a
megakaryocyte
Splinters into 2000-3000 fragments
Each fragment enclosed in a piece of plasma
membrane
Disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
Help stop blood loss by forming platelet plug
Granules contain blood clot promoting chemicals
Short life span – 5-9 days
29. Stem cell transplants
Bone marrow transplant
Recipient's red bone marrow replaced entirely by healthy,
noncancerous cells to establish normal blood cell counts
Takes 2-3 weeks to begin producing enough WBCs to fight
off infections
Graft-versus-host-disease – transplanted red bone marrow
may produce T cells that attack host tissues
Cord-blood transplant
Stem cells obtained from umbilical cord shortly before birth
Easily collected and can be stored indefinitely
Less likely to cause graft-versus-host-disease
30. Hemostasis
Sequence of responses that stops bleeding
3 mechanisms reduce blood loss
1. Vascular spasm
Smooth muscle in artery or arteriole walls
contracts
2. Platelet plug formation
Platelets stick to parts of damaged blood vessel,
become activated and accumulate large
numbers
3. Blood clotting (coagulation)
32. 1
Red blood cell
Platelet
Collagen fibers
and damaged
endothelium
Platelet adhesion
1
1
2
Red blood cell
Platelet
Collagen fibers
and damaged
endothelium
Liberated ADP,
serotonin, and
thromboxane A2
Platelet adhesion
1
Platelet release reaction
2
1
2
3
Red blood cell
Platelet
Collagen fibers
and damaged
endothelium
Liberated ADP,
serotonin, and
thromboxane A2
Platelet plug
Platelet adhesion
1
Platelet release reaction
2
Platelet aggregation
3
33. Blood Clotting
3. Blood clotting
Serum is blood plasma
minus clotting proteins
Clotting – series of
chemical reactions
culminating in formation of
fibrin threads
Clotting (coagulation)
factors – Ca2+, several
inactive enzymes, various
molecules associated with
platelets or released by
damaged tissues
34. 3 Stages of Clotting
1. Extrinsic or intrinsic pathways lead to formation
of prothrombinase
2. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin into
thrombin
3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen (soluble) into fibrin
(insoluble) forming the threads of the clot
35. Tissue trauma
Tissue
factor
(TF)
Blood trauma
Damaged
endothelial cells
expose collagen
fibers
(a) Extrinsic pathway (b) Intrinsic pathway
Activated XII
Ca2+
Damaged
platelets
Ca2+
Platelet
phospholipids
Activated X
Activated
platelets
Activated X
PROTHROMBINASE
Ca2+
V
Ca2+
V
1
Tissue trauma
Tissue
factor
(TF)
Blood trauma
Damaged
endothelial cells
expose collagen
fibers
(a) Extrinsic pathway (b) Intrinsic pathway
Activated XII
Ca2+
Damaged
platelets
Ca2+
Platelet
phospholipids
Activated X
Activated
platelets
Activated X
PROTHROMBINASE
Ca2+
V
Ca2+
Prothrombin
(II)
Ca2+
THROMBIN
(c) Common
pathway
V
1
2
+
+
Tissue trauma
Tissue
factor
(TF)
Blood trauma
Damaged
endothelial cells
expose collagen
fibers
(a) Extrinsic pathway (b) Intrinsic pathway
Activated XII
Ca2+
Damaged
platelets
Ca2+
Platelet
phospholipids
Activated X
Activated
platelets
Activated X
PROTHROMBINASE
Ca2+
V
Ca2+
Prothrombin
(II)
Ca2+
THROMBIN
Ca2+
Loose fibrin
threads
STRENGTHENED
FIBRIN THREADS
Activated XIII
Fibrinogen
(I)
XIII
(c) Common
pathway
V
1
2
3
+
+
36. Blood Clotting
Extrinsic pathway
Fewer steps than intrinsic and occurs rapidly
Tissue factor (TF) or thromboplastin leaks into the blood
from cells outside (extrinsic to) blood vessels and initiates
formation of prothrombinase
Intrinsic pathway
More complex and slower than extrinsic
Activators are either in direct contact with blood or
contained within (intrinsic to) the blood
Outside tissue damage not needed
Also forms prothrombinase
37. Blood Clotting: Common pathway
Marked by formation of prothrombinase
Prothrombinase with Ca2+ catalyzes conversion of
prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin with Ca2+ converts soluble fibrinogen
into insoluble fibrin
Thrombin has 2 positive feedback effects
Accelerates formation of prothrombinase
Thrombin activates platelets
Clot formation remains localized because fibrin absorbs
thrombin and clotting factor concentrations are low
38. Blood Groups and Blood Types
Agglutinogens – surface of RBCs contain
genetically determined assortment of
antigens
Blood group – based on presence or absence
of various antigens
At least 24 blood groups and more than 100
antigens
ABO and Rh
39. ABO Blood Group
Based on A and B antigens
Type A blood has only antigen A
Type B blood has only antigen B
Type AB blood has antigens A and B
Universal recipients – neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies
Type O blood has neither antigen
Universal donor
Reason for antibodies presence not clear
41. Hemolytic Disease
Rh blood group
People whose RBCs have
the Rh antigen are Rh+
People who lack the Rh
antigen are Rh-
Normally, blood plasma
does not contain anti-RH
antibodies
Hemolytic disease of the
newborn (HDN) – if blood
from Rh+ fetus contacts Rh-
mother during birth, anti-Rh
antibodies made
Affect is on second Rh+
baby
42. Typing Blood
Single drops of blood are
mixed with different
antisera
Agglutination with an
antisera indicates the
presence of that antigen
on the RBC