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Royal Scientific Society
Marketing and International Public Relations Department
Industrial Studies Division
MEANS TO ENCOURAGE THE EXPAND OF
SOLAR HEATERS IN JORDAN
Project Manager
Abdel-Salam Naimat
Researchers
Nojood Al-Batayneh Atheel Al-louzi
Eng. Ahmad F. Khreisat
October 2008
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Email: rssinfo@rss.gov.jo
Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES)
P.O. Box 926238
Amman, 11110, Jordan
Tel: 00962-6-5680810
Fax: 00962-6-5696478
Email: fes@fes- jordan.org
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Summary
Over more then 20 years of cooperation, The Royal Scientific
Society RSS and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FES, focus on the
socioeconomic challenges in Jordan. Many studies were
conducted, tackling hot issues in Jordan, recently the price of
energy was increases significantly and the imported oil bill became
the number one challenge for Jordan and Jordanians, so RSS,
and FES agreed to conduct a study about the use of solar heaters
in Jordan. The ultimate objective of this study was to shed light on
the current Solar Water Heater use in Jordan on the household
level, and the reasons why such systems are not used more
widely in a country with an abundant source of Solar Energy such
as Jordan. The objective was also to examine the Water Heater
production sector by studying the companies working in this field,
the nature of their work, issues they are facing and potentials for
improvement.
The main findings and recommendations are:
• Only 13% of Jordanian households own a solar heater.
• 90% of solar heaters in Jordan were locally manufactured in
a small factories or workshops while the Evacuated Solar
Tubes were also being imported into Jordan on a smaller
scale.
• Jordanians are well aware of the benefits of solar heater
use but high initial costs and bad quality of some products
prevent them from buying on a larger scale.
• House characteristics affect the expansion of solar heaters
use in Jordan, half of Jordanians live in apartments, and
therefore there is no space on buildings roofs to install solar
heaters. In addition, the availability of central heating
systems in many houses discourages occupants from
investing further in new Solar Water heaters. But the new
prices for diesel fuel will affect the rates of use for the
central heating systems and generate a shift towards the
use of solar heaters.
• The level of awareness among Jordanians about the
importance of using Solar Water Heaters is very good.
• Tax incentives on the Solar Water Heaters and the
materials used in their production are needed to reduce
cost and expand the use of solar water heaters in Jordan.
• Improving product quality is a key factor in the expansion of
Solar Water Heater use in Jordan.
• A strong partnership between industry and science and
technology institutions is strongly recommended.
• Launching stronger awareness campaigns promoting the
use of Solar Water Heaters and the added benefits for
doing so will encourage citizens to invest in this technology.
• Promote the awareness of citizens on the importance of
purchasing nationally and internationally Certified Solar
Water Heaters.
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  • 3. Royal Scientific Society Marketing and International Public Relations Department Industrial Studies Division MEANS TO ENCOURAGE THE EXPAND OF SOLAR HEATERS IN JORDAN Project Manager Abdel-Salam Naimat Researchers Nojood Al-Batayneh Atheel Al-louzi Eng. Ahmad F. Khreisat October 2008
  • 4. * ! ) !"# / %# / &##' ( )*+,+ . ! " " ! / - . _ : - &##+ ) ( . . . / ) :. !"# / %# / &##' .( 12 /: 3 4 // // 56 4 / * 8 9 26 :1 65 ; < = ) ( ISBN 978-9957-434-33-9 . . > : %" ' : %%*"% 8 1 6 : ! ""+#% ? ) ? *)& 5 @ : ! ""'#) ? ) ? *)& Email: rssinfo@rss.gov.jo Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES) P.O. Box 926238 Amman, 11110, Jordan Tel: 00962-6-5680810 Fax: 00962-6-5696478 Email: fes@fes- jordan.org
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  • 7. X Summary Over more then 20 years of cooperation, The Royal Scientific Society RSS and Friedrich Ebert Stiftung FES, focus on the socioeconomic challenges in Jordan. Many studies were conducted, tackling hot issues in Jordan, recently the price of energy was increases significantly and the imported oil bill became the number one challenge for Jordan and Jordanians, so RSS, and FES agreed to conduct a study about the use of solar heaters in Jordan. The ultimate objective of this study was to shed light on the current Solar Water Heater use in Jordan on the household level, and the reasons why such systems are not used more widely in a country with an abundant source of Solar Energy such as Jordan. The objective was also to examine the Water Heater production sector by studying the companies working in this field, the nature of their work, issues they are facing and potentials for improvement. The main findings and recommendations are: • Only 13% of Jordanian households own a solar heater. • 90% of solar heaters in Jordan were locally manufactured in a small factories or workshops while the Evacuated Solar Tubes were also being imported into Jordan on a smaller scale. • Jordanians are well aware of the benefits of solar heater use but high initial costs and bad quality of some products prevent them from buying on a larger scale. • House characteristics affect the expansion of solar heaters use in Jordan, half of Jordanians live in apartments, and therefore there is no space on buildings roofs to install solar heaters. In addition, the availability of central heating systems in many houses discourages occupants from investing further in new Solar Water heaters. But the new prices for diesel fuel will affect the rates of use for the central heating systems and generate a shift towards the use of solar heaters.
  • 8. • The level of awareness among Jordanians about the importance of using Solar Water Heaters is very good. • Tax incentives on the Solar Water Heaters and the materials used in their production are needed to reduce cost and expand the use of solar water heaters in Jordan. • Improving product quality is a key factor in the expansion of Solar Water Heater use in Jordan. • A strong partnership between industry and science and technology institutions is strongly recommended. • Launching stronger awareness campaigns promoting the use of Solar Water Heaters and the added benefits for doing so will encourage citizens to invest in this technology. • Promote the awareness of citizens on the importance of purchasing nationally and internationally Certified Solar Water Heaters.
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  • 12. ] B $ 3 : ! 8 " " – % 0 @D ? % %+ ? & 8 > = .< 2 %' ? 5 .< 2 && ? " 3 .< 2 36 &! " % E ;6 FG ! % H( % 1 H@ & 3 : ! " # < HF " ? % 3 2 " " ? & X 6 [ ") " ? "' " ? " I 3 I@ 1 53 !% " ? ! 3 > 5 6 I@ < !" " ? ) 6 I@ 5 > 2= 4 < 3 !! " ? + 1 12 !) " ? ' 1 4 ; R !' " ? * 6 !* " ? %# M 6 )% & IH " ? %% 64Q 5 3 )' D( % DA @('
  • 13. %3 % ? % I@ ; 6 4 1 5 8 &### ? &##) + & ? & I V 1 I X 6 [ ' ? % R@ > A 6 %' ? & 6 > 8 > = I A %* ? 6 Q > 8 > = A 6 &# ? " R@ > : @ 8 @= 6 &% ? ! R@ > ^ :3 6 && ? ) R@ > 5 5 & ? + R@ > C &" ? ' R@ > 5 &! ? * R@ > I 3 @ 6 &) ? %# I 3 C 64 > = &+ ? %% I 3 K &' ? %& I 3 &* ? % R@ > 2 1 5 6 # ? %" 6 > = G= % ? %! 6 R@ > I 3 & ? %) ? %+ ? %' R@ > 6 2 2 " ? %* 2 D16 > = ! ? &# ; H 6 ! ? &% I 3 H 6 T :6 = ) ? && _ 2 T 6 E 6 + ? & I@ D[ 2 K ' ? &" E 6 1 5 6 5 :6 P6 *
  • 14. & %3 " ? % ; > A 6 !% " ? & I 3 6 C = :R6 I6 5 3 !& " ? A 2 < !& " ? " 3 B 2 > = )) " ? ! 5 I 3 6 6 I6 5 P I@ )' " ? ) E 6 < B 8 M 1 / P +% " ? + 6 .< 2 +&
  • 15. T ! 3 % " ? % = > A 2 9 26 "! " ? & V36 9 56 "! " ? A 2 V36 9 56 A 6 "+ " ? " > A 6 "* " ? ! ; :3 > A 6 !# " ? ) . 1 > :6 6 . 1 P6 I6 A 2 > !+ " ? + 2 A 6 12 6 M@ X 6 [ > A !+ " ? ' `D M 6 4 T 6 6 I6 A 2 > ) " ? * : 6 4 6 M 6 M ) " ? %# : A 2 > 2= = > N6 6 > = )" " ? %% 61 > 3 > 5 6 > )+ " ? %& N6 G8 +%
  • 16. ? % ? * * > ;6 ? 1 E 6 : > ;6 B / EFG 9 :6 % . H 6 B 8 I@ 3 36 A4 B C D C P / G 36 ; . & . 3 2 K 4 B C D C P / 9 6 8 I@ I@ 3 2 K P 264Q 1 .< 2 B 5 F K P F: 9 D ; P P B 9 6 - 8 : K P FG 6 . . 53 4 K P P 6 36 R 8 P 6 4 . 53 ; . W6 M 2 6 4 56 5 P6 : • 5 : 5 I@ A 6 B A 36 P6 I 264Q B / 5 3 6 2 I@ @ 6 L 6 1 @ . • 8 8 : E 6 I@ 3 4 ; 16 Q I@ :R/ T F 264Q H . • . K P : A 2 6 / ; -K P FG 6 Q 6 A P 6 ; 6 < P 6
  • 17. ? & ? 6 P6 I 6 ; 6 R 8 Q 3 ; 6 4 2 B 8 . $ : * 9 G8 M P 6 ; P@ > 53 : / EF: B M @ : % . : 6 536 . P 5 :6 D I@ D : - ; 4 ; 2 @ J - 56 B 8 - < ; - 4 L I 5 . C D = 4 L 6 @ D/ : D :@ G= = 4 5 - 6 :6 5 ) 6 Q ( A C 4 G 4/ G 6 . & . 1 6 G 2 A A 6 : ; 16 Q : 6 H . . 26 6 ) !## ; = ( 9 6 8 8 6 M 6 @ : 6 B 9 6 - R@ :5 6 > = :5 6 :< 64 > = 3 : 6P Q . " . 6 R 8 ; 6 6 5 3 6 26 4 E L K P F: I 1 264Q A4 B 9 6 - 3 K P FG I@ X 6 [ 6 5 3 .
  • 18. ? ? N > I@ 2 6 Q / 6 X 6 6 H T F 2 < 2 [ . ! . ; 65 I ` N< 6 6 M @ 4 R = I6 : 6 B :D : C 6 : F 8 6 I6 @ D[ . ) . : / I 5 I@ 22 6 3 R 6 :634 N< 6 P6 6 . P D A . + . 6 3 I@ 5 3 64 R T F P@ . ' . G 3 < : :6 2 2/ .
  • 19. ? " ?
  • 20. ? ! ? 21 aa 8 6 1% ! < # < P 6 P6 4 . 6 8 F I 6 - 8 b@ 8 6 ; 6 4 2 B I = 53 I I V6 I6 *! % 1 ; 6 @ 2 4 -6 6 6 &##! I %)!) 6 = %* % N6 16 -I [ I &##) B / %'*! 6 = & % I [ I N6 % . A : 53= 9 6 4 @ 6 B / 8 I@ 4 K 4 9 : ; 6 12 cP@ 264 1 5 6 Q . FG 9 : 5 6 B / K P 2 6 - 6 = 6 4 53= 2 A 6 Q = K P `6@ - : V6 ; 6 P6 4 A 3 6 - :6 / 4 2 6 ;C 15 6 2 : ; 16 Q R 6 4 I 4[ I . M 8 B 6 Q : G= = 6 4 K 4 1 6 Q 16 1 56 : - 3 6 Q 4 P63 B > 6 I@ 6 Q c D@ - 1 P63 A4 6 1 E 6 % I@ 6 Q T F5 - A4 6 < :5 4 B > 6 E 6 " % :6d3 4 2 6 I@ 6 6 @ 6 - 1 I< 2 [ P6 - C 2 [ ; < &##)
  • 21. ? ) ? I@ : 6 ;C 15 A@ - 4 6 6 8 D Q B / P @ 5 1 P63 12 6 - 264 < @ - 12 A B3 66 . P63 6 = M P 6 ; Q - 6 EFG : ; 6 4 53= 2 I@ A 6 1 ) 1 < :5 4 -I V - 1 P63 ( 2 6 - 1 6 P I@ 4 6 ;C 15 6 - 6 4 ; 6 4 6 I@ A 6 . ) < E @@ (
  • 22. ? + ? < 3 ) % ? % ( 8 I@ ; 6 4 1 5 I@ 6 K 16 Q ; 61 &### B6 &##) `D K 16 Q R L !)' &### I B / %'*! &##) I I [ I N6 5 *,) % B / & .% ) % ? % ( : 1 5 8 I@ ; 6 4 &### – &##) < 3 ) ( & < 3 J % K &### !)' *,) &##% !)) * &##& )%# *, &## +)" %#,* &##" %%! %",! &##! %++) &# &##) %'*! & 2 : 4 ; ; " 6 6 [ I@ 4 K P 3 4 K 4 P6 A4 - 8 " I 5 &##+ . &< 8 L " <3 % 9 J G 6 I V 1 ; 5 8 N6 I@ 4 T :6 I EFG 6 4 - 8 ",& % &### I B / &,) % P@ &##! .
  • 23. ? ' ? ) & ? & :( I V 1 I X 6 [ <3 9 - ) < > 6 ( 8 L 9 - ) F ( % 9 J ; < 8 L <3 * &### %,' %#,& ",& &##% %,) *,' ,+ &##& %,! * ,) &## %," %#,& ,+ &##" %,& %#," , &##! %,% ',! &,) ! < # < $ E ; 61 4 K 4 A 3 I@ 6 Q g %**' – &## I )## I = %## I = . K P FG I@ 6 Q P &##" – &#%! I &, B / 2 I = %*! I = . ! < M &1 N < K 16 5 I@ ; 6 264Q 5 I6 - 8 I@ 4 B 6 > ; :R 5 :6 < :5 4 B 8 4 B .
  • 24. ? * ? • ! < M N < A4 6 8 I@ 8 4 B > 6 !,! % I + 1 CB@ 5 &##! B / %! CB@ 5 1 &#&# & . • & * < M N < ; @ 6 36 C :5 5 3 H B248 6 B / %+%# I@ &##! B / &&** &#%# B &"* &#&# . / 2 B "," .% 4 = : > 6 A4 6 @ < :5 %#&*" ) X . . ( &##! B / % *+* ) X . . ( &#%# B &# ++ ) X . . ( &#&# < :5 6 B X 6 FG !+## T F I@ A P &%## I@ &##+ B / 2 +," .% 8 I@ 8 4 T :6 1 > 2 2 4 FG &##! I %&'# 1 CB@ 5 V5 . C :5 T :6 %!'! 5 / . 4 T :6 @ 5 K 16 I 8 4 K 4 .< 2 I@ I4 A P 8 - 36 L &##! @ 5 B / 2 ; 4 ; " Q Aa4 - 8 Ia@ a4 K P 3 6 6 4 K 4 P6 " I 5 &##+ . 3 4 T :6 @ 5 : I [ I N6 ; ; X 6 [ 4 5 IG .
  • 25. ? %# ? I V 8 I@ 4 T :6 '%# 5 1 CB@ 5 J 5 %### P Q +!! I@ "&# 2 I@ P@ . ! < # < O ! % S 6 Q K 4 6 I6 6 G= . 6 5 M I 8 I@ 4 : • 6 Q B 6 Q 4 @ 5 2 B / P6@Q . • C aD Ia@ 2 1 P63 1 6 Q ; 5 1 5 8 I@ I 6 K 16 Q . • 6 > 6 A4 6 F 1 P63 B Q a P % . • A4 6 F < :5 4 B 6 > 6 Q a P ",) % . • A@ 1 P63 M 6 K P 5 G ; / . • 6 1 P63 12 6 12 A B3 66 . • d3 C 4 K 4 6 6 Q W6 . • P 5 I@ T :6 Q ;C 15 6 .
  • 26. ? %% ? 21 a a I ! < : / B ; 6 4 9 6 " . A B / 8 I@ ; 6 4 2 6GQ I@ 4 .2 6 5 C 3 / 6 L - 6 = K 16 6 8 B / I 3 / 5 6 5 ; 51 2 X 6 / . ` I = XF I@ 36 / B / 8 C T 6 6 I6 8 2 I B / 3 &# % 8 I@ 8 K A . 8 I@ 3 4 6 6 B 5F 5 5 6 Q U V36 < M 2 C :5 6 V . 1% : % . g 6 8 I@ 3 8 ) %) ( T F I@ ) ' ( 3 K . & . K 16 B / 26 3 ' 1 2 ." 4 4 4Z C :5 4 ) )" ( &##&
  • 27. ? %& ? . I 8 h " 2@ 5 4 6 Q R @ 3 A 6@ C 63 2@ = - 61 5 9 2 3 4 6 6 L 8 . . 8 6 5 4 = R C 12 . " . 6 I 3 B / I@ 8 6 S I 4 M IG ) ! ( Q 3 " ) ! ( ." I 3 K 3[ ; 4 P6 ) ? + T / ² . < " P : Q 6 Q 3 4 6 I@ ] > 6 B / E : : % . I@ V A4 ) ] ; I 3 K 3[ ; 4 @ D/ B / C 12 .( & . > M 6 A @ 6 I 3 R < . . N6 ) I 3 R ( 12 6P H . " . 26 I@ 6 P6 N6 A ) I 3 R ( 5 6 L P6 I M I@ 6 3 H 6 B @ 6 P6 6 6 = G > 8 : 5 J 1 ;C 15 H 6 . ! . 6 5 ;C 15 ; . ) . V36 > 5 6 P . D . 2 .
  • 28. ? % ? - ! < 4 K 4 6 6 [ cP@ 3 &##+ 8 I@ ! ; 6 4 G g 6 + % B6 4 &#%! %# % A &#&# I@ ; 6 4 2 G= 8 4 3 5 / P6 I6 ] 4 Q V6 : 6 5W &### . b 4 ; P6 T F M P 6 ] 4 V6 I@ 2 ; 6 4 V6 Q EFG D66 - 6 H 6 B C :5 X 6 / S J8 : ? • EFG 6 S 6 6 I6 P / P 1 8 V EF: E 2/ 6 A 36 2 ) 4 4 ; 6 .( • C ] 6 6 ] 4 C :5 6 / )## c : 6 . • ; 3 6 4 L I 5 4 L F 16 B ] P A N F 1 6 ) !# c 6 ( 6 ] C :5 6 A 3 > 6 %! 4 L I 5 - 5 I@ A4 9 6 B : V36 B 4 A4 B 9 6 6 P6 6 P6 ] 4 6 Q ; . A4 L 6 6 4 X P IG 6 53 ] 4 C :5 6 ; 3 5 P 1 R@ I@ P j R@ I@ 5 4 ; ;
  • 29. ? %" ? I@ 4 / @ D / 6 C 3 / 6 H = A4 B : @ ] C :5 . • @ 6 9 : ; 6 4 4 3 6 M 2 C 3 / I@ T :6 3 6 N A 36 ; 6 4 2 V6 Q I R = 36 ; T F I@ 1 6 P I@ 4 E 4W G @ 6 4 ; @ 3 . < 4 B / @ D[ ] 4 3 4 E 4 6 6 6 D 1 @ ; 6 4 2 G= - I@ V6 . V6 53 8 B 3 F I@ ; V2 6 6 3 = L - 2 EFG 4 X 6 ] 4 3 4 Q D 1 Z . ; 4 ; 51 X Z 8 = 5 ) 8 / ( ; 16 F : K 16 Q M @ *# 6 . 4 F/ K 3 F: 5 @ ] 6 5 6 < 2 G 6 )## B / @ D/ - < :5 4 !# 5 E @ 6 6 8 ; 5 V3 ) . D : 6 5 4 2 S 8 T 6 T F5 < 264 P6 9 R 6 - 1 . 2 EFG G= I : ) -I = 8 Ia@ 1 P63 T :6 ) %*)' ? %*'! ( aa - - 8 %*') . . - *) ? *+ .
  • 30. ? %! ? 8 " Oilshale 1 Tar Sands B 6 6 2 IG 6 2 58 6 : 5 6 I@ I6 P D 5 : ; Kerogene . 6 ] 6 H - @ 6 2 %" ? + % H 6 1 + . 2 65 = B / 26 4 : b@ I6 %' % 6 6 - %# % ; ' . 2 V6 5 6 3 M / : P6 = . I6 2 6 6 Q P6 I M 9 6 I@ 5 "# ? !# C G 6 6 " ? ! ) %# (% * . P : G= A4 ; B 6 Q EFG K 66 ) T 5 ( 5 V I 4 . 5 B 6 c B / 2 V6 Q < @ 5 6 ; 5 5 8 I@ 6 F I6 53 B ; 6 M I@ 1 6 M = B = 1356 - L FG I@ 5 6 IG < : • M I6 2 V6 K 3 / 3 5 3 ) Shell ( + - 2 - 8 I@ 4 6 2 I6 2 - 9 . - % . ' Otto P. Strausz and Elizabeth Mown: Editors, Symposium on Oil Sand and Oilshale Chemistry, Montreal 1977, P2. * F.A., Daghestani, et al, The Potential of Solar Energy Application in Jordan, SES, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, RSS, Amman 1983, pp35-36.
  • 31. ? %) ? • 5F A = A 4 6 I6 2 I 6 K 3 3 A G 16 1 . 6 Q P6 T 6 6 5 -I I6 2 • I6 2 3 M M < :5 4 6 K 3 I 6 8 > A 6 . 1 C 4 V6 I = 6 T G 1 C I@ P6 P6 ; 16 Q 4 6 5 F 8 = 4/ 9 = . A4 6 L 1 C 8 %# = = %& B - Q B / 26 61 56 = -c C 3 / T F5 6 I 1 1 5 %# Q . D = 6 9 V EF: . 6 9 356 Q 5 5 3 C 3 / AD - : 6 6 6 - 5 - P 6 6 / E 4= F 4 4 B / c 6 T F - : > . 6 9 356 Q 22 6 4 < G C 5 3 5 6 . B < G < G H = < G P6 W3 4 < 4 1 8 H ` 2 - 3/ . 6 6 [ B 56 6 4 264Q H : 6 Q H : 2 56 @ 6 2 X 6 Q E 6 < :5 4 6 I@ : .
  • 32. ? %+ ? 21 aa aa L 8 " " ! – % 0 C / @ 5 I@ EF 1 6 6 I ` N< 6 B 21 FG 6 5 3 6 A4 B 9 6 9 : . 6 EFG 6 8 8 : 6 8 H 6 B E 6 2 . F Q @ 3 8 g !") R@ @ 5 B 6 ; = G 5 I@ ? % R@ 5 5 A > 6 .
  • 33. ? %' ? ) ? % ( : R@ > A 6 R % ! % %*# ",' C 4 +* %","+ C P " ),& " ),& *% %),)+ j %! &,+! &% ,'! M 1 &" ","# T 5 &# ,)) 1 %# %,' % &, ' P %! &,+! K !") %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . F Q ' ! N & 6 0 " R 5 ? & 6 5F 53 P@ )# % P6 I P K "# % L [ .
  • 34. ? %* ? ) ? & :( I A 6 = > 8 > % ! N T R % U M$ 6 # %%& +' %*# C 4 )# %* +* C P * &! " &" %# " !' *% j %# ! %! %% %# &% M 1 %& %& &" T 5 %& ' &# 1 ! ! %# %# % P + ' %! K # &%) !") 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . A4 6 G > R @ 6 Q = V 6 .
  • 35. ? &# ? ) ? :( 6 Q > 8 > = A 6 E % % X 6 !% )"," = > %'& ," M ! #,*& = + %,&' K !"! %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = I g @ 8 @= 6 !, 4 B = G @ R@ FG 16 5 C 2 [ > 5 T 5 j I@ A16 . = g P@ ; 8 I@ 6 & 6 16 A R@ .
  • 36. ? &% ? ) ? " :( R@ > : @ ; 8 @= 6 R % 6 < ! ! !," & C 4 !," %,*+ C P !,* & ),+ &,' !,+ &,%% j !,) %,* !,+ &,%" M 1 ","! & T 5 !,' &,%! 1 ), &," +," &, P ",' %,% 5 !, & 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = I@ G 5 g P@ :3 6 ? ! I !++ I@ E = g H 8 R@ 16 :3 ; ^ T 5 )+! C P I@ E = )# .
  • 37. ? && ? ) ? ! :( R@ > ^ :3 6 R % 7 * " < !+& C 4 "!) C P )# !'! !+ , j ") "%" M 1 "!! T 5 )+! 1 "+% " # P !+! 5 !++ 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . F Q F 0 " R ? ) = @ P6 F 5 T 6 6 8 > J ) + , (% P &),+ % W6 .
  • 38. ? & ? ) ? ) :( 5 5 R@ > R % = V % " !) C 4 ! &) C P &* ! &+ + +" %+ j %& %' M 1 %* ! T 5 %) " 1 ! ! * " P " %% K "## %") 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = I@ C = I P6 L L C A > J +# % 5 I@ 8 - ? + .
  • 39. ? &" ? ) ? + :( R@ > C R % B % )* %&% C 4 ' "% C P %# &" % &% &" )+ j ' + ) %" M 1 * %! T 5 ! %! 1 " ) & %% P %& K %*% !" 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = > P6 R @ ; I@ P3 = P6 6 5 5 P L I 8 A 6 I@ MP3 D 5 36 T F 5 6 I !& % MP3 I@ I4 P6 I@ . MP3 I 4 A16 6 B / C 4 I@ '& % B / S1 6 %' % C P I@ &# % I@ .
  • 40. ? &! ? ) ? ' :( R@ > 5 /0123456 789:; <=> ?@24A B1 /8C @ABC DE FFG HAIJKLM GF ND HAOPQLM RS T AUVAW RE X YUJM EE NE Z[ X T @]P^C FT G _[`BLM G FX a[bLM FF X cPd`eLM E E @AfW S E cQOfLM N FF g]B^BLM RSh RTh 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . F Q H " 0 " ? * I # % I 6P6 I@ 8 K P1 > g 5 M 1 FG 3 I ; 8 % % - P@ B / T F I@ > H I@ 6 53 L 6P J 6
  • 41. ? &) ? 6 I 3 6P 4/ P I@ B 3 [ . ) ? * :( R@ > I 3 @ 6 R % " % " E % !+ #, & % % )*,)' C 4 &+ ",%' !& )!,'& C P " %%,+) # '',&" %# #, & )*,+# &' #,++ ) )*,& j % ),)+ %" * , %# "+,)& %% !&, ' M 1 + &*,%+ %+ +#,' T 5 ! &! %! +! 1 " "# ) )# " #,++ * )*,& P ) "&,') ' !+,%" K %) #,#+ +* )*,* 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = P@ I 3 C 64 > I ` 9 G 56 58 > 5 4 T :6 @ 6 ) +! (% S B / @ D/ I@ 6 H 8 > 8 ? %# .
  • 42. ? &+ ? ) ? %# :( I 3 C 64 > = " W N & 6 % 4 @ 6 / C :5 4 264 1 56 %%% +! E B 2 &# % ,!% 3 4 ; 16 Q ' !,"% M I@ @ 6 % #,)' 4 = K 16 + ",+ W6 % #,)' K %"' %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = K I 3 6 ) ? %% ( ` 6 P@ = IG 6 > J ) *# (% %% % P@ Q M I@ ; 56 : 5 J 1 > 8 6 A P6 Q ; 6 5 3 ; R : I X 6 / 2 T :6 A .
  • 43. ? &' ? ) ? %% :( I 3 K R % ) ( % X 3 N & 6 % !" *",+" !,&) C 4 & '!,%* " %",'% C P " %## # # * *# % %# &! '),&% " % ,+* j % %## # # %# %## # # M 1 ! +%," & &',!+ T 5 ! %## # # 1 & !# & !# " %## ## # P ! ' , % %),)+ K %"+ '*,) %+ %#, + 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . = I 3 ) ? %& ( P@ = P@ L 6 ` 2 : J ),+! % : .
  • 44. ? &* ? ) ? %& :( I 3 R % Y % X Y % < < ) * ( ! *&,*' " +,#& "&,! C 4 &! *),%! % ,'! +,)) C P " %## # # # ' '# & &# ",! &' *),!! % ,"! &+,! j % %## # # # %# %## # # # M 1 + %## # # # T 5 " '# % &# %# 1 & !# & !# %# " %## # # % P ) %## # # , K %!& * ,&! %% ),+! %&, 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . I 2 6 g 4 %,')) ; 6@ ; C 64Q . = 2 1 5 6 ) ? % ( I V P@ %# B / R@ I@ A16 6 %## 1 I@ '! I@ T 5 .
  • 45. ? # ? ) ? % :( R@ > 2 1 5 6 R % & " 3 < ',)) 4 C &,+" C P # !# ',&+ j # ) M 1 # T 5 '! 1 %## ! P +, K %#," 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . I@ G 5@ I 3 6 > = G= = ) ? %" ( 5 2 > @ I < > - B F 8 > EFG N6 ; H 6 C P6 ; D .
  • 46. ? % ? ) ? %" :( 6 > = G= N& % A P2 % !,!) 6 % !,!) 56 > 8 1 6 ' "","" C 6G % !,!) 6 > 5 & %%,%% CI I A 2 & %%,%% G[ ) 4 ( & %%,%% = H % !,!) K %' %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . R @ ; 8 6P6 F 6 = ) ? %! ( 6 4 I 6P6 8 J + R@ 16 A .
  • 47. ? & ? ) ? %! :( R@ > I 3 6 R % " < ) ( ),* C 4 ! C P " %%,! %#,&! j # *,' M 1 *, T 5 %% 1 , ),! P +,) K +, ! 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . 6 P@ 6 6 = <@ : J %## 6 %!# 6 ) ? %) ( .
  • 48. ? ? ) ? %) :( " < ) ( % %## &+ "',&% %!# ' %",&* %)# % %,+* %'# !, ) %'! % %,+* &## %% %*,)" &!# % %,+* ## & ,!+ "## & ,!+ 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . 6 @ ) ? %+ ( > J : 6 ? " . ) ? %+ :( % & & ","" &! !!,!) " %+ +,+' ) % &,&& K "! %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ .
  • 49. ? " ? 2 = 2 5W@ *# % 2 ? %' . ) ? %' :( R@ > 6 2 2 " R % % %! & C 4 %! # C P # # " # & j # # # M 1 # # T 5 # # 1 # # & # P % # K " " 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . 2 D16 > = 5 [ 5 8 B IG I@ ) ? %* ( .
  • 50. ? ! ? ) ? %* :( 2 D16 > = N& % :6 6 :6 12 P %& !,&* M I@ . 8 %+ !# M G @ 6 & !,'' I = Q % &,*" 6 % &,*" Q % &,*" K " %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . I 3= ; H 6 5 :6 = )! % B / : ; 6 :6 % = 3 ; 6 < : 5 B / . ) ? &# ( ) ? &# :( ; H 6 % 6 % )",!' 6 %) , 9 D % &,#' CI # # K "' %## 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ .
  • 51. ? ) ? I I 3 C 3 6 g #" ) + J 1 > 8 ( . I@ I 3 : = 5 :6 Z I M "&,! % : P A16 !+ % 6 P . ) ? &% ( . ) ? &% :( I 3 H 6 T :6 = R % 3 &1 Z3" ' %% % C 4 ! %# # C P % # & & # j % & # M 1 T 5 1 % % # P K &# &+ % 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . P@ I 3 B / @ D/ E 6 _ 2 T 6 = I +! % 2 FG : ? && . 5
  • 52. ? + ? 2 IG V 5 <@ 6 3 58 ! % : 5 I P # % C :5 ? &" . ) ? && :( E 6 _ 2 T 6 R % E # %' & &# C 4 ) * %! C P " # " " # " j & % M 1 T 5 1 & # & P K ) %& "' 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ .
  • 53. ? ' ? ) ? & :( I@ D[ 2 K R % 8 W & * 8 X # ' ) " %' C 4 % " & + C P % # " & % % " j # # & & M 1 T 5 1 % # % & P K % %% % + 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . :3 E 6 1 5 6 5 :6 P6 R SV I@ `D G 5@ 6 ) ? &" ( P@ 4 I 1 5 EFG 5 :6 # H 8 R@ 166 :3 B / 26 I1@ - C 63 ; H 6 6 "# I B / P I@ S1 6 +,! P@ .
  • 54. ? * ? ) ? &" :( E 6 1 5 6 5 :6 P6 R % * " 3 < ) ( "#,") C 4 &%,"& C P %',) &),&! +,)) j ',! %&,! M 1 % T 5 & 1 %&,% % ," P +,! K &',* 2 : I ` N< 6 &##+ . % E ;6 " I 3 36 A 36 64Q S I @ 8 I@ 8 H 6 B : #% < B R@ 4 @ 6 3 6 A 36 5 = < L 6 > 6 Q 2
  • 55. ? "# ? #& 6 6GQ ) < 9 2 I@ [ M [ 1 6 ( 264Q E I 3 G= 2 2 " C 63 2@ I@ . # C 1 / T F5 - D 3 C 1 / 2 36 5 :6 2 I@ 8 B / Z :< 3 B A 36 G S 1 6 . #" / > 2= = I@ 5 3 5 [ / > 5 6 5 L - 3 6 B 6 / . #! 6 _ 6 I 3 C 3 5 6 6 M 2 L 5 6 FG P6 B V36 #) > 6 6GQ 3 2 6 I : > 6 Z GZ 1 . #+ 6 F 5 56 L E 6GQ G= > = F 8 3 I@ = L I 6 1 56 :6 2 . #' 3 56 6 I@ I L A 36 I@ 6 8 . % ! : Q 8 2 : 64 C FG 3 : #% ; 6GQ W I 3 @ 6 .
  • 56. ? "% ? #& :6< 15 A@ A : V26 A 2 3 6 B F W6 Q I5 ` 8 . # A 36 ; 6 A 2 C 3 / B . K P A 36 I M I@ 5= 53 G 36 2 @ 56 L ; 6 . #" 5 6 R / ; 5 I@ 5 63 3 > . #! C 63 2@ I@ 2 I 3 6 @ R / . #) A 36 8 > 6 2 EFG I@ B L 9 R P6 8 H 8 . % 1 : % . 6 J B @ - <@ 6 I@ 3 2 P6 EFG @ 6 J A 2 S 6 ; 2@ <@ 6 3 6 L C R 16 Q C < ; A@ 6 L C 63 Q/ EFG K 16 > 8 M I@ I@ 5 X BP 6 8 . & . I@ 3 M 6 ; 6 6 L 8 - 2 2 P P@ R L 3 . Q/ Z 5 :6 :3 I6 D: J @ .4 6 I@ 5 2 M .
  • 57. ? "& ? . B / 3 C 3 I M 2 ; 6 > 3 A 26 6 6 I6 A 2 I 6 12 8 12 6 . " . < @ ` D 6 5 53 6 3 6 4 T :6 3 6 5 3 . ! . A4 A : 3 I@ L 8 6 I 6 D@= 6 X 6 [ 2 6 . ) . A@ R 6 I@ I L Z 5 3 6 ;C 15 6 [ 6 R J B " F 6 = A 2 5 I " ; 6 < G D . 2 6 6 L 8 I@ I@ A 2 / X 6 [ 5 3 . + . N6 B 2 GW 6 : H 6 2 . ' . V6 Q l 6 4 C 1 Y B C 4 > ; 6 4 4 @ 6 ; : = 4 4 '*' m 6 ; P 6 I@ F 6 " / / &##' 6 R B @ 5
  • 58. ? " ? 21 aa aa A ! " # < a > P 2 @ J > :R6 a2 @ J I@ 65 3 I@ 3 2 5 3 3 6a Q A 2 EFG 4 P 6 A 6 4 -C 4 4 M I@ ) .( H Q @ % " B FG - 926 I@ 3 2 = 6 Aa a P aP 6 2 IG 3 2 8 I@ ; 2 H 8 2 . > P :R6 )) % A 26 I6 5 3 4 ] 6 = ; V2 5 3 <@ IG 3 &#,### – #,### . B IG 3 2 ; V2 2 2 P H 8 6 Q J 3 5 : R 9 26 5 . 6 2 EFG 6 = K 8 I@ ") = I 5 X 6 Y .2 4 @ A 2 > - I@ P@ = > P G 6 A a ! ? ) V6 I G > P P@ )! ? +# % X 6 [ I@ A 2 4 .
  • 59. ? "" ? A 2 J= W :R6 ) > P '# (% 6 / 4 F !#,### ? '#,### R .P I 1 X 6 [ 5 - B / 5 3 &#,### – "#,### 5 A 2 S C 6 P Q `D . B B / > P IG A 2 @ )# % - P@ `D 6 > = ; T F A 2 6 6 [ B FG P Q . 5= @ > '# % B M166 A 2 9 56 8 B 5 66 A 2 V36 +# % 9 56 : - a > P &# % `D G 5 I .
  • 61. ? ") ? H Q ' 9 J " 6 X 6 / ; 6 3 X 6 / - = = - I 5 : % . P@ I M 2 1 X 2 %# % 6 6 A 2 I M 2 8 . & . E > = " j = 92 j = 92 . . ) !! % 5 2 9 2 6 6 A 2 "% % J 1 6 6 .( " . G . ! . X . EFG 6 6 Q I:@ P 5 ; V2 A 2 R 5 F 6 M : 2 6 ; 3 : 6 S J8 ; 6 2 I@ 1 6 8 > 2 F 21 X 6 [ 3 2 I@ 6 Q 6 Q H 8 . = 8 L 58 1 5 I@ W6 6@ I 3 I 536 E > = 1 X 2 +% % 1 5 . 5 I I@ `D G :
  • 62. ? "+ ? 2 : 6 6 . ) H Q F ( L > 8 M 6 @ 6 8 536 A 2 W 8 : % . -E > = 1 X 2 2 8 1 5 A 6 B / Z -I 3 I< : K 16 B Z 3 C 3 B > . & . L - 8 F F6 8 !# % 53 A 2 = >F F6 X 6 / 5 I@ Z - G P6 8 8 > 3 . . D 3 3 B I< : A@ T :6 ) F/ I D 4 I 3 5 &)# A@ D S 1@ B / I ## M 1 I "# 5 I@ I156 8 I< :5 C 3 .(
  • 63. ? "' ? " . D 6 ; F = A 2 S 6 2 D N6 I 3 1 12 X 6 [ B > P . D D = H 8 A 2 D1 ; F 5 L = 5 4 ; F . R a > P +& % 6 6 A 2 > : 6 I@ P ; B C G 6 6 8 S . 6 ; 1 6 6 A 2 EFG Q/ V6 6 6 A 2 F/ H @ 6 _ R M 1 @ W . @ T F5 :6 F ) +& (% Q . @ :3 L 656 Q A 2 > 6 = MP 6 = 1 12 P ; F X 6 [ = D P 12 P 5 P 12 Z 4 . S > Z FG @ - 3 6 A 2 B / ; A 2 4 8 ; > B 1 5 S1 8 . H Q F A 2 I@ ] 6 " ? + ) )+ % A 2 ( 5 I I@ `D G : X 6 [ B : R I@ K 66 )+ % : 6 5 6 > &% % ; [ * .%
  • 64. ? "* ? 2 : 6 6 . ) H Q H ( 4 ; 4 - 48 S D ` P@ R 5 J L A 2 R 1 V3 ; X 6 [ M 6 4 I@ 22 6 @ 6 P N J F > 5 6 . < 4 L I@ . 66 R IG : % . @ X 2 536 . & . X 6 / T 5 I : . . M 6 ; / ; :3 .
  • 65. ? !# ? 2 : 6 6 . ) H Q A ( 2 I@ A 5= *& % - G 8 3 F B / 5 / @ 6 ; 5 . @ ^ K P FG I@ 6 C [ 3 C 64 B A 36 K P FG 6 15 . = 8 @ ] 66@ &## ? ## :3 P P ; IG H = . M16 = 2 I@ 53/ A 2 > J I 53 5 - 3 &# % 6 / I 6 A 2 .
  • 66. ? !% ? K 6 FG I 6 5 ; > : ) " ? % :( ; > A 6 &" & 6 4 & % & ? ! "+ % ! ? %# "% % 5= %# %# % 5= ; F 5 66 FG %# I@ ; [ = : J 2= > . :R= 4 )+ % > 6 @ R T 6 6 Q A 2 I@ - : 4 A D I@ > 6 N T 6 4 3 5 3 ; 6 . N T 6 6 D = d@ 5 6 Q MP 6 A 2 EFG ` B = A 2 : > 6 @ R @ 6 Q I6 . H Q H " 3 6@ - 3 2 I@ 5 3 16 Q > P +) % 5 3 = B = 5F 6 6 C = :: 6 I 3 M . a = %" % 1 53 16 Q 6 P@ 4 " " I@ IG 5 N< 6 5 I 3 6 C = :R6 I6 I 6 I :
  • 67. ? !& ? ) " ? & :( I 3 6 C = :R6 I6 5 3 " " W $6 *R & X 56 " % A P2 5 3 &) % 56 %" % 2 > 8 > 6 " T 3 P " %% % = 2 ' % H = + % Q R )# % 53 F 5 3 5 66 3 I 6 : 6 -A P2 5 3 X 56 I@ &! % > 8 > 6 5 3 56 5 . I A 2 :: 6 I6 A 26 53 : ) " ? :( A 2 < < " & = 2 %' % . 26 Q %! % P G * % %% % 6 X &* % C %& % H = " %
  • 68. ? ! ? I @ A 26 n 56 : % . C : g 16 W I 3 R 6 . I@ ; < ; VD ; Safety valve) / G ( & . 5 6 L -; . 26 1 @ = -S V F: 3 6 6 = > 8 . 26 Q ; ` ; 5 @ 6 > 8 4 6 C 63 2@ I@ 2 ; . 26 @ P > 8 . . I@ 4 9 1 6 9 R 6 = ; 5 A 2 4 H = < 6 J - G . 26 Q ; 6 I@ . " . P 5 F X - 4 ;C 15 F = 6 I@ = 2 X 56 B / Z 1 X 2 < K = R - 4 I6 8 4 6 6 A 2 4 24 V6 P D = : 6 D1 E . ! . 5 / I@ : = 3 4 M J/ 3 2 I@ B / T F Z L A 2 > 8 > 6 6 L . ; B Z @ P6 . 26 Q . ) . L - 6 3 6 6 P 4 J P6 5 . B / @ D[ = F 5 6 I@ GF 6 > 6 Q ` A ; > ;C 15 P C : J @ T 6 6 L .
  • 69. ? !" ? + . A 26 I@ D1 5 F X 2 6 . 6 C ; P@ B / Z 6@ I@ = 5 ] 2 I@ . H Q A " N < " R T F5 3 > 5 6 M 16 Q R - J 3 5 3 I@ Z I6 I @ 5 66 < : % . > 5 6 6 L -> 5 6 6 ? " C T :6 5 I 3 1 I@ P6 I6 ; 8 @= . & . = A P C . . AD S1 H 6 I@ C P V6 C . " . = : 1 C F C FV6 I 3 ;C 15 B Z - . ! . IG > 5 6 12 M IP@8 F "! ° L -M@8 EFG ; 6 : P6 = > 5 6 .
  • 70. ? !! ? ) . Q L - I@ ; A 6 Q F 8 6 Q F Z ; ; Q = C 63 1 2 3 5 C = . + . F C = S 66 L -I 3 C = P F I 3 R C = 6 B / Z 2 5 B / = 2 > 6 5 3 B / Z . R L )& % 1 4 > 5 6 P6 5 3 8 EFG I@ EF: I@ 5 > 6 8 EF: 9 3 . H Q I < " " N % 6 & " S A 2 > 2= B 16 Q ] I6 > 2= 4 < 6 R I 3 ;C 15 B Z I : % . = > 5 6 > 2= S@ >J L -A 2 4 : `2 5 C > 5 6 5 > 2= 8 4 I@ = 5 T :6 Q 5 ; 8 @= B 6 4 = 4 . & . 4 > 2= 5 2 C b = I5 X 9 R 6 L I@ 6 = 6 = - 5 = = 2 = . 26 Q 4 I@ N6 .
  • 71. ? !) ? . A S R > 5 6 I@ = 5 C = 2 48 4 I 3 CI3 = 4 Z . 26 M - 3 3= > B / N< 6 D@= C / I 3 ;C 15 P6 3 3= . H Q D 3 3 P 12 P 12 Z P6 . 1 / J 12 EFG 3 ; D 6 / I 6 3 Fb@ = 3 ; D P P 1 12 M 6 @ ; 6 6 . P@ W R &),+ % > 3 X 6 b 6 6 A 2 12 8 ; 6 - ),+ % 12 6 > . 16 : 5 8 8 12 H = ASHRAE . IG ; . 1 6 8 12 6 6 : % . I 3 ;C 15 . & . 6 P . . 6 P . " . 2 P . ! . 2 P . ;C 15 . @ I@ 5 66 I 3 2 1 R W R : : 6 6 Q A 2 W - VD P . @ @ H 8 12 6 @ 5 .
  • 72. ? !+ ? 2 : 6 6 . ) H Q I ( 0%3 N % * 0%3& 1 N 2 : 6 6 . ) H Q D ( 3 & < 9 J N % 8
  • 73. ? !' ? I@ . 1 6 6 I6 A 2 `D 6 6 6 MP 6 5 : % . ;C 15 . @ . & . ; P . @ . . VD G 1 I 3 B . H Q ) R 3 & P@ @ P ; P1 6 5 &),+ % D 4 : A 2 P FG I@ ] 6 - :6 6 ; % ? & . @ = . 1 B 9 3Y T 5 I : 6 6 A 2 EFG J= P . BP 6 / 4 N6 G R 2 1 P6 A 2 P@ X 6 [ I@ . 3= . B 6 A 6 A 2 A D = X 6 / = Q W - ; H 6 = 6 I 6 H = ; . 4 @= P6 : W A 2 I@ C b . @ ; 6@ T G - 5 5 . @ 5 = I@ 3 3 8 . 1 F A = 5= F K P . P 9 56 5 3 2 @ &+! B / 16 "## Z . = )' % 6 c P .
  • 74. ? !* ? H Q G < :R6 % , % 4 4 P@ A 2 C b B 6 3 :6 6 . I @ 6 I > J 566 : % . T 3 R = 6 . & . 4 @ MP3 6 > 3 R = 26 136 - M @ 5 . . R = <@ 6 R = A 3 R = H 8 E . " . X 6 [ I@ ; I@ L 6 6 . A 2 I L Z 6 P@ :R= 4 3 = A 2 5 65 N ; 16 Q = Q L - 4 H = 6 / = 6 6 @ 6 8 M ^ 3 ; J 5 56 B 8 4 I 5 8 4 L . : G= > = ; T F : % . A 2 4 6 Q = V2 . & . 3 2 6 5 I 4 . . T F H 8 3 6 M 6 5 b A 2 K 64 : = . 6 K 16 . > . A 2 5 G I@ F V6 B / . X . 2 T 6 X 6 [ A 2 I@ @ 5 .
  • 75. ? )# ? . I@ V6 EF: I 8 I M P 63 . :R6 &# % > 5 6 I@ 5 3 S : 6 I@ 6 > ^ T F : % . > 5 6 B / Z -MP3 A P ; ` V2 J 3 > 5 6 I4 C 6 MP3 4 3 > 5 6 I@ : 2= J . & . > 5 6 T > 2= P@ B 2 J W6 J . . C ; 5 > 5 6 5 / 9 5 T F 9 5 E A 6 B MP3 > 2= . " . 2 48 4 ` = . 2 IG 3 2 T F5 :R6 P6 "flat plates" @ 5 T 6 Q A 2 J= - X 6 [ P6 @ H = K = ; 5 C : J 1 > 8 5 . 4 FG % S I@ 5 3 4 A 2 3 P@ 5 &# % I@ < @ B 2 4 A 2 EFG :6 P6 6 :6 6 6 .
  • 76. ? )% ? H Q @( & `D 6 '),+ % P D ` T 6 6 Q A 2 L - : M 6 5 G Q P FG B / P616 A 2 > J M 6 P 6 D . M 6 4 : N 6 L [ : D - V3 > 2= : A . J B > J I@ :3 F G M 6 4 I@ ; / = 8 M 6 :3 . 6 Q A 2 > J :R6 4 2 6 < T 6 6 M 6 G= T / : C 6 : . R FG '),+ % M 6 6 Q A 2 B / Z 4 6 > 4 A 2 : % . I@ L 5 3 B l 1 > D M 6 6 B A 2 ; 4 . & . 6 ; . @ A X 6 [ . . 9 D > > F M 8 I@ N6 M 6 B ; P A 6 6 / M 8 T 6 6 B ; P . " . @ @ X 6 [ P 5 I@ ; . W T F5 4 * , % P@ I M N6 6 A 2 4 ; M ^ 26 . = A 2 ; 2 G 26 @ %# % - : 6 / 5 66 M 8 I@ : 2 . J - 5 6 ; 6 A 36 ; A 6 4 16 V6 J : 5 @ B6 U .
  • 77. ? )& ? 6 ^ M 8 EFG I@ A 6 > = A 2 : % . FG I@ @ 5 3 4 @ 6 . & . P > I 1 M T 6 I@ 3 . . N 2 S I@ 1 P63 = S 1 I 1 4 B 6 I6 B > ; B / Z . " . 5 3 = P 5 6 B / X 6 6 . 6 4 FG 4 -A 2 H M 6 M 1 I@ 5 6 < I@ [ 65 A 6 - " 3 " M A I `D G 5 . Q/ -N6 P 6 M ; J < T / H :6 @ P M A 2 H Q :6 P . P6 6 A 2 W R 4 B N6 6 I@ 6 : < B 8 I I@ `D G 5 N6 ;C 15 . 5 3 N6 6 > = 1 5 R - G J I@ : G 6 2 6 : b@ " 2 5 3 " : 6 `< 2 = C . 6 > ^ 6 M 6 4 > = A 2 6 : % . 6 Q 4 A 2 V2 . & . A 2 I@ 4 . . @ 6 M 6 > 6 S 16 9 56 . " . 5 EFG I@ A 2 H @ . ! . 6 B > 4 .
  • 79. ? )" ? 2 : 6 6 . ) H Q @( ( *& N % 6 76 N % K " N & 6 & @ :R= > , % . 4 T 6 6 A 2 G A 26 I @ 8 ; b ; F . 3= : @ I I@ `D G 5 . a = )+ % @ 4 = > 5 6 ; [ P 4 N 9 2 E 5 3 > 5 6 C : 6 5 B 6 6 I 2 . 9 2 / : G= N6 A M ; B A 2 6 6 I 5 3 .
  • 80. ? )! ? :R6 )+ % T 6 6 Q A 2 :6 6 A A 6 P = - 1 A 2 A4 C 6 % T G @ 4 a & ? 2 R@ I@ : J K 66 4 16 A M . :R6 D = B 8 6 6 6 2 R@ 3 >5 6 I6 C P R@ P : 6 I 5 - `D G 5 ) C 2 [ &##) ( P@ :R6 &),+ % @ R 6 6 A 2 A A@ A 36 T F : B . 36 5 ! , % A 2 @= R ; T G P 6 8 6 I@ 3 B > I@ ; 8 - L 4 6 6 B = I@ 5 4 > 5= *) % ; EFG > = B / L I@ 4 = K 16 FG = L -; 8 I@ 516 B L B / ; E ; 8 P1 @ 6 > = . I@ ; @ A 2 T 6 > ] 6 4 &! % ? # .% R@ I@ : G= 5 6 R@ ; B 6 4 FG `D G 5 C 4 : 6 2 I . 3= 4 FG '# % = A 2 2 A > > T F :D H 3 R 2 C 6 . 3 > 5 6 B 53 > J A 2 3= 4 I @ 5 66 :
  • 81. ? )) ? % . " 5 9 D " 63 ; 6@ I@ C C . & . @ 5 5 C . . A P2 53 . " . > 6 53 . I6 15 ; > ] 2[ 53 EFG A 6 6 26 B / A 2 R I@ . B 4[ > = 6 I@ > = ; I 3 C 3 I 6 : ) " ? " :( 3 B 2 > = " M % N & 6 & N6 @ 6 ) % A16 &' % 6 1 K 64Q %+ % C 63 2@ I@ _ N6 B / %# % C & % H = + %
  • 82. ? )+ ? 2 : < C 2 [ ; . ) H Q @@ ( 8 3 N % " N N
  • 83. ? )' ? ) " ? ! :( I6 5 6 6 I 3 P I@ 5 1< & " & & " 1< &&,' P &&,% C P %+,* 1 %+,' C 4 %+, %),# %!,' j % , %#,+ M 1 ',% T 5 +,& ",+ 2 : ; 8 P1 - C 2 [ ; < . H Q @@ % E 3 ; B / 3 2 S 66 M 6 VD 5 - 3 A X 6 [ C W 5F 4 E 4 I@ '*' m 6 ; P 6 I@ " / / &##' C 1 / 4 B D K D / 5 B ) 12 (
  • 84. ? )* ? A P ; : 8 B ; 6 4 4 3 6 2 I A 2 G 6 I6 5 3 EFG G= : % . > 8 2 @ W X 3 6 2 ; 6 J 1 . & . 6 MP 6 Q I6 D1 ; F 2 8 12 2 D > M : = . ; G W 4 ; F / > . C 3 . @ P 2 D 3 . . V2 ` 8 I@ MP3 5 ; ; L - 3 > 5 6 B / T F Z / MP3 A : 4 . D = R R65 ` 8 ` W5 M< 5 2 48 4 P . " . 6 I@ 6 H 8 ; : 8 P 16 = E . ! . A 6 H @ 6 @ P - H 3 C J I 8 . ) . 3 GW H @ 5 6 : 6 Q 2 M . + . F 2 3 ; 5 C I@ ; ;C 15 .
  • 85. ? +# ? 36 I@ A 2 :6 = I6 64Q G= 2 A I 3 : % . B 4 R = 6 ; ; C / I A 26 8 P 12 6 6 I6 A 2 . & . / L - 3 I M 2 C / B ; F C 3 ; S P 12 P 8 . . 3 AD 6 6 I6 1P D S1 . " . >< D 3 C 1 / . ! . P 3 GW 6 P ^ 6 F @ 6 . T G IG 8 I@ 3 < 6 : % . < V B 6 I6 C . & . < :5 C . . 5 <@ 6 . L : 6 6 E 6 V <@ 6 6 6 I6 5 > J 6 5 T F C 63 2@ I@ 3 > J I@ E 6 6 I 3 @ - 5 J I 3 . C :5 V IG 3 @ 5 . 6 < B 8 M 1 / P 6 I :R 1 6 E :
  • 86. ? +% ? ) " ? ) :( M 1 / P E 6 < B 8 K 3 J " M ) & 1 ( 5 <@ 6 %#)&"'# V )'"!)' C :5 #!%#* I 3 &&%)%% 2 : C 2 [ ; < ; 8 P1 &##) . 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 (@2H I J5 2> /4= 8 5 6) L9 H 4M 5 /= N : H 5 6 /= 4OP 6 @Q RS /U2V ?W1 J; U2X 5 6 Y2ZS [2> ]^ 5 6 Y2ZS B: 4_ 5 6 Y2Z: 5 6 ) H Q @' ( = <@ 6 @ P L B 8 6 6 6 5 > T F : 5 6 8 1 56 K 16 . 6 6 6 V R b@ 5 <@ 6 6 F/ F E 6 I@ 6 < G8 B 8 .
  • 87. ? +& ? I 6 R 6 .< 2 : ) " ? + :( 6 .< 2 0 " / K 8 L " W & * " " %!# ? %'# !! ? +! !# ? !&# 9 2 :3 ; 8 ! ? + %# ? %! :3 ? 6 Q C @ < ; 6@ B / X 6 4 P / C @ Q 5 3 T G C 63 E @ 6 I@ ] 2 I@ 5 = 1 6 Q E 2 2 B / X 6 D X 56 Q 5 B / X 6 2 S C 6 5 56 " A P2 5 3 H X 56 F 2 S D1 ; @ 6 I@ C 5 R@ A 5 I@ C 5 R@ A 5 Q A 2 > J A4 5= T 6 6 A 4 =
  • 88. ? + ? Q/ 3 4 9 2 @ 6 J B 6 > ^ T F 3 6 Q A = 5 V 6 : % . S ; I 6 - 5 I@ A P 5 I@ N6 @ 6 Z B / > B ; . & . 63 = S 1 6 926 I@ 1 P > 1 P63 B 6 I6 ; B / H = :3 9 2 4 : . . . 6 M B / H = 6 I@ V 6 ; V @ D/ @ 6 B / C 8 ; 12 . " . 21 4 8 A I@ 6 Q 6 5 / / . ! . 5 / 6 6 I6 I@ B6 V 6 3 . ) . 2 1 5 5 4 V 2 1 5 - 3 C [ 3 ; J 2 a 26 61 ' ? %# Q/ - 2 S P 16 2 9 56 > 66 D1 ; F V . + . 2 I@ 6 5 @ F M 6 A < 3 . ' . B / = 16 I 6 : 5 6 ` B 5 X / .
  • 92. ? ++ ? % ) @ ( Address Position Name Tel: 5560113 Fax: 5560288 P.O. Box: 1408 Amman 11941 Jordan : mail - E jo . com . nets @ neet Ministry of Environment Senior Advisor Raouf Dabbas Tel: 4643001 Mobile: 0777 480332 Fax: 4647852 P.O. Box: 1800 Amman 11941 Jordan : mail - E jo . org . aci @ manager _ smes Director of SMEs Department at Amman Chamber of Industry Fadel Labadi Tel: 5803060 Fax: 5865714 P.O. Box: 140027 Amman Jordan jo . gov . memr @ renewable d : Email Director of Alternative Energy and Energy Efficiency Department/ Ministry of Energy & Mineral Resources Jebril Ziad Tel: 5803060 Fax: 5865714 P.O. Box: 140027 Amman Jordan The Higher Council for Science and Technology Isam Mustafa Tel: 962-6-5344701 Fax: 962-6-5338043 Mobile: 079-5255213 P.O. Box: 1945 Amman 11941 Jordan E-mail: s.jaber@nerc.gov.jo Rational Use of Energy & Solar Thermal Division Samar Jaber
  • 93. ? +' ? % ) ' ( 6 Q 4 " # ! " ! & #% R@ ............................................... #& / P ............................................ : 6 Q < 6 m 6 : / / &##+ M4 : M 4 6 m 6 : / / &##+ p 1 : g 16 m 6 : / / &##+ %- Z X! & E U; & 7! & "] Z X N & W %J 'H @GA( O
  • 94. ? +* ? E 6 : " & E E L 0 " ^ % . % ( : % ( 5F & ( B = & ( 6 Q % ( X 6 & ( > = ( M " ( = ( I 6 H 6 % ( M 6 J & ( I = ( " ( I< 6 ! ( / ) ( I : + ( ' ( : * ( %# (
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  • 100. ? '! ? & ( I 3 36 A 36 T6 64 = ( 5 % ( & ( ( 2 8 % ( & (
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