Understanding Threads in Operating Systems
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The document discusses threads at the kernel and user level. It describes threads as the basic unit of CPU utilization consisting of a program counter, register set, and stack space. Threads share code, data, and operating system resources with other threads in a process. The document compares single-threaded and multi-threaded processes and models including one-to-one, many-to-one, and many-to-many. It provides details on thread support in Solaris 2, including lightweight processes (LWPs), and basic thread management.
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Understanding Threads in Operating Systems
- 2. Hilos2 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos Concepto Beneficios Hilos a nivel kérnel y a nivel usuario Modelos multihilos Hilos de Solaris 2 Hilos de Java
- 3. Hilos3 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos Un hilo (o proceso ligero) es una unidad básica de utilización del CPU; consiste de: • Contador de programa • Conjunto de registros • Espacio de stack
- 4. Hilos4 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos Un hilo comparte con sus hilos pares: • Sección de código • Sección de datos • Recursos del sistema operativo • En conjunto se les conoce como tarea Un proceso tradicional o pesado, es igual a una tarea con un hilo.
- 5. Hilos5 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. un proceso un hilo varios procesos un hilo por proceso varios procesos varios hilos por proceso un proceso varios hilos Hilos y procesos
- 6. Hilos6 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Código Datos Archivos Código Datos Archivos Hilo Hilos Mono-hilo Multi-hilo Procesos con un solo hilo y con múltiples hilos
- 7. Hilos7 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Bloque de control del hilo Stack del usuario Stack del usuario Stack del kernel Stack del Kernel Espacio de direcciones del usuario Espacio de direcciones del usuario Bloque de control del proceso Bloque de control del proceso Hilo Modelo de proceso de un solo hilo Modelo de proceso multihilos Bloque de control del hilo Stack del usuario Stack del kernel Hilo Bloque de control del hilo Stack del usuario Stack del kernel Hilo Modelos de procesos de un solo hilo y de muchos hilos
- 8. Hilos8 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Multihilo Sistema operativo que mantiene varios hilos de ejecución dentro de un mismo proceso. MS-DOS soporta un solo hilo. UNIX soporta múltiples procesos de usuarios, pero sólo un hilo por proceso. Windows 2000, Solaris, Linux, Mac OS, OS/2 soportan múltiples hilos.
- 9. Hilos9 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos En una tarea donde hay múltiples hilos, mientras un hilo servidor está bloqueado y esperando, otro hilo en la misma tarea puede ejecutarse. • Cooperación de múltiples hilos en la misma tarea aumenta la tasa de trabajos por unidad tiempo y mejora el rendimiento. • Aplicaciones que requieren compartir un buffer común (productor-consumidor) sacan provecho de la utilización de hilos.
- 10. Hilos10 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos Los hilos proveen un mecanismo que permiten a procesos secuenciales hacer llamadas bloqueantes mientras otros en paralelo ejecutan otras operaciones.
- 11. Hilos11 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Beneficios Compartición de recursos Economía Utilización de arquitecturas de múltiples procesadores
- 12. Hilos12 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos a nivel usuario El manejo de los hilos lo hace una librería de hilos a nivel usuario Ejemplos - Hilos POSIX - Mach C-threads - Hilos de Solaris
- 13. Hilos13 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos a nivel usuario (un CPU con dos núcleos) Nivel kérnel (sistema operativo) Nivel usuario Proceso de usuario gestiona y planifica los múltiples hilos Core CoreCPU Hardware Planificador del SO
- 14. Hilos14 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Ventajas de los hilos a nivel usuario Los hilos podían implementarse en las aplicaciones que se ejecutaban en sistemas operativos que no son capaces de planificar hilos • Ejemplo: Primeras implementaciones de UNIX
- 15. Hilos15 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Desventajas de los hilos a nivel usuario El planificador del sistema operativo solo ve un hilo por proceso No ve los hilos a nivel usuario Usa un solo núcleo del procesador en un procesador que tiene más de un núcleo No puede distribuir los hilos a nivel el usuario en los dos núcleos
- 16. Hilos16 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos a nivel kérnel Soportados por el kérnel Ejemplos • Windows 95/98/NT • Solaris • Linux • Mac OS
- 17. Hilos17 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos a nivel kernel (con un CPU con un solo núcleo) Nivel kérnel (sistema operativo) Nivel usuario CoreCPU Hardware Planificador del SO
- 18. Hilos18 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos a nivel kernel (con un CPU con doble núcleo) Nivel kérnel (sistema operativo) Nivel usuario Core CoreCPU Hardware Planificador del SO
- 19. Hilos19 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Ventajas de los hilos a nivel kérnel El proceso de usuario no se tiene que encargar de la planificación de los hilos Si tenemos un procesador con más de un núcelo, el Sistema operativo puede planificar los hilos en diferentes núcleos
- 20. Hilos20 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Modelos multihilos Muchos a uno Uno a uno Muchos a muchos
- 21. Hilos21 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Muchos a uno Muchos hilos a nivel usuario mapeados a un hilo a nivel kérnel. Usado en sistemas que no soportan hilos a nivel kérnel.
- 22. Hilos22 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Modelo muchos a uno kk
- 23. Hilos23 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. EjecuciónListo Listo Relaciones entre estados de ULTs y estados de procesos Ejecución Bloqueado Bloqueado Listo Ejecución Bloqueado Hilo 1 Hilo 2 Proceso B Kernel Usuario
- 24. Hilos24 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Uno a uno Cada hilo a nivel usuario corresponde a un hilo del kérnel. Ejemplos: - Windows 95/98/NT - OS/2
- 25. Hilos25 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Modelo uno a uno kk kk kk kk Hilo a nivel usuario Hilo a nivel kérnel
- 26. Hilos26 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Modelo muchos a muchos kk kkkk Hilo a nivel usuario Hilo a nivel kérnel
- 27. Hilos27 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Soporte de hilos en Solaris 2 Solaris 2 es una versión de UNIX con soporte para hilos a nivel kernel y a nivel usuario, procesamiento simétrico y planificación en tiempo real.
- 28. Hilos28 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Soporte de hilos en Solaris 2 LWP – Nivel intermedio entre los hilos a nivel kernel y los hilos a nivel usuario.
- 29. Hilos29 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos en Solaris 2. Recursos necesarios para los tipos de hilos Hilos del kernel • Estructura de datos pequeña y un stack • El intercambio de hilos no requiere cambiar la información del acceso a memoria • Cambios de hilos relativamente rápidos
- 30. Hilos30 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos en Solaris 2. Recursos necesarios para los tipos de hilos LWP • PCB con datos de los registros • Información sobre la memoria • El intercambio entre LWP es relativamente lento
- 31. Hilos31 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos en Solaris 2. Recursos necesarios para los tipos de hilos Hilos a nivel usuario • Solo requiere un stack y un contador de programa • No involucrar al kernel significa un intercambio rápido • El kernel solo ve los LWP que soporta los hilos a nivel usuario
- 32. Hilos32 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Usuario Núcleo Hardware Biblioteca de hilos Hilo a nivel de usuario Hilo del núcleo Proceso ligero Procesador LL L LL L L L L L P P P P P P Proceso 1 Proceso 2 Proceso 3 Proceso 4 Proceso 5 Ejemplo de la arquitectura multihilo de Solaris
- 33. Hilos33 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Gestión de hilos básica Un hilo tiene : • Un identificador (ID) • Una pila • Una prioridad de ejecución • Una dirección de inicio de ejecución.
- 34. Hilos34 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Gestión de hilos básica (POSIX) Se dice que un hilo es dinámico si se puede crear en cualquier instante durante la ejecución. En POSIX : • los hilos se crean dinámicamente con la función pthread_create. • pthread_exit termina el hilo que la invoca.
- 35. Hilos35 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Gestión de hilos básica (POSIX), ejemplo: Programa que crea un hilo donde muestra el mensaje “Hola Mundo” Para compilar el programa : • $ cc -D_REENTRANT thread2.c -o thread2 -lpthread
- 36. Hilos36 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. int main() { pthread_create(a_thread,funcion_hilo); pthread_join(a_thread); } funcion_hilo() { … } Crea un hilo nuevo Espera a que termine el hilo creado Hilo principal Hilo creado con la llamada pthread_create
- 37. Hilos37 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Gestión de hilos básica (POSIX) Pthread_join() • Hilo que ejecuta pthread_join, espera a que termine otro hilo El hilo principal debe esperar a que terminen todos los hilos creados • Si el hilo principal no espera a que terminen los hilos creados, al terminar termina el proceso con todos los hilos.
- 38. Hilos38 Copyright © 2006, Intel Corporation. All rights reserved. Sistemas Operativos Intel and the Intel logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of Intel Corporation or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. *Other brands and names are the property of their respective owners. Hilos en memoria Código (compartido) Datos (compartidos) Int cont=0 (var. Global) Stack (de cada hilo) Int i (var local) Stack (de cada hilo) Int i (var local)
Editor's Notes
- #include <pthread.h> int pthread_create(pthread_t *tid, const pthread_attr_t *attr, void *(*start_routine)(void *), void *arg); pthread_create crea un hilo y lo coloca en la cola de hilos. tid apunta al ID del hilo que se crea. Los atributos del hilo se encapsulan en el objeto atributo al que apunta attr si este es null, el nuevo hilo tendrá los atributos por omisión. start_routine, es el nombre de una rutina a la que el hilo invoca. El parámetro que se le especifica a start_routine es arg. #include <pthread.h> void pthread_exit(void *value_ptr); La función pthread_exit termina el hilo que la invoca. El valor del parámetro value_ptr queda disponible para pthread_join.
- #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> void *thread_function(void *arg); char message[] = "Hola mundo"; int main() { int res; pthread_t a_thread; void *thread_result; /* Aquí se crea el hilo */ res = pthread_create(&a_thread, NULL, thread_function, (void *)message); if (res != 0) { perror("Thread creation failed"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Esperando que el hilo termine...\n"); res = pthread_join(a_thread, &thread_result); if (res != 0) { perror("La unión del hilo ha fallado"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Hilo unido, regresó %s\n", (char *)thread_result); printf("El mensaje es %s\n", message); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } void *thread_function(void *arg) { printf("la función del hilo está corriendo. El Argumento fué %s\n", (char *) arg); sleep(3); strcpy(message, "Adios!"); pthread_exit("Gracias por el tiempo del CPU"); }
- #include <stdio.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <pthread.h> // Definen funciones para manejo de hilos void *thread_function(void *arg); // Función donde inicia el hilo int cont=0; // Es la misma para ambos hilos // Global está en el segmento de datos int main() { // Definición de variables int res; pthread_t a_thread; // Identificador del hilo void *thread_result; int i; // Es local, por lo tanto está en el segmento de stack de cada hilo /* Aquí se crea el hilo */ res = pthread_create(&a_thread, NULL, thread_function,NULL); if (res != 0) { perror("Thread creation failed"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // Hilo principal for(i=1;i<=10;i++) { printf("%d\n",i); cont++; printf("Hilo principal dice cont=%d\n",cont); sleep(1); } printf("Esperando que el hilo termine...\n"); // Esperar a que termine el hilo cuyo identificador es a_thread res = pthread_join(a_thread, &thread_result); if (res != 0) { perror("La unión del hilo ha fallado"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } printf("Hilo unido, regresó %s\n", (char *)thread_result); exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } // Función donde inicia la ejecución el hilo secundario void *thread_function(void *arg) { int i; // Es local, por lo tanto está en el segmento de stack de cada hilo for(i=10;i>0;i--) { printf("%d\n",i); printf("Hilo secundario dice cont=%d\n",cont); sleep(1); } pthread_exit("Gracias por el tiempo del CPU"); }