Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II focuses on the themes of power and suffering. It depicts the historical events surrounding King Edward II of England and his favorite courtier Piers Gaveston. The play follows Edward II's reign and his struggles against the barons led by Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and Edward's wife Isabella, who oppose Edward's favoritism towards Gaveston. It explores the tensions between the monarchy and nobility as well as between the church and state.
During Queen Elizabeth I's rule of England from 1558 to 1603 (the Elizabethan Age), England became stronger in the following ways:
1) Queen Elizabeth I was a talented and strong ruler who effectively managed both the government and military to bring stability and prosperity to England.
2) The laws and government were strictly managed but power was distributed, not centralized under the Queen alone, giving the people more freedom and opportunity.
3) England developed a strong military with modern weapons and required military training, deterring enemies and increasing the chances of winning wars.
The document summarizes the Anglo-Saxon period in Britain from 410 AD to 1066 AD. It describes how Germanic tribes from Anglen and Saxony settled in Britain following the withdrawal of Roman armies. These settlers established small kingdoms and replaced Roman structures with wooden buildings. Christianity also spread during this time. The period lasted over 600 years and saw shifting political landscapes, with Wessex emerging as the dominant kingdom following Viking invasions. Anglo-Saxon rule ended with the Norman conquest after the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
American Romanticism between 1800-1860 valued feeling and intuition over reason, placing faith in inner experience and the imagination. It championed individual freedom and found beauty in nature, exotic locales, mythology, and the imagination. While some American Romantics had a more optimistic vision, others like Poe, Hawthorne, and Irving examined humanity's darker aspects through narratives of criminals, insanity, evil, terror and grief.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of life during the Elizabethan period in England, when Queen Elizabeth I ruled from 1558 to 1603. It describes the Elizabethan era as a golden age and renaissance, during which England experienced economic prosperity and national pride. Key facts covered include Elizabeth I becoming queen after Mary I, the influence of theater and playwrights like Shakespeare, greater freedoms and education for women than elsewhere in Europe, scientific advances in areas like navigation, and the religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics under Elizabeth's Protestant rule.
The document provides an overview of key developments during the Renaissance period in Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. It discusses how the Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and individualism. Specifically, it summarizes how the printing press allowed for wider dissemination of books and ideas; how vernacular languages like English, French, and Spanish developed their literary traditions; and how renowned artists and writers like Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Cervantes, and others made significant cultural contributions during this time.
The document discusses several key events and developments during the Tudor period in England, including the defeat of Richard III which marked the beginning of the Tudor dynasty, the establishment of the printing press, and explorations to America and other regions. It also examines the Renaissance, humanism, influential humanist thinkers, developments in education, literature, theater, and the Protestant Reformation during this time. Major monarchs like Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I are discussed in relation to religious and political changes.
This document provides an overview of 18th century English literature during the Age of Pope from 1700-1745. It describes the intellectual and literary trends of the time, including the emphasis on rationalism and classicism in the works of writers like Pope, Swift, Johnson, and others. The document also gives biographical overviews of some of the major literary figures from the period, such as Pope, Defoe, and Swift, and discusses their most prominent works.
Christopher Marlowe's play Edward II focuses on the themes of power and suffering. It depicts the historical events surrounding King Edward II of England and his favorite courtier Piers Gaveston. The play follows Edward II's reign and his struggles against the barons led by Thomas, Earl of Lancaster and Edward's wife Isabella, who oppose Edward's favoritism towards Gaveston. It explores the tensions between the monarchy and nobility as well as between the church and state.
During Queen Elizabeth I's rule of England from 1558 to 1603 (the Elizabethan Age), England became stronger in the following ways:
1) Queen Elizabeth I was a talented and strong ruler who effectively managed both the government and military to bring stability and prosperity to England.
2) The laws and government were strictly managed but power was distributed, not centralized under the Queen alone, giving the people more freedom and opportunity.
3) England developed a strong military with modern weapons and required military training, deterring enemies and increasing the chances of winning wars.
The document summarizes the Anglo-Saxon period in Britain from 410 AD to 1066 AD. It describes how Germanic tribes from Anglen and Saxony settled in Britain following the withdrawal of Roman armies. These settlers established small kingdoms and replaced Roman structures with wooden buildings. Christianity also spread during this time. The period lasted over 600 years and saw shifting political landscapes, with Wessex emerging as the dominant kingdom following Viking invasions. Anglo-Saxon rule ended with the Norman conquest after the Battle of Hastings in 1066.
American Romanticism between 1800-1860 valued feeling and intuition over reason, placing faith in inner experience and the imagination. It championed individual freedom and found beauty in nature, exotic locales, mythology, and the imagination. While some American Romantics had a more optimistic vision, others like Poe, Hawthorne, and Irving examined humanity's darker aspects through narratives of criminals, insanity, evil, terror and grief.
The document provides an overview of various aspects of life during the Elizabethan period in England, when Queen Elizabeth I ruled from 1558 to 1603. It describes the Elizabethan era as a golden age and renaissance, during which England experienced economic prosperity and national pride. Key facts covered include Elizabeth I becoming queen after Mary I, the influence of theater and playwrights like Shakespeare, greater freedoms and education for women than elsewhere in Europe, scientific advances in areas like navigation, and the religious tensions between Protestants and Catholics under Elizabeth's Protestant rule.
The document provides an overview of key developments during the Renaissance period in Europe from the 14th to 16th centuries. It discusses how the Renaissance sparked a rebirth of interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and individualism. Specifically, it summarizes how the printing press allowed for wider dissemination of books and ideas; how vernacular languages like English, French, and Spanish developed their literary traditions; and how renowned artists and writers like Michelangelo, Shakespeare, Cervantes, and others made significant cultural contributions during this time.
The document discusses several key events and developments during the Tudor period in England, including the defeat of Richard III which marked the beginning of the Tudor dynasty, the establishment of the printing press, and explorations to America and other regions. It also examines the Renaissance, humanism, influential humanist thinkers, developments in education, literature, theater, and the Protestant Reformation during this time. Major monarchs like Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, and Elizabeth I are discussed in relation to religious and political changes.
This document provides an overview of 18th century English literature during the Age of Pope from 1700-1745. It describes the intellectual and literary trends of the time, including the emphasis on rationalism and classicism in the works of writers like Pope, Swift, Johnson, and others. The document also gives biographical overviews of some of the major literary figures from the period, such as Pope, Defoe, and Swift, and discusses their most prominent works.
Longinus was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher in the 3rd century AD known for his literary criticism. He taught rhetoric in Athens and later advised Queen Zenobia of Palmyra before being executed as a traitor by the Romans. Longinus made important contributions as one of the first comparative critics, focusing on individual elements of texts and defining what makes a work a literary classic. His work "On the Sublime" analyzed what creates grandeur in literature and argued that great works not only please or instruct but also move and elevate readers. Longinus believed that a work becomes excellent when it has the power to sublime the reader through qualities like strength, vehemence or inspiration.
Sir Francis Bacon was an English scholar born in 1561 in London who made significant contributions to science, literature and philosophy. He attended Trinity College at Cambridge University and studied law. Bacon served as a statesman and Lord Chancellor of England, writing numerous essays and works for the government. His influential works included Essays, The New Atlantis and establishing an empirical scientific method. Bacon helped reform Aristotelian philosophy and played a key role in the Scientific Revolution by advocating for a more practical, evidence-based approach to science.
Walter Scott (1771-1832) was a Scottish novelist and poet who is considered the inventor of the historical novel. He was born in Edinburgh and developed a love of Scottish history from his mother, who would tell him stories that stirred his enthusiasm. Some of his most famous works include the Waverly series, Ivanhoe, and Rob Roy. Scott is credited with creating the genre of the historical novel by combining elements of regional speech, settings, character development, and romantic themes treated in a realistic manner. His novels played a role in rehabilitating perceptions of Scottish culture.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
This document provides an overview of women's literature in post-Civil War America from 1870-1910. It discusses how women's voices emerged as new and important following the Civil War, expansion of the country, and growth of industry. However, women were still expected to take a passive role according to etiquette books of the time. Those who asserted themselves were seen as "hysterical." The movement for women's suffrage reemerged and women grew impatient for more voice in public life. Breakthrough women writers like Kate Chopin, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Edith Wharton fought against these expectations through their writing and activism, criticizing the stifling roles of women and society of the time. Their
This document provides an overview of John Wycliffe and the Lollard movement in the late Middle Ages:
- John Wycliffe was an English theologian and reformer in the late 14th century who criticized the papacy and felt all Christians should have access to the Bible in their own language. He oversaw the first complete translation of the Bible into English.
- His followers, known as Lollards, circulated his teachings and a set of "Lollard Conclusions" criticizing the wealth and corruption of the Church. They translated and spread the Bible in English.
- The Lollards were a significant heretical group in England before the Protestant Reformation that rejected certain Catholic
This document summarizes English prose writing during the Age of Shakespeare. It discusses how translators introduced new genres from other countries. John Lyly was an important early prose writer known for his works Euphues and Euphues and his England, which helped establish the "euphuistic" style using balanced phrases and alliteration. Other prominent prose writers mentioned include Lodge, Greene, Sidney, Bacon, and Nash. Bacon's Essays were influenced by Montaigne and focused on conducting life through insight and concise expression. The document also notes several other important prose works from the time period.
The document outlines a "Battle of the Books" program where students will form teams to read award-winning books. Throughout the school year, the librarian will provide opportunities for discussion and tracking reading details. In February, student teams will compete in a battle testing their knowledge of the books. The winning teams will advance through the competition with an overall winner for each grade level. The document also provides timelines, book lists, discussion topics, and accommodation suggestions for the program.
This document outlines major historical periods and events in English history from 1100-1800 AD. It discusses the Renaissance period from 1500-1660 which saw the Elizabethan, Jacobean and Caroline periods. Key events included the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The 17th century saw civil war and the Commonwealth/Protectorate period led by Cromwell. The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 began the Restoration period and Augustan age which saw the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The 18th century was the Age of Sensibility and saw the beginnings of Britain's global empire.
Literary Movements in English Literature - Part Islinne
This document provides an overview of English literature from the Anglo-Saxon period through the early 17th century. It summarizes the historical context, genres, and key examples of literature for each time period. Some of the notable works mentioned include Beowulf from the Anglo-Saxon period, Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales from the Middle English period, and William Shakespeare's plays from the 16th century Elizabethan period.
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement of the 19th century characterized by five "I"s: imagination, intuition, idealism, inspiration, and individuality. It emphasized emotion, subjectivity, and the individual over reason. Romantic artists and writers celebrated nature, medieval chivalry, and the individual spirit. The movement began as a reaction against order and restraint of the prior Neoclassical period, influencing literature, visual arts, and music through more emotional and imaginative expression.
Aristotle's Poetics is considered the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first systematic treatise on literary criticism. In it, Aristotle defines poetry as a means of mimesis or imitation through language, rhythm, and harmony. He discusses different types of poetry like tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry. For tragedy specifically, Aristotle says the objects imitated are serious actions, the manner is dramatic rather than narrative, and the medium is verse spoken in dialogue. He provides key terms used in tragedy like hamartia, anagnorisis, peripeteia, and katharsis. Aristotle also outlines critical elements of plot and structure for a successful tragedy, including unity of action, completeness, magnitude, and eliciting
Mary Shelley died in her sleep at the age of 54 on February 1, 1851 in London, where she had been living. It is believed the cause of her death was a brain tumor. She was a self-educated writer influenced by famous intellectual friends of her father like Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and published her first poem at age 10 before writing various works throughout her life. Her final resting place is in Saint Peter's Churchyard in Bournemouth, Dorset, England.
These slides are for a discussion of Camus' "The Myth of Sisyphus" in an Introduction to Philosophy course at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. There are three animated gifs embedded in it, which may not play correctly here. This is most of the slides--there may be one or two more later.
The document provides an overview of literature from the Puritan age in England from 1603-1660. Some key aspects summarized are:
- Writers followed Renaissance thinkers like Newton and Bacon, popularizing science and criticism. English was used more for instruction.
- Major works included John Milton's Paradise Lost about the casting out of angels from heaven and their plans for revenge in hell. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress was also influential.
- Poetry included the Metaphysical poets like John Donne who used complicated symbols, and Cavalier poets who followed Ben Jonson with pseudo-classical styles. Theater declined without the Elizabethan spirit.
This document provides an overview of literature during the English Renaissance period. It discusses the key characteristics of Renaissance literature, including an emphasis on humanism. It examines the developments in drama, poetry, and prose during this time. Specifically, it outlines the achievements of famous Renaissance dramatists like Shakespeare and Marlowe, poets like Sidney and Spenser, and prose writers such as Lyly. It also provides brief biographies of some of the major literary figures of the period.
George Bernard Shaw was one of Britain's most famous and controversial playwrights. Born in Dublin in 1856, his most famous play was Pygmalion, about a cockney girl who learns to pass as a lady, which was later adapted into the musical My Fair Lady. Shaw helped found the Fabian Society and supported causes like socialism and spelling reform. He wrote many plays that critiqued contemporary social issues using satire and became renowned as an innovative dramatist who revolutionized English theater.
On the Sublime (Greek: Περì Ὕψους Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-era Greek work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown, but is conventionally referred to as Longinus (/lɒnˈdʒaɪnəs/; Ancient Greek: Λογγῖνος Longĩnos) or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.
18th century English poetry was dominated by Alexander Pope and was characterized by rational thought and practical subjects over emotion. Pope's poetry set the standard technically with its perfect meter and rhyme schemes. His verses explored philosophical questions about the relationship between the individual and society through satire and political commentary. Pope encouraged using reason to understand humanity and nature rather than blind feelings or ambition.
The Realistic Period in American literature occurred between 1865-1900. This period saw major social and technological changes including the end of the Civil War, the rise of industry, and the closing of the frontier. Major authors included Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Theodore Dreiser. Their works explored themes of adjusting to new realities in America and took a more critical view of American life. Literary movements during this time included Local Color Writing, Historical Novels, Pragmatism, and Naturalism.
Longinus was a Greek rhetorician and philosopher in the 3rd century AD known for his literary criticism. He taught rhetoric in Athens and later advised Queen Zenobia of Palmyra before being executed as a traitor by the Romans. Longinus made important contributions as one of the first comparative critics, focusing on individual elements of texts and defining what makes a work a literary classic. His work "On the Sublime" analyzed what creates grandeur in literature and argued that great works not only please or instruct but also move and elevate readers. Longinus believed that a work becomes excellent when it has the power to sublime the reader through qualities like strength, vehemence or inspiration.
Sir Francis Bacon was an English scholar born in 1561 in London who made significant contributions to science, literature and philosophy. He attended Trinity College at Cambridge University and studied law. Bacon served as a statesman and Lord Chancellor of England, writing numerous essays and works for the government. His influential works included Essays, The New Atlantis and establishing an empirical scientific method. Bacon helped reform Aristotelian philosophy and played a key role in the Scientific Revolution by advocating for a more practical, evidence-based approach to science.
Walter Scott (1771-1832) was a Scottish novelist and poet who is considered the inventor of the historical novel. He was born in Edinburgh and developed a love of Scottish history from his mother, who would tell him stories that stirred his enthusiasm. Some of his most famous works include the Waverly series, Ivanhoe, and Rob Roy. Scott is credited with creating the genre of the historical novel by combining elements of regional speech, settings, character development, and romantic themes treated in a realistic manner. His novels played a role in rehabilitating perceptions of Scottish culture.
The Renaissance Period began in 1485 in England with the crowning of Henry Tudor as King Henry VII, marking the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. This era saw a renewed interest in classical antiquity and humanism. Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church after the Pope refused to annul his marriage, establishing the Church of England with himself as its head. His daughter Elizabeth I was one of England's greatest rulers, restoring stability during her reign and defeating the Spanish Armada.
This document provides an overview of women's literature in post-Civil War America from 1870-1910. It discusses how women's voices emerged as new and important following the Civil War, expansion of the country, and growth of industry. However, women were still expected to take a passive role according to etiquette books of the time. Those who asserted themselves were seen as "hysterical." The movement for women's suffrage reemerged and women grew impatient for more voice in public life. Breakthrough women writers like Kate Chopin, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Edith Wharton fought against these expectations through their writing and activism, criticizing the stifling roles of women and society of the time. Their
This document provides an overview of John Wycliffe and the Lollard movement in the late Middle Ages:
- John Wycliffe was an English theologian and reformer in the late 14th century who criticized the papacy and felt all Christians should have access to the Bible in their own language. He oversaw the first complete translation of the Bible into English.
- His followers, known as Lollards, circulated his teachings and a set of "Lollard Conclusions" criticizing the wealth and corruption of the Church. They translated and spread the Bible in English.
- The Lollards were a significant heretical group in England before the Protestant Reformation that rejected certain Catholic
This document summarizes English prose writing during the Age of Shakespeare. It discusses how translators introduced new genres from other countries. John Lyly was an important early prose writer known for his works Euphues and Euphues and his England, which helped establish the "euphuistic" style using balanced phrases and alliteration. Other prominent prose writers mentioned include Lodge, Greene, Sidney, Bacon, and Nash. Bacon's Essays were influenced by Montaigne and focused on conducting life through insight and concise expression. The document also notes several other important prose works from the time period.
The document outlines a "Battle of the Books" program where students will form teams to read award-winning books. Throughout the school year, the librarian will provide opportunities for discussion and tracking reading details. In February, student teams will compete in a battle testing their knowledge of the books. The winning teams will advance through the competition with an overall winner for each grade level. The document also provides timelines, book lists, discussion topics, and accommodation suggestions for the program.
This document outlines major historical periods and events in English history from 1100-1800 AD. It discusses the Renaissance period from 1500-1660 which saw the Elizabethan, Jacobean and Caroline periods. Key events included the English Reformation under Henry VIII and the defeat of the Spanish Armada. The 17th century saw civil war and the Commonwealth/Protectorate period led by Cromwell. The Restoration of the monarchy in 1660 began the Restoration period and Augustan age which saw the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The 18th century was the Age of Sensibility and saw the beginnings of Britain's global empire.
Literary Movements in English Literature - Part Islinne
This document provides an overview of English literature from the Anglo-Saxon period through the early 17th century. It summarizes the historical context, genres, and key examples of literature for each time period. Some of the notable works mentioned include Beowulf from the Anglo-Saxon period, Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales from the Middle English period, and William Shakespeare's plays from the 16th century Elizabethan period.
Romanticism was an artistic and intellectual movement of the 19th century characterized by five "I"s: imagination, intuition, idealism, inspiration, and individuality. It emphasized emotion, subjectivity, and the individual over reason. Romantic artists and writers celebrated nature, medieval chivalry, and the individual spirit. The movement began as a reaction against order and restraint of the prior Neoclassical period, influencing literature, visual arts, and music through more emotional and imaginative expression.
Aristotle's Poetics is considered the earliest surviving work of dramatic theory and first systematic treatise on literary criticism. In it, Aristotle defines poetry as a means of mimesis or imitation through language, rhythm, and harmony. He discusses different types of poetry like tragedy, comedy, and epic poetry. For tragedy specifically, Aristotle says the objects imitated are serious actions, the manner is dramatic rather than narrative, and the medium is verse spoken in dialogue. He provides key terms used in tragedy like hamartia, anagnorisis, peripeteia, and katharsis. Aristotle also outlines critical elements of plot and structure for a successful tragedy, including unity of action, completeness, magnitude, and eliciting
Mary Shelley died in her sleep at the age of 54 on February 1, 1851 in London, where she had been living. It is believed the cause of her death was a brain tumor. She was a self-educated writer influenced by famous intellectual friends of her father like Charles Lamb and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and published her first poem at age 10 before writing various works throughout her life. Her final resting place is in Saint Peter's Churchyard in Bournemouth, Dorset, England.
These slides are for a discussion of Camus' "The Myth of Sisyphus" in an Introduction to Philosophy course at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada. There are three animated gifs embedded in it, which may not play correctly here. This is most of the slides--there may be one or two more later.
The document provides an overview of literature from the Puritan age in England from 1603-1660. Some key aspects summarized are:
- Writers followed Renaissance thinkers like Newton and Bacon, popularizing science and criticism. English was used more for instruction.
- Major works included John Milton's Paradise Lost about the casting out of angels from heaven and their plans for revenge in hell. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress was also influential.
- Poetry included the Metaphysical poets like John Donne who used complicated symbols, and Cavalier poets who followed Ben Jonson with pseudo-classical styles. Theater declined without the Elizabethan spirit.
This document provides an overview of literature during the English Renaissance period. It discusses the key characteristics of Renaissance literature, including an emphasis on humanism. It examines the developments in drama, poetry, and prose during this time. Specifically, it outlines the achievements of famous Renaissance dramatists like Shakespeare and Marlowe, poets like Sidney and Spenser, and prose writers such as Lyly. It also provides brief biographies of some of the major literary figures of the period.
George Bernard Shaw was one of Britain's most famous and controversial playwrights. Born in Dublin in 1856, his most famous play was Pygmalion, about a cockney girl who learns to pass as a lady, which was later adapted into the musical My Fair Lady. Shaw helped found the Fabian Society and supported causes like socialism and spelling reform. He wrote many plays that critiqued contemporary social issues using satire and became renowned as an innovative dramatist who revolutionized English theater.
On the Sublime (Greek: Περì Ὕψους Perì Hýpsous; Latin: De sublimitate) is a Roman-era Greek work of literary criticism dated to the 1st century AD. Its author is unknown, but is conventionally referred to as Longinus (/lɒnˈdʒaɪnəs/; Ancient Greek: Λογγῖνος Longĩnos) or Pseudo-Longinus. It is regarded as a classic work on aesthetics and the effects of good writing. The treatise highlights examples of good and bad writing from the previous millennium, focusing particularly on what may lead to the sublime.
18th century English poetry was dominated by Alexander Pope and was characterized by rational thought and practical subjects over emotion. Pope's poetry set the standard technically with its perfect meter and rhyme schemes. His verses explored philosophical questions about the relationship between the individual and society through satire and political commentary. Pope encouraged using reason to understand humanity and nature rather than blind feelings or ambition.
The Realistic Period in American literature occurred between 1865-1900. This period saw major social and technological changes including the end of the Civil War, the rise of industry, and the closing of the frontier. Major authors included Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Mark Twain, William Dean Howells, and Theodore Dreiser. Their works explored themes of adjusting to new realities in America and took a more critical view of American life. Literary movements during this time included Local Color Writing, Historical Novels, Pragmatism, and Naturalism.
Tadbir: Alisher Navoiy tavalludi tadbiri senariysiferghanasoft
Quvasoy shahar 8-maktab ona tili va adabiyot fani o'qituvchisi Hilola Soipovaning Mir Alisher Navoiy tavalludining 574 yilligiga bag’ishlab o’tkazilgan tadbir dasturi
1. Mavzu: O‘zbek xalq musiqa ijodidagi musiqa namunalarini notaga olish
Reja:
1. Kirish.
2. O'zbekistonda nota yozuvi tarixi
3. Usul.
4. Uslubiy tavsiyalar
O'zbek musiqa merosi tarixiga oid ma'lumotlarni qidirish, to'plash va notaga
yozib olib, ilmiy-nazariy o'rganish, amaliy o'zlashtirish hamda shu soha
mutaxassislariga yetkazish ishlari so'nggi yillarda sezilarli darajada jonlanib
bormoqda.
O'zbek xalqining o'z ildizlari bilan qadim qadim zamonlarga borib taqaladigan
boy musiqa merosi bizning kunlarimizda ham yangramoqda. U o'zining xalq ijodi
(ya'ni folьklor) hamda kuy tuzilishi jihatidan rivojlangan ashula va cholg'u asarlari
— dostonlar va maqom musiqasini birlashtiradi.
O'zbek musiqa folklori har qanday xalq ijodi kabi mehnatkashlarning orzu-
umidlari, ularning turmushi va axloqi, sotsial va milliy ozodlik uchun kurashning
ifodasi sifatida gavdalanadi. O'zbek xalq musiqasining mavzu jihatdan serqirraligi,
janrlarga boyligi va tuttan o'rnining hilma-xilligi ham ana shu bilan bog'liqtsir.
O'zbek qo'shiq-ashulalari va cholg'u musiqasi janrlari o'z funktsiyasi va turmushda
tutgan o'rniga muvofiq ikki guruhni tashkil etadi.
Birinchisi — ma'lum vaqt yoki ma'lum muddat sharofatidagina ijro etiladigan
ashulalar va cholg'u kuylari. Bular: oilaviy marosim qo'shiqlari, mehnat qo'shiqlari,
allalar hamda har xil tantana, tomosha kabi marosimlarda ijro etiladigan cholg'u
kuylaridir.
Ikkinchisi — istalgan vaqtda har qanday sharoitda ijro etiladigan ashula-
qo'shiq va cholg'u kuylari. Ularga: lapar, yalla, ashula, qo'shiq, cholg'u kuylari va
dostonchilik kuylari kiradi.
Har bir guruh o'ziga xos xarakterli belgilarga ega.
Masalan: ijro etilishi ma'lum vaqt yoki sharoitni taqozo qiladigan birinchi
guruh ashula-qo'shiq janrlarining mavzui muayyan marosim yoki boshqa vaziyat
bilan bog'liq bo'lib, undan deyarli chetlashmasligi bilan ajralib turadi.
Darhaqiqat, yuqori professional bilim saviyasiga ega bo'lgan ashula va raqs
ansambli rahbarlarini tarbiyalab yetishtirish, ularning bilimini oshirish, yetuk
mutaxassislik kasbini olish masalasi hozirgi kunning dolzarb muammolaridan
hisoblanadi.
Ushbu qo'llanmadan xalq musiqasi namunalari, shuningdek bastakorlar
ijodiga oid ayrim namunalar o'rin oldi. O'zbek xalq musiqasiga oid qo'lyozma —
nota to'plamlarida ijro xususiyatlarini ixtisoslashtirib, kuy va ashulalarni to'laqonli
2. aks etgirish borasida talaygina ijobiy tajriba yig'ilgan. Ammo o'quv repertuariga
mo'ljallangan, bevosita ijro xususiyatlariga yaqin keladigan nota nashrlari yetarli
emas.
O'zbekistonda nota yozuvi tarixi
IX — XII asrlar sharq musiqasi madaniyati tarixida juda boy meros
qoldirdi. Bu davrda ko'plab musiqa risolalari yaratilib, ular o'zining mazmuni va
salmog'i jihatdan jahon xalqlari musiqa nazariyasi taraqqiyotida juda katta
ahamiyatga ega bo'ldi. Sharq musiqasiga bag'ishlangan risolalardan ma'lum
bo'lishicha, olimlar nota yozuvlari yaratish ustida bir necha bor urinib ko'rganlar.
Natijada XIII asrda nota yozuvi yaratishga muvaffaq bo'lindi. Bu yozuv sistemasi
sharq olimlarining IX— XIII asrlar davomida musiqa nazariyasi ustida olib borgan
ishlarining natijasi mahsuli bo'ldi. Dastlab Abu Nasr Farobiy musiqa yozuvi
yaratishga harakat qilib ko'rdi. Bu jihatdan uning «Kitobul musiqiy al-kabir» asarida
keltirgan jadvali xarakterlidir. Bu jadvalda tovushqatorlarning turli hillari
joylashtirilgan bo'lib, ular hozirgi kunda ashulachilarning ovoz texnikasini oshirish
uchun musiqa o'quv yurtida qo'llaniladigan vokalizlarni eslatadi. Lekin Al
Farobiyning jadvali cholg'u asboblari va sozandalar mashg'ulotlari uchun
mo'ljallangan edi. Bu jadval besh qismdan iborat. Unda yigirma olti hil tovushqator
gammalari berilgan bo'lib, ularning Hobit va Soid tovushqatorlarning o'rta
pog'onalaridan boshlanadigan harakat muhtamil iboralari bilan ataladi. Muhtamil
bo'lganda tovushqator yuqoriga ham pastga ham harakat etishi mumkin. Roje'
qaytarma — harakat, Muttasil — to'xtovsiz harakat, Tafir — sakrama harakat,
Maxall — tovushqatorning biror pog'onasida ushlanib qoladigan harakat, lohiq —
yondosh tovushlarning birin-ketin keladigan vaqtdagi harakati, Mutavotir —
takroriy harakatlarni ifodalaydi. Bu harakat turli jadvaldagi tovushqatorlardan
ma'lum bo'ladi.
Shuni alohida qayd qilish kerakki, jadvaldagi tovushqator pog'onalari ud
pardalariga qo'yiladigan harflar bilan ifodalangan.
Ibn Sino Al Farobiyning musiqiy estetik qarashlarini yanada yuqori bosqichga
ko'tardi. Ibn Sino kabi ko'pgina boshqa olimlarning musiqa asarlarida nota
yozuvining boshlang'ich belgilari, ifodalari mavjud bo'lgan bilan, hali ularni nota
yozuvchi bilan tenglashtirib bo'lmasdi. Bu ishni mashhur musiqa olimi Safiuddin
Al-Urmaviy XII asr ohiriga yetkazdi. U Sharq musiqa nazariyasiga, nota yaratish
ishiga o'zining buyuk hissasini qo'shdi va notaning bir necha namunalarini ixtiro
etdi. Al-Urmaviyning nota yozuvlarini — ham ud va o'sha davrda qo'llanilgan ritm
o'lchovlari vositasi bilangina tasavvur etish mumkin. Al-Urmaviyning birinchi nota
yozuvi sistemasi harfli notatsiya edi. Olimning katta xizmati shuki, oddiy harflar,
doira usuli va sonlar vositasi bilan o'quvchilarga notatsiyani o'qish imkonini yaratib
berdi. Xullas, kuyning doira usuli orqali avval uni to'g'ri topish tovush balandligi
ifodasi bo'lgan harflar ostidagi raqamlar funktsiyasini to'g'ri aniqlash kuyni o'g'ish
uchun muhimdir. Al-Urmaviyning tabulaturasidagi ba'zi elementlar XIX asrning
3. ikkinchi yarmida olim, shoir va bast- kor Komil Xorazmiy kashf etgan tanbur nota
sistemasida ham uchrat- di. Komil Xorazmiyning notatsiyasida tovushlar balandligi
tanburning o'n sakkiz pardasiga moslab ishlangan bo'lsa Al-Urmaviyning nota
sistemasi ud soziga moslangan edi. Bu ikki sistemada nuqtalar qo'yilishida ba'zi
farqlar bo'lishiga qaramay, ikkala notatsiyada ham uch qo'shaloq nuqtalar
mavjudligi kishini hayron qoldirdi. Lekin qo'shaloq nuqtalar Al-Urmaviyda
gorizontal, Xorazmiy notasida esa vertikal joylashtirilgan.
Al-Urmaviyning nota yozuvlari sirini, ma'nosini ochishda musiqashunos olim
T.B. G'ofurbekov bu haqtsa shunday yozadi: «Sharq Sarlinosi» — nomini olgan
Urmaviy harflar, raqamlar va shunga o'xshash belgilarni o'zida mujassam etgan
tabulatura yozuvi yordamida ilk bor o'z zamonasining (XIII asr) musiqa merosiga
doir bastakor namunalarni og'zaki an'anaviy sharoitda muhrlab qolishga muyassar
bo'ldi».
Musiqashunos O. Matyoqubov ushbu tanbur yozuvining asosiy tamoyilla- rini
quyidagicha ta'riflaydi: Tanburning o'n sakkiz pardasiga ko'ra, o'n sakkiz chiziq
olinadi va ularni osti - ustiga nuqtalar qo'yiladi. Nuqtalar noxun zarblarining
mikdorini bildirib boradi. Chiziq ustidagi nuqga yuqoridan, ostidagisi esa pastdan
uriladigan zarblarni anglatadi. Ba'zan esa nuqgalarning joylashuvi ayrim ritmik
shakllarga qiyos qilina- di. Pauzalar — o (sukun) belgisi bilan beriladi. Nota yozuvi
o'ngdan chapga qarab o'qiladi... Tanbur chizig'ida Komil Xorazmiy maqomlarning
ayrim qismlarini yoza boshlagan. Uning o'g'li va shogirdi Muhammad Rasul Mirzo
(1840—?) Xorazm maqomlarini to'laligicha yozib olgan».
O'zbek xalq musiqa ijodini to'plash va notaga yozib olishda musiqashunos
olimlar V.A. Uspenskiy, Ye.E. Romanovskaya, I.A. Akbarov, N.N. Mironov, F.
Karomatov, Yu. Rajabiy, M. Yusupov nomlarini alohida qayd qilib o'tish zarurdir.
Bu o'rnida o'zbek musiqasining ustoz bilimdoni, bastakor, mashhur sozanda va
xonanda, akademik Yunus Rajabiyning xizmatlari buyukdir. U mashaqqatli mehnati
va fidoiyligi ila musiqiy boyligimizning barcha qirralarini notaga yozib olishga
muyassar bo'ldi. 1955—1959 yillarda nashr etilgan «O'zbek xalq musiqasi» (I.
Akbarov tahririda) besh jildlik to'plamlar majmuasiga kiritilgan musiqa merosimiz
avlodlar uchun ulkan xazinaga aylandi.
1959 yilda Yunus Rajabiyning tashabbusi bilan O'zbekiston radiosi qoshida
maqomchilar ansabli tashkil etildi. Ansambl ijrosida klassik (mumtoz) musiqamiz
— maqomlar keng ko'lamda to'laligicha magnit tasmasiga yozib olindi. Maqom
ansambli bilan fidoyi ishlashi natijasida Yunus Rajabiy Shashma- qomning yangi
nashrini tayyorladi. 1966—1974 yillarda oltita Shashmaqom kitobi G'ofur G'ulom
nomidagi adabiyot va san'at nashriyotida (F.M. Karomatov tahririda) chop etildi.
Mazkur kitoblarga izoh beruvchi uning «Musiqa merosimizga bir na- zar» (1978)
asari maqomlarning ijro uslublarini o'rganishda muhim qo'llanmadir.
4. Musiqiy merosimizni notaga yozib olishda ulkan hissa qo'shgan Xorazm musiqasini
yaxshi biluvchi bastkor, sozanda va xonanda, fidoyi san'at- kor Matniyoz
Yusupovning xizmatlari bebahodir. U Xorazm maqomlari, ashula va kuylari, doston
kuylari va xarflarini notaga yozib nashrdan chiqardi. Uning tomonidan yozib olingan
musiqa asarlari xalq musiqiy san'atini o'rganish ishiga qo'shilgan samarali katta
hissadir.
Musiqashunos olim maqom asarlarini amaliy va nazariy jihatdan yoritib
bergan san'atshunoslik doktori Isxoq Rajabovning tadqiqotlari sozandalar va
xonandalar uchun dasturi amal bo'lib xizmat qilmoqda.
Bo'lajak milliy ijrochilar ham musiqiy merosimiz zebi-zabarlarini, qonuniyatlarini
chuqur bilishlari, musiqiy asarlarni chuqur tahlil qila olishlari o'z ijrochiligiga tadbiq
qilishni amalda qo'llaganlaridagina kasbiy maqsadlarga erishishlari mumkin.
Shuningdek, tajribali hamda savodxon hofiz va sozandalar mavjud notalarga
ijodiy yondashgan holda og'zaki an'analarning eng ahamiyatli tomonlariny cholg'u
va ashula asarla- ri imkoniyatlaridan kelib chiqib, ijro etayotgan asarlarini turli
qo'shimcha vositalar (zarblar, bezaklar, tembrlar, surat, dinamika va h.k.) yordamida
gavdalantiradilar.
O'zbek musiqashunoslik ilmiga ulkan hissa qo'shgan, taniqli olim
san'atshunoslik doktori, professor F.M. Karomatovning yozishicha «Sharqning
ko'pgina xalqlari kabi o'zbeklar o'tmish avlodning musiqa san'atida professionalizm
eramizning birinchi asrlaridayoq vujudga keldi va asrlar davomida takomillasha
borib, ijrochilik madaniyatida ham vokal va cholg'u musiqa janrlarida ham yuksak
badiiy natijalarga erishdi. Agar professional musiqachilar bizning asrimizgacha
amalda nota yozuvini qo'llashmadi. O'zbek professional musikasining barcha
murakkab namunalari og'zaki an'anada keng tarqalib keldi. Shuning uchun ham biz
uni og'zaki an'anadagi professional musiqa deb ataymiz».
Shuningdek F. M. Karomatovning «O'zbek xalq musiqa merosi» 1—2 kitob
G'. G'ulom nomidagi Adabiyot va san'at nashriyoti. 1978—1983 y., «Узбекская
домбровая музика» T. 1962 y., «Узбекская инструментальная музыка»
(наследие) T. 1972 y., К истории записи музыкального фольклора» —
Вопросы музыкальной культуры Узбекистана. Вып. 2. T., 1969 y., «O'zbek
musiqasi tarixi» (Toshkent, O'qituv- chi, 1981 y. 57—66 b.) kitoblari o'zbek xalq
musiqasi ijodini o'rganishda muhim qo'llanma hisoblanadi.
Usul.
Usul — o'zbek xalq musiqasining eng muhim ifodaviy vositasi bo'lib, u zarbli
cholg'ular (doira, nog'ora), qayroq, safail va b.da ijro etiladi. Shu boisdan usul zarbli
cholg'ularda ijro etiladigan muayyan o'zgarmas ritm tuzilmalaridir.
Usullar vositasida qo'shiqlarga, cholg'u kuyi, raqs kuylari va raqslarga jo'r
bo'linadi. Usul odatda ikki tovush asosiga qurilgan bo'ladi. Bular «bak» va «bum»
deb ataladilar. «Bak» tovushi deyali baland bo'lib, u doiraning gardishi (chetki
5. qismi) tomon zarb berilishidan hosil bo'lsa «bum» tovushi doiraning o'rta qismiga
zarb tovushidan yuzaga keladi va u «bak» tovushiga nisbatan quyi (past) tovush
hisoblanadi. Usullarni notalar vositasida ham yozish mumkin. Buning uchun bir
chiziqli nota yozuv tizimidan foydalaniladi.
Uslubiy ko'rsatmalar
Xalq musiqalarini notalashtirish fani xalq musiqasi merosini chuqur o'rganib,
uning ijro uslublari, usul sanog'lari kuy o'lchovi, qo'shiqlarning shaklan tuzilishi va
nota qochirimlarini o'ziga xos ijro yo'llarini o'rganishdir. Bunla musiqa fol'klorini
badiiy tomonini to'g'ri tanlash ham talabaning estetik, ma'naviy zavqini va bilim
saviyasini oshiradi. Xalq kuy va qo'shiqlarini notaga yozib olish uchun eng kerakli
shart sharoit va doimiy folьklorchilik ekspeditsiyalarining o'z vaqtida tashkil etilishi
hamda maxsus ilmiy-metodik qo'llanmalar va zarur texnika asboblari xonalarini
mavjud bo'lishidir.
Xalq musiqalarini notalashtirish fanining asosiy tayanch negizlaridan biri
qog'ozga tushiriladigan asarning sifatli ijrosidir. Uni mukammal to'g'ri chiqishi
yaxshi ijro va texnik jihatdan sifatli yozib olinganligiga bog'liqdir.
Notaga yozib olingan kuy va ashulalarni amaliy o'rganish, musiqiy tahlil qilish,
ijrochi qaysi xalq cholg'u asbobini qo'llagan bo'lsa xuddi shu cholg'uning o'ziga xos
sadolanish imkoniyatini o'rganish zarur.
Talabalar notalashtirish fanini o'rganish jarayonida ovoz yozib oluvchi
texnika vositalarining turlari bilan tanishishlari va ularni bevosita boshqara olish
ko'nikmalarini egallashlari shart. Shuningdek nota osti yozuvi, ya'ni so'z bo'g'inlarini
notalar tagida qanday ifodalanishini o'rganish, fanning bosh mezonlaridan
hisoblanadi. Bundan tashqari doira usullari, takt sanog'lariga, o'zgaruvchan sur'at va
usullarga alohida e'tibor berish kerak. Ushbu shartlarga o'quv jarayonida qat'iy rioya
qilishni talabalardan doimo talab qilib turish kerak.
Bu borada o'qituvchi va talaba tomonidan notalashtirilgan kuy, qo'shiq va
ashulalarni diqqat bilan tekshirib, ijro etib turishlari maqsadga muvofiqdir.
Tabiiyki notaga yozib olingan kuy, qo'shiq va ashulalarning musiqiy tahlili ishning
sifat darajasini belgilaydi. Ular quyidagicha ifodalanadi:
— kuy, qo'shiq va ashulalarning janr xususiyatlari;
— musiqiy asarlarning mazmun jihatdan tavsifnomasi;
— notaga yozib olingan asarlarning usul va o'lchov xususiyatlari;
— musiqiy asarlarning ohang yo'nalishi bo'yicha lad xususiyatlari;
— kuy, qo'shiq va ashulalarning hududiy ijro uslublari.