Plant and animal source of drugs

1. SOURCES OF DRUGS

2. SOURCES OF DRUGS
1) NATURAL
a) Plants
Oldest source of drugs used empirically
Leaves, seeds, flowers, roots, bark etc
Problems:
Identification of plant
Climatic and social conditions of area
Season of collection
Condition of storage
cont.

3.  Standardization of active principle
 Purity of active ingredient
 Maintenance of supply line
 Active principle is synthesized after
detection
e.g. morphine, codeine, digitalis, quinine,
atropine, reserpine and pilocarpine

4. VARIOUS FORMS OF PLANT DRUG
 Extract, infusions, decoction,
powders etc
 Chemicals (alkaloids, glycosides, oil,
resins, tannins, gums etc.) isolated from
different forms are used for humans
and animals, c/d active principles

5. b) Animals
 Modern drugs
 Active principles are proteins, oil and
fats, enzymes and hormones
 e.g. gonadotropins, heparin, insulin,
thyroid extract and enzymes

6. c) Microorganisms
 Antibiotics derived = fungi and
bacteria after discovery of penicillin
in 1928 and its use in 1940
 Use for infective diseases
 E.g. penicillin, streptomycin,
tetracycline, chloramphenicol and
erythromycin

7. d) Minerals
 Metals, metalloids, non-metal subs.
and their compounds
 E.g. iron, calcium, magnesium,
aluminium, sodium, potassium,
sulphur, lithium etc

8. 2) SEMI-SYNTHETIC
 Complex molecules
 Expensive and for impure natural
compound
 E.g. 6-aminopencillanic acid
(fungus), semi-synthetic human
insulin (pork insulin)

9. 4) SYNTHETIC
 Pharmaceutical laboratory
 Organic or inorganic or combination
of organic and inorganic compounds
 >90% drugs
 E.g. older drug; chloroform, ether,
nitrous oxide, chloral hydrate
 Antipyretics, sulphonamides,
antihistamines, anticonvulsants, anti
anxiety etc

10. RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
 Human insulin human proinsulin
gene cDNA E.coli treat proinsulin
to form insulin
 Growth hormone, tissue plasminogen
activator, vaccines, interferon,
erythropoitins, G-colony stimulating
factor