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‫الرحیم‬‫الرحمن‬ ‫هللا‬‫بسم‬
ْ‫ح‬
َ
‫أ‬
َ‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫ع‬ِ‫ب‬
َّ
‫ت‬َ‫ي‬
َ
‫ف‬ َ‫ل‬ْ‫و‬
َ
‫ق‬
ْ
‫ال‬
َ‫ن‬‫و‬ُ‫ع‬ِ‫م‬َ‫ت‬ ْ‫س‬َ‫ي‬ َ‫ين‬ ِ‫ذ‬
َّ
‫ال‬ُ‫م‬ ُ‫اه‬ َ‫د‬ َ‫ه‬ َ‫ين‬ ِ‫ذ‬
َّ
‫ال‬ َ‫ك‬ِ‫ئ‬
َ
‫ل‬ْ‫و‬
ُ
‫أ‬ ُ‫ه‬َ‫ن‬ َ‫س‬َ‫ك‬ِ‫ئ‬
َ
‫ل‬ْ‫و‬
ُ
‫أ‬َ‫و‬ ُ َّ
‫اَّلل‬
ِ‫اب‬َ‫ب‬
ْ
‫ل‬
َ ْ
‫اْل‬ ‫وا‬
ُ
‫ل‬ْ‫و‬
ُ
‫أ‬ ْ‫م‬ ُ‫ه‬
‫آیات‬17‫و‬18‫مر‬‫ز‬ ‫ه‬‫ر‬‫سو‬
‫شوک‬‫دکترین‬‫مستند‬‫ی‬ ‫س‬‫ر‬‫بر‬ ‫و‬‫نقد‬
‫کالین‬‫نائومی‬
•‫کانادایی‬‫اجتماعی‬‫فعال‬ ‫و‬ ‫نویسنده‬
•‫شرکتی‬ ‫ی‬‫ساز‬ ‫جهانی‬ ‫منتقد‬
•‫ها‬ ‫کتاب‬:
• No Logo
• The Shock Doctrine
• This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. Climate
‫شوک‬‫دکترین‬:‫فاجعه‬‫ی‬‫دار‬ ‫سرمایه‬‫ر‬‫ظهو‬
•‫تحلیل‬‫انتقادی‬‫یخچه‬‫ر‬‫تا‬‫اقتصاد‬‫ال‬‫ر‬‫نئولیب‬(‫سیاست‬‫های‬‫ار‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫اد‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫م‬‫کتب‬
‫شیکاگو‬‫و‬‫به‬‫ر‬‫طو‬،‫مشخص‬‫شخص‬‫ن‬‫میلتو‬‫فریدمن‬)
•‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫ایط‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫پس‬‫از‬‫وقوع‬‫فجایع‬‫گ‬‫ر‬‫بز‬(،‫اقتصادی‬،‫ی‬ ‫سیاس‬‫نظام‬‫ی‬‫یا‬
‫طبیعی‬)‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫اج‬‫سیاست‬‫های‬‫ار‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫اد‬‫ز‬‫آ‬:‫وقتی‬‫جامعه‬‫شوک‬‫گی‬‫ر‬‫بز‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫جربه‬
‫می‬،‫کند‬‫تمایل‬‫گسترده‬‫ای‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫واکنش‬‫سریع‬‫و‬‫کوبنده‬‫جهت‬‫اصالح‬‫و‬‫ضعیت‬
‫وجود‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫دا‬.‫این‬‫موضوع‬‫به‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫یگ‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫فرصت‬‫طلب‬‫امکان‬‫می‬‫دهد‬‫تا‬‫با‬‫هدف‬
‫ساختن‬‫اقتصاد‬‫ار‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫اد‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫سیاست‬‫هایی‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬‫کنند‬‫که‬‫اتر‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫از‬‫واکنش‬‫ع‬‫و‬‫مشر‬
‫به‬‫فاجعه‬‫است‬.
‫شوک‬‫دکترین‬:‫فاجعه‬ ‫ی‬‫دار‬ ‫سرمایه‬‫ر‬‫ظهو‬
•‫اج‬‫و‬‫ر‬‫آگاهانه‬‫سیاست‬‫های‬(‫بهره‬‫کشانه‬)‫ار‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫اد‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫ینی‬‫ر‬‫لیبرتا‬‫توسط‬
‫برخی‬‫از‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫هب‬‫ر‬‫ی‬ ‫سیاس‬‫های‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫توسعه‬‫یافته‬‫از‬‫طریق‬‫سو‬‫ء‬
‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫بح‬‫ها‬‫در‬‫ایطی‬‫ر‬‫ش‬‫که‬‫ندان‬‫و‬‫شهر‬‫از‬‫نظر‬‫عاطفی‬‫و‬
‫فیزیکی‬‫تحت‬‫تاثیر‬‫فاجعه‬‫آسیب‬‫دیده‬‫اند‬‫و‬‫امکان‬‫مقاومت‬‫ن‬‫ند‬‫ر‬‫دا‬
‫الیسم‬‫ر‬‫نئولیب‬
•‫مکتب‬‫اتریش‬(‫یک‬‫ر‬‫فرد‬‫هایک‬)
•‫مکتب‬‫شیکاگو‬(‫ن‬‫میلتو‬‫فریدمن‬)
•‫شکل‬‫اطی‬‫ر‬‫اف‬‫لسه‬،‫فر‬‫ایی‬‫ر‬‫بنیادگ‬‫ار‬‫ز‬‫با‬
• Only a crisis, actual or perceived,
produces real change.
• Milton Friedman (Capitalism and Freedom, 1982 edition)
‫مانی‬‫ر‬‫د‬ ‫شوک‬
•‫فریدمن‬(‫سیاست‬‫شوکی‬)
•‫ی‬‫جفر‬‫سکس‬
•‫ی‬‫ادساز‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫ناگهانی‬‫قیمت‬،‫ها‬‫کاهش‬‫انه‬‫ر‬‫یا‬‫های‬‫دولتی‬‫و‬‫ی‬‫ادساز‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫ی‬‫تجار‬‫س‬،‫ریع‬
‫ی‬ ‫خصوص‬‫ی‬‫ساز‬‫گسترده‬‫ایی‬‫ر‬‫دا‬‫های‬‫عمومی‬
•‫ان‬‫ر‬‫طرفدا‬:‫باعث‬‫تثبیت‬‫اقتصادی‬‫شده‬‫است‬.
•‫منتقدان‬:‫باعق‬‫تعمیق‬‫مشکالت‬‫اقتصادی‬‫شده‬‫است‬.
‫های‬‫برنامه‬(‫های‬‫سیاست‬)‫ساختار‬‫تعدیل‬
•‫برنامه‬‫های‬‫تعدیل‬‫ساختار‬:‫وام‬‫هایی‬‫که‬‫ق‬‫صندو‬‫بین‬‫املللی‬‫ل‬‫پو‬‫و‬‫بان‬‫ک‬‫جهانی‬
‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫هایی‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫که‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫بح‬‫های‬‫اقتصادی‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫تجربه‬‫می‬،‫کردند‬‫اهم‬‫ر‬‫ف‬‫می‬‫نمودند‬.
•‫این‬‫نهادها‬‫های‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫قرض‬‫گیرنده‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ملزم‬‫به‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫اج‬‫سیاست‬‫های‬‫خاص‬‫می‬
‫کنند‬(‫ط‬‫و‬‫مشر‬‫کردن‬‫وام‬‫های‬‫جدید‬‫یا‬‫کاهش‬‫نرخ‬‫بهره‬‫وام‬‫های‬‫قبلی‬‫به‬‫اج‬‫ای‬‫ر‬
‫سیاست‬‫های‬‫د‬‫ر‬‫مو‬‫نظر‬)
‫ساختار‬‫تعدیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫سیاست‬
•‫هدف‬:‫از‬‫بین‬‫بردن‬‫عدم‬‫ن‬‫تواز‬‫های‬‫مالی‬‫در‬‫کوتاه‬‫مدت‬‫و‬‫میان‬‫مدت‬‫یا‬‫تعدیل‬
‫اقتصاد‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫شد‬‫ر‬‫بلند‬‫مدت‬
•‫در‬‫های‬‫برنامه‬‫تعدیل‬‫ساختار‬‫تالش‬‫می‬‫شود‬‫های‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫در‬‫حال‬‫توسعه‬
‫تر‬‫ر‬‫محو‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫شوند‬.
‫ی‬‫ساختار‬‫تعدیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫سیاست‬(IMF)
•‫ق‬‫صندو‬‫بین‬‫املللی‬‫ل‬‫پو‬‫معموال‬‫های‬‫سیاست‬‫تثبت‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫اج‬‫کند‬‫می‬:
•‫کاهش‬‫ی‬‫کسر‬‫از‬‫ر‬‫ت‬‫ها‬‫پرداخت‬‫از‬‫طریق‬‫کاهش‬‫ش‬‫ز‬‫ار‬‫ل‬‫پو‬‫ملی‬
•‫کاهش‬‫ی‬‫کسر‬‫بودجه‬‫از‬‫طریق‬‫ایش‬‫ز‬‫اف‬‫ها‬‫مالیات‬‫و‬‫کاهش‬‫مخارج‬‫دولت‬(‫ه‬‫سیاست‬‫ای‬
‫یاضتی‬‫ر‬)
•‫تجدیدساختار‬‫های‬‫بدهی‬‫جی‬‫ر‬‫خا‬
•‫استفاده‬‫از‬‫سیاست‬‫پولی‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫تامین‬‫مالی‬‫ی‬‫کسر‬‫بودجه‬‫دولت‬
•‫ایش‬‫ز‬‫اف‬‫قیمت‬‫مواد‬‫غذایی‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫کاهش‬‫ها‬‫انه‬‫ر‬‫یا‬
•‫کاهش‬‫دستمزدها‬
•‫کاهش‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫اعتبا‬‫داخلی‬
‫ی‬‫ساختار‬‫تعدیل‬ ‫های‬ ‫سیاست‬(WB)
•‫بانک‬‫جهانی‬‫ل‬‫مسئو‬‫اقدامات‬‫تعدیلی‬‫است‬:
•‫ی‬‫ادساز‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫ها‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫ای‬‫ر‬‫ب‬‫تضمین‬‫عملکرد‬‫مکانیزم‬‫قیمت‬
•‫ی‬ ‫خصوص‬‫ی‬‫ساز‬‫های‬‫شرکت‬‫دولتی‬
•‫ایجاد‬‫نهادهای‬‫مالی‬‫جدید‬
•‫بهبود‬‫نظام‬‫تدبیر‬‫ر‬‫امو‬‫و‬‫ه‬‫ز‬‫مبار‬‫با‬‫فساد‬
•‫حمایت‬‫از‬‫ق‬‫حقو‬‫ان‬‫ر‬‫گذا‬‫سرمایه‬‫جی‬‫ر‬‫خا‬
•‫ات‬‫ر‬‫مقر‬‫دایی‬‫ز‬
•‫کاهش‬‫موانع‬‫ی‬‫تجار‬
•‫ایش‬‫ز‬‫اف‬‫ثبات‬‫ی‬‫گذار‬‫سرمایه‬(‫از‬‫طریق‬‫ی‬‫گذار‬‫سرمایه‬‫مستقیم‬‫جی‬‫ر‬‫خا‬‫و‬‫ایجاد‬‫ها‬‫ر‬‫ا‬‫ز‬‫با‬‫ی‬‫س‬‫ر‬‫بو‬
‫داخلی‬)
‫واشنگتن‬‫اجماع‬
•‫اجتناب‬‫از‬‫های‬‫ی‬‫کسر‬‫مالی‬
•‫کاهش‬‫مخارج‬‫عمومی‬‫یا‬‫تغییرساختار‬‫ها‬‫آن‬
•‫اصالحات‬‫مالیاتی‬
•‫های‬‫نرخ‬‫بهره‬‫قابتی‬‫ر‬
•‫های‬‫نرخ‬‫ز‬‫ار‬‫قابتی‬‫ر‬
•‫ی‬‫ادساز‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫ی‬‫تجار‬
•‫ی‬‫ادساز‬‫ز‬‫آ‬‫ی‬‫گذار‬‫سرمایه‬‫مستقیم‬‫جی‬‫ر‬‫خا‬‫به‬‫داخل‬
•‫ی‬‫ساز‬‫ی‬ ‫خصوص‬‫های‬‫شرکت‬‫دولتی‬
•‫دایی‬‫ز‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫مقر‬(،‫ویژه‬‫به‬‫نهادهای‬‫مالی‬)
•‫تامین‬‫قانونی‬‫ق‬‫حقو‬‫مالکیت‬
‫بر‬ ‫کننده‬ ‫اهدا‬ ‫اصلی‬ ‫های‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫نفوذ‬IMF‫و‬WB
•‫منابع‬‫مالی‬‫ق‬‫صندو‬‫بین‬‫املللی‬‫ل‬‫پو‬‫تنها‬‫از‬‫طریق‬‫اعضای‬‫آن‬‫تامین‬‫می‬،‫شود‬‫در‬‫حالی‬‫که‬‫ب‬‫انک‬‫جهانی‬‫وام‬
‫های‬‫خود‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫از‬‫طریق‬‫مشارکت‬‫اعضا‬‫و‬‫شرکت‬‫ها‬‫تامین‬‫مالی‬‫می‬‫کند‬.
•‫های‬‫ر‬‫کشو‬‫اصلی‬‫اهدا‬‫کننده‬‫منابع‬‫به‬‫این‬‫نهادها‬:
•‫بریتانیا‬
•‫ایاالت‬‫متحده‬
•‫اپن‬‫ژ‬
•‫کانادا‬
•‫آملان‬
•‫انسه‬‫ر‬‫ف‬
•ْ‫د‬
َ
‫ق‬
َ
‫ل‬َ‫و‬‫ا‬َ‫ن‬ْ‫ب‬َ‫ت‬
َ
‫ك‬‫ي‬ِ‫ف‬ِ‫ر‬‫و‬ُ‫ب‬َّ‫الز‬‫ن‬ِ‫م‬ِ‫د‬ْ‫ع‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ر‬
ْ
‫ك‬ ِ‫الذ‬َّ‫ن‬
َ
‫أ‬َ‫ض‬ْ‫ر‬
َ ْ
‫اْل‬‫ا‬َ‫ه‬ُ‫ث‬ِ‫ر‬َ‫ي‬َ‫ي‬ ِ‫اد‬َ‫ب‬ِ‫ع‬ُ‫ح‬ ِ‫ال‬َّ‫الص‬
َ‫ن‬‫و‬
‫آیه‬105،‫ه‬‫ر‬‫سو‬‫انبیا‬

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نقد و بررسی مستند دکترین شوک

Editor's Notes

  1. 1966-1969
  2. Crisis of global capitalism (1998)