Economics of sustainable catch issues, various regulatory measures to enhance fishery productivity. (in Russian)
John A Dixon, ИВБ
Материалы подготовлены на основе работ различных авторов и выступлений Д.Винсента, Т.Стернера, Дж. Падилла, М.С. Делос Анхелес,
Internet Service Provider Survey: 2011 - Statistics New Zealandaimeew
Please see Statistics New Zealand website here http://bit.ly/ovYapD
Key facts
- The total number of broadband subscribers increased by 14 percent, to almost 1.5 million between June 2010 and June 2011.
- The largest growth rate of all broadband connections was in cellular, cable, and satellite connections. When combined, these increased almost 50 percent since June 2010.
- Almost 80 percent of broadband subscribers at June 2011 had a data cap of 5 gigabytes (GB) or more, with the most common cap between 5 and 20GB.
- The number of subscribers with an upload speed of 1.5Mbps or more increased by almost three quarters since 2010.
- The average subscriber consumed 9GB of data per month between June 2010 and June 2011.
- In the three months prior to 30 June 2011, 1.9 million New Zealanders had active Internet subscriptions via a mobile phone.
The Guarani Aquifer Project: Contributions for the Groundwater Resource Manag...Iwl Pcu
Objective:
Support Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to jointly elaborate and implement a coordinated institutional framework for managing the transboundary Guarani Aquifer System for current and future generations.
This document discusses participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) for GEF projects. It defines key M&E terms and introduces new GEF expectations for greater stakeholder participation in M&E. This includes considering who should be involved in M&E, their expectations, and tools for PM&E. The document also discusses catalytic impact indicators, an annual project scorecard for reporting results, and developing appropriate indicators and an M&E plan to evaluate stakeholder participation.
Presentation: GEF International Waters Conference 2000
Objectives: To support projects which enable NGOs to contribute to pollution reduction. and reinforce NGO participation on community based pollution measures and increase awareness raising. Strengthen multi-stakeholder cooperation at the national level.
This material was presented in front of grad students of Institut Teknologi Bandung and journal managers to open their perspective to this new approach of scholarly publishing. I borrowed the materials from F1000research website containing their standard publication slides.
Gum disease, or periodontal disease, affects many adults to varying degrees. Symptoms may include sensitive, inflamed gums that bleed easily and teeth that feel loose. Improper oral hygiene allows plaque to build up, which traps bacteria and food particles and hardens into tartar. Smokers, diabetics, and those with other medical conditions are at higher risk. Signs of gum disease include bad breath, swollen gums, bleeding, discomfort when eating, and increased tooth sensitivity. Treatment involves examining the gums and teeth to determine the extent of infection before deep cleaning and changing oral hygiene routines.
Internet Service Provider Survey: 2011 - Statistics New Zealandaimeew
Please see Statistics New Zealand website here http://bit.ly/ovYapD
Key facts
- The total number of broadband subscribers increased by 14 percent, to almost 1.5 million between June 2010 and June 2011.
- The largest growth rate of all broadband connections was in cellular, cable, and satellite connections. When combined, these increased almost 50 percent since June 2010.
- Almost 80 percent of broadband subscribers at June 2011 had a data cap of 5 gigabytes (GB) or more, with the most common cap between 5 and 20GB.
- The number of subscribers with an upload speed of 1.5Mbps or more increased by almost three quarters since 2010.
- The average subscriber consumed 9GB of data per month between June 2010 and June 2011.
- In the three months prior to 30 June 2011, 1.9 million New Zealanders had active Internet subscriptions via a mobile phone.
The Guarani Aquifer Project: Contributions for the Groundwater Resource Manag...Iwl Pcu
Objective:
Support Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay to jointly elaborate and implement a coordinated institutional framework for managing the transboundary Guarani Aquifer System for current and future generations.
This document discusses participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) for GEF projects. It defines key M&E terms and introduces new GEF expectations for greater stakeholder participation in M&E. This includes considering who should be involved in M&E, their expectations, and tools for PM&E. The document also discusses catalytic impact indicators, an annual project scorecard for reporting results, and developing appropriate indicators and an M&E plan to evaluate stakeholder participation.
Presentation: GEF International Waters Conference 2000
Objectives: To support projects which enable NGOs to contribute to pollution reduction. and reinforce NGO participation on community based pollution measures and increase awareness raising. Strengthen multi-stakeholder cooperation at the national level.
This material was presented in front of grad students of Institut Teknologi Bandung and journal managers to open their perspective to this new approach of scholarly publishing. I borrowed the materials from F1000research website containing their standard publication slides.
Gum disease, or periodontal disease, affects many adults to varying degrees. Symptoms may include sensitive, inflamed gums that bleed easily and teeth that feel loose. Improper oral hygiene allows plaque to build up, which traps bacteria and food particles and hardens into tartar. Smokers, diabetics, and those with other medical conditions are at higher risk. Signs of gum disease include bad breath, swollen gums, bleeding, discomfort when eating, and increased tooth sensitivity. Treatment involves examining the gums and teeth to determine the extent of infection before deep cleaning and changing oral hygiene routines.
The document discusses eutrophication in the Black Sea due to excess nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen entering the sea from basin rivers and coastal development. This has resulted in health issues, economic stagnation, reduced recreation, and fishery loss. Rehabilitation requires reducing nutrient inputs by 2-3 times through measures like low-cost technologies that cost an estimated $2-3 billion but return investment within 4-5 years. A pilot program is proposed to demonstrate effective low-cost technologies.
The document provides examples of geometry shapes found in real world photographs. Some of the shapes described and shown in photographs include lines on rosaries, angles at Ascarate Lake, perpendicular lines in a backyard hammock, parallel lines on a swing, triangles at Mission Concepcion, squares outside homes, rectangles on railroad tracks, circles around guitar players, cylinders on toy trains, spheres in fireworks, and rhombuses at Rangers Stadium.
This document discusses how large-scale land acquisitions could impact transboundary water management. It notes that water is often not explicitly mentioned in land agreements but any use of water on acquired lands could affect shared river basins. The document examines cases in the Niger and Nile River basins and concludes that principles for responsible investment must acknowledge water needs and sustainable use to help regulate impacts on transboundary waters.
Materi Hidrogeologi_Pembinaan Pengguna Air Tanah Kota BandungDasapta Erwin Irawan
Materi Hidrogeologi_Pembinaan Pengguna Air Tanah Kota Bandung
---------------
Materi ini disampaikan dalam acara Pembinaan Pengguna Air Tanah Kota Bandung yang diorganisasi oleh Badan Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup Kota Bandung pada tanggal 19 Mei 2016, di Hotel Savoy Homann.
Kontributor:
Dr. Teti Argo
Dr. Petrus Natalivan
Dr. Arno Dwi Kuntoro
Yunie Nurhayati, ST., MT.
Imam Priyono, ST., MT.
Adha Dipa Wardhana, ST.
Adi Andika, ST.
Dimas Maulana Wibowo, ST.
Adhi Pramudito, ST.
Ali Lukman, ST.
M. Defi Aryanto, ST.
The document discusses a review meeting about aquifer mapping of the DASADA watershed and Ahmedabad study area. It provides details on stratigraphic models, conceptual models of heads, spatial distribution maps of water levels, rainfall, population, soils, land use/land cover, iso-resistivity, reduced water levels, grid models, and display tools for different watersheds including Lodhika and Ahmedabad.
This document provides an outline for a student's undergraduate seminar presentation on assessing groundwater quality. The outline includes sections on introducing groundwater and the water cycle, reviewing relevant literature, stating the aims and objectives of assessing quality, sources of groundwater pollution, sampling methods, measures for assessment, graphical representation techniques, the importance of assessment, a case study, conclusions, and references. The case study examines a previous study on the hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources in Abeokuta area, Nigeria.
Classifying hot water chemistry: Application of multivariate statisticsDasapta Erwin Irawan
The following paper is a try out on the application of multivariate analysis (regression tree, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) for classifying hot water chemistry. The number of sample analysed was 11 (including three cold water samples), taken from three Gorontalo geothermal sites (Boalemo, Pohuwato, and Gorontalo Regency.
Regression tree technique has failed to read the data structure due to collinearity effect therefore PCA and cluster analysis were applied. We used open source R statistical packages to do the calculation.
Such technique classifies hot water samples into three major clusters: cluster 1 (hot water from Diloniyohu-Boalemo), cluster 2 (combining hot water from Tungo and Dulangeya-Boalemo, and cold water from Dulangeya-Boalemo), and cluster 3 (cold water from Pohuwato and Diloniyohu-Boalemo). According to the results, hot water from Boalemo consists of systems: distinct geothermal system and mixing system with meteoric water, while hot water from Pohuwato has no or less mixing with meteoric water.
The statistical is able to detect the close and open geothermal system based on data structure. This robust method should be applied to more geothermal system with larger dataset to see its performance.
The document discusses aquifer mapping projects being conducted in Gujarat, India. It outlines tasks for mapping aquifers in three pilot areas - Ahmedabad, Dasada, and Lodhika - which have different aquifer types. The goals are to identify and map aquifers, quantify groundwater resources, and propose management plans. Methods discussed include compiling existing data, generating new geological and geophysical data, assessing hydrology, and developing aquifer response models and management plans. Village-level groundwater budgets will also be prepared for selected areas.
Pecha Kucha format presentation about innovative tools being developed by the GEF-UNEP Flood and Drought Management Tools project, by Raul Glotzbach in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
Menulis saat ini bukannya menjadi salah satu bentuk akuntabilitas riset. Tetapi juga menjadi indikator kinerja seorang akademia (periset/dosen/mahasiswa dll). Namun demikian saat ini pemikiran kita hanya selalu berisi beberapa pertanyaan berikut: terindeks Scopus atau tidak?, berapa impact factor nya?, atau kalau saya menulis topik ini apakah akan meningkatkan indeks sitasi saya atau tidak ya? Hal ini diperburuk dengan pola pikir bahwa tugas kita menulis hasil riset kemudian mempublikasikannya di jurnal. Terserah akan diapakan oleh penerbit jurnal tersebut. Kini menjadi lebih mengemuka lagi saat pemikiran tersebut menjadi persyaratan administrasi pangkat dan jabatan atau insentif.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{abstract}
Saya tidak mengatakan bahwa indikator tersebut salah, tapi menurut kemudian kita menjadi lupa dengan esensi menjadi seorang akademia, yaitu: melakukan riset untuk membantu masyarakat (atau bangsa dalam skala luas), melaporkannya, dan menyebarluaskannya untuk diketahui khalayak. Menulis seolah menjadi beban berat. Sepertinya, belum apa-apa sudah memikirkan Scopus, indeks sitasi, dll. Pada akhirnya tidak jadi menulis. Malah salah bukan.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{abstract}
Dalam paparan ini saya menyampaikan bahwa saat ini telah terjadi perkembangan yang luar biasa, bernama Open Science. Aliran ini bertumpu kepada prinsip bahwa ilmu itu terbuka dan milik semua orang. Dengan demikian maka indikator kinerja seorang akademiapun harus ditambah dengan instrumen-instrumen yang lebih terbuka. Bahwa Scopus index, impact factor, dan indeks sitasi adalah pekerjaan panjang yang tidak berhenti saat kita menerima email "accepted". Partisipasi redaksi jurnal dan penerbit juga berperan dalam mencapainya. Untuk itu diperlukan komunikasi saintifik (science communication) yang handal.
Understanding water systems in Adelaide | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
Adelaide’s water supply comes from reservoirs, Murray water accessed via the Mannum pipeline, stormwater, groundwater, waste water and localised systems. Then Adelaide metropolitan area comprises of four major catchment areas and four wastewater treatment plants. Adelaide stormwater generates around 86 giga litres per year. Only 10% of this is currently being re-used.
Groundwater Quality-Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh A Threat to Water - F...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes the issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which poses threats to water security, food security, and livelihoods. It provides basic data on the scope of the problem, when arsenic was detected, health and social impacts, actions taken to address it, and next steps needed. Over 30 million people are at risk of drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater, which can cause skin lesions, cancer, and death over long periods of exposure. Efforts are ongoing to identify safe sources, treat water, and raise awareness, but more research and solutions are still needed.
Groundwater Quality Introduction and Overview - Jenny Webster-Brownaimeew
Groundwater quality is determined by host rock composition, depth, age of water, and composition of recharge from the unsaturated zone above. Key factors include soluble ions and metals from host rocks, and contaminants like nitrates, microorganisms, and organic substances introduced from human activities on the surface. Over time from the 1850s to 1990s, groundwater quality problems have emerged related to increasing human impacts on the hydrologic cycle.
Water for Development and Development for Water - Realizing the New SDG's VisionGlobal Water Partnership
Mohamed Ait Kadi presented at the SWWW2015 conference on realizing the vision of the new UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to water. He argued that development strategies must consider water's role in economic growth, social wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. He outlined a conceptual framework showing the dynamics between water security and sustainable growth. Achieving the vision of SDG #6 on water will require governments to take a leadership role in water resources management, investing in sequenced projects combining institutions, information systems, and infrastructure to manage water and risks, and overcoming knowledge gaps in vulnerable countries.
Responding to the global food security challenge through coordinated land and...Global Water Partnership
The Yacambu-Quíbor Project in Venezuela aims to transfer water from the Yacambu River watershed to the Quíbor valley to increase irrigation and agricultural production. The Quíbor valley has highly fertile land but lacks sufficient water, relying on groundwater extraction. The project would build a dam on the Yacambu River and tunnel to carry 330 million cubic meters per year to the valley. Key strategies include reinforcing sustainable irrigation practices, exploring equitable water distribution, and establishing institutions and policies to regulate groundwater use and protect water resources long term.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of groundwater use through shallow tube wells (STWs) on groundwater quality, water levels, and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal, India. Key findings of the study include: 1) STWs installed at depths greater than 91 meters maintained higher water levels and quality during the dry season compared to shallower STWs. 2) Rice yields were higher for fields irrigated with deeper STWs, which had lower soil salinity buildup. 3) Pumping from STWs impacted local groundwater resources, with deeper aquifers experiencing less depletion and degradation than shallow aquifers.
By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
This document discusses the need for coordinated governance of land and water resources that places people at the center. It argues that people have holistic perspectives on natural resources that support their livelihoods. Coordinated governance is needed to address issues like growing competition for water resources and ensuring access for all. Water constituencies can learn from land constituencies' focus on marginalized people, customary rights, and global rights-based dialogue. The document calls for voluntary guidelines that frame land and water tenure through joint people-centered processes respecting customary entitlements and human rights to resources.
Pecha Kucha format presentation about innovative solutions being deployed by the Caribbean Wastewater Project (Revolving Fund) GEF-IADB/UNEP, by Alfredo Coelloin the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
Large Marine Ecosystems: Megaregional Best Practices for LME Assessment and M...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) and efforts to implement ecosystem-based management (EBM) of LMEs. It notes that LMEs produce 80% of global fisheries catches and contribute $12.6 trillion annually to the global economy. The document outlines the five module assessment approach used for LMEs, including productivity, fish/fisheries, pollution, socioeconomics, and governance. It discusses how the Global Environment Facility has provided $6.01 billion since 1994 to support EBM planning and implementation projects in 22 LMEs. The LME approach is now the cornerstone of the GEF's ocean management strategy.
Slides used during the science to communication workshop in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference, to explain how to understand and communicate with an audience better when presenting.
The document discusses eutrophication in the Black Sea due to excess nutrients like phosphorus and nitrogen entering the sea from basin rivers and coastal development. This has resulted in health issues, economic stagnation, reduced recreation, and fishery loss. Rehabilitation requires reducing nutrient inputs by 2-3 times through measures like low-cost technologies that cost an estimated $2-3 billion but return investment within 4-5 years. A pilot program is proposed to demonstrate effective low-cost technologies.
The document provides examples of geometry shapes found in real world photographs. Some of the shapes described and shown in photographs include lines on rosaries, angles at Ascarate Lake, perpendicular lines in a backyard hammock, parallel lines on a swing, triangles at Mission Concepcion, squares outside homes, rectangles on railroad tracks, circles around guitar players, cylinders on toy trains, spheres in fireworks, and rhombuses at Rangers Stadium.
This document discusses how large-scale land acquisitions could impact transboundary water management. It notes that water is often not explicitly mentioned in land agreements but any use of water on acquired lands could affect shared river basins. The document examines cases in the Niger and Nile River basins and concludes that principles for responsible investment must acknowledge water needs and sustainable use to help regulate impacts on transboundary waters.
Materi Hidrogeologi_Pembinaan Pengguna Air Tanah Kota BandungDasapta Erwin Irawan
Materi Hidrogeologi_Pembinaan Pengguna Air Tanah Kota Bandung
---------------
Materi ini disampaikan dalam acara Pembinaan Pengguna Air Tanah Kota Bandung yang diorganisasi oleh Badan Pengelola Lingkungan Hidup Kota Bandung pada tanggal 19 Mei 2016, di Hotel Savoy Homann.
Kontributor:
Dr. Teti Argo
Dr. Petrus Natalivan
Dr. Arno Dwi Kuntoro
Yunie Nurhayati, ST., MT.
Imam Priyono, ST., MT.
Adha Dipa Wardhana, ST.
Adi Andika, ST.
Dimas Maulana Wibowo, ST.
Adhi Pramudito, ST.
Ali Lukman, ST.
M. Defi Aryanto, ST.
The document discusses a review meeting about aquifer mapping of the DASADA watershed and Ahmedabad study area. It provides details on stratigraphic models, conceptual models of heads, spatial distribution maps of water levels, rainfall, population, soils, land use/land cover, iso-resistivity, reduced water levels, grid models, and display tools for different watersheds including Lodhika and Ahmedabad.
This document provides an outline for a student's undergraduate seminar presentation on assessing groundwater quality. The outline includes sections on introducing groundwater and the water cycle, reviewing relevant literature, stating the aims and objectives of assessing quality, sources of groundwater pollution, sampling methods, measures for assessment, graphical representation techniques, the importance of assessment, a case study, conclusions, and references. The case study examines a previous study on the hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources in Abeokuta area, Nigeria.
Classifying hot water chemistry: Application of multivariate statisticsDasapta Erwin Irawan
The following paper is a try out on the application of multivariate analysis (regression tree, principal component analysis, and cluster analysis) for classifying hot water chemistry. The number of sample analysed was 11 (including three cold water samples), taken from three Gorontalo geothermal sites (Boalemo, Pohuwato, and Gorontalo Regency.
Regression tree technique has failed to read the data structure due to collinearity effect therefore PCA and cluster analysis were applied. We used open source R statistical packages to do the calculation.
Such technique classifies hot water samples into three major clusters: cluster 1 (hot water from Diloniyohu-Boalemo), cluster 2 (combining hot water from Tungo and Dulangeya-Boalemo, and cold water from Dulangeya-Boalemo), and cluster 3 (cold water from Pohuwato and Diloniyohu-Boalemo). According to the results, hot water from Boalemo consists of systems: distinct geothermal system and mixing system with meteoric water, while hot water from Pohuwato has no or less mixing with meteoric water.
The statistical is able to detect the close and open geothermal system based on data structure. This robust method should be applied to more geothermal system with larger dataset to see its performance.
The document discusses aquifer mapping projects being conducted in Gujarat, India. It outlines tasks for mapping aquifers in three pilot areas - Ahmedabad, Dasada, and Lodhika - which have different aquifer types. The goals are to identify and map aquifers, quantify groundwater resources, and propose management plans. Methods discussed include compiling existing data, generating new geological and geophysical data, assessing hydrology, and developing aquifer response models and management plans. Village-level groundwater budgets will also be prepared for selected areas.
Pecha Kucha format presentation about innovative tools being developed by the GEF-UNEP Flood and Drought Management Tools project, by Raul Glotzbach in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
Menulis saat ini bukannya menjadi salah satu bentuk akuntabilitas riset. Tetapi juga menjadi indikator kinerja seorang akademia (periset/dosen/mahasiswa dll). Namun demikian saat ini pemikiran kita hanya selalu berisi beberapa pertanyaan berikut: terindeks Scopus atau tidak?, berapa impact factor nya?, atau kalau saya menulis topik ini apakah akan meningkatkan indeks sitasi saya atau tidak ya? Hal ini diperburuk dengan pola pikir bahwa tugas kita menulis hasil riset kemudian mempublikasikannya di jurnal. Terserah akan diapakan oleh penerbit jurnal tersebut. Kini menjadi lebih mengemuka lagi saat pemikiran tersebut menjadi persyaratan administrasi pangkat dan jabatan atau insentif.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{abstract}
Saya tidak mengatakan bahwa indikator tersebut salah, tapi menurut kemudian kita menjadi lupa dengan esensi menjadi seorang akademia, yaitu: melakukan riset untuk membantu masyarakat (atau bangsa dalam skala luas), melaporkannya, dan menyebarluaskannya untuk diketahui khalayak. Menulis seolah menjadi beban berat. Sepertinya, belum apa-apa sudah memikirkan Scopus, indeks sitasi, dll. Pada akhirnya tidak jadi menulis. Malah salah bukan.
\end{frame}
\begin{frame}{abstract}
Dalam paparan ini saya menyampaikan bahwa saat ini telah terjadi perkembangan yang luar biasa, bernama Open Science. Aliran ini bertumpu kepada prinsip bahwa ilmu itu terbuka dan milik semua orang. Dengan demikian maka indikator kinerja seorang akademiapun harus ditambah dengan instrumen-instrumen yang lebih terbuka. Bahwa Scopus index, impact factor, dan indeks sitasi adalah pekerjaan panjang yang tidak berhenti saat kita menerima email "accepted". Partisipasi redaksi jurnal dan penerbit juga berperan dalam mencapainya. Untuk itu diperlukan komunikasi saintifik (science communication) yang handal.
Understanding water systems in Adelaide | Biocity StudioBiocity Studio
Adelaide’s water supply comes from reservoirs, Murray water accessed via the Mannum pipeline, stormwater, groundwater, waste water and localised systems. Then Adelaide metropolitan area comprises of four major catchment areas and four wastewater treatment plants. Adelaide stormwater generates around 86 giga litres per year. Only 10% of this is currently being re-used.
Groundwater Quality-Arsenic Contamination in Bangladesh A Threat to Water - F...Global Water Partnership
The document summarizes the issue of arsenic contamination of groundwater in Bangladesh, which poses threats to water security, food security, and livelihoods. It provides basic data on the scope of the problem, when arsenic was detected, health and social impacts, actions taken to address it, and next steps needed. Over 30 million people are at risk of drinking arsenic-contaminated groundwater, which can cause skin lesions, cancer, and death over long periods of exposure. Efforts are ongoing to identify safe sources, treat water, and raise awareness, but more research and solutions are still needed.
Groundwater Quality Introduction and Overview - Jenny Webster-Brownaimeew
Groundwater quality is determined by host rock composition, depth, age of water, and composition of recharge from the unsaturated zone above. Key factors include soluble ions and metals from host rocks, and contaminants like nitrates, microorganisms, and organic substances introduced from human activities on the surface. Over time from the 1850s to 1990s, groundwater quality problems have emerged related to increasing human impacts on the hydrologic cycle.
Water for Development and Development for Water - Realizing the New SDG's VisionGlobal Water Partnership
Mohamed Ait Kadi presented at the SWWW2015 conference on realizing the vision of the new UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to water. He argued that development strategies must consider water's role in economic growth, social wellbeing, and environmental sustainability. He outlined a conceptual framework showing the dynamics between water security and sustainable growth. Achieving the vision of SDG #6 on water will require governments to take a leadership role in water resources management, investing in sequenced projects combining institutions, information systems, and infrastructure to manage water and risks, and overcoming knowledge gaps in vulnerable countries.
Responding to the global food security challenge through coordinated land and...Global Water Partnership
The Yacambu-Quíbor Project in Venezuela aims to transfer water from the Yacambu River watershed to the Quíbor valley to increase irrigation and agricultural production. The Quíbor valley has highly fertile land but lacks sufficient water, relying on groundwater extraction. The project would build a dam on the Yacambu River and tunnel to carry 330 million cubic meters per year to the valley. Key strategies include reinforcing sustainable irrigation practices, exploring equitable water distribution, and establishing institutions and policies to regulate groundwater use and protect water resources long term.
The document summarizes a study on the effect of groundwater use through shallow tube wells (STWs) on groundwater quality, water levels, and boro rice productivity in the Sundarbans region of West Bengal, India. Key findings of the study include: 1) STWs installed at depths greater than 91 meters maintained higher water levels and quality during the dry season compared to shallower STWs. 2) Rice yields were higher for fields irrigated with deeper STWs, which had lower soil salinity buildup. 3) Pumping from STWs impacted local groundwater resources, with deeper aquifers experiencing less depletion and degradation than shallow aquifers.
By Camelia Dewan, Marie-Charlotte Buisson and Aditi Mukherji
Revitalizing the Ganges Coastal Zone Conference
21-23 October 2014, Dhaka, Bangladesh
http://waterandfood.org/ganges-conference/
This document discusses the need for coordinated governance of land and water resources that places people at the center. It argues that people have holistic perspectives on natural resources that support their livelihoods. Coordinated governance is needed to address issues like growing competition for water resources and ensuring access for all. Water constituencies can learn from land constituencies' focus on marginalized people, customary rights, and global rights-based dialogue. The document calls for voluntary guidelines that frame land and water tenure through joint people-centered processes respecting customary entitlements and human rights to resources.
Pecha Kucha format presentation about innovative solutions being deployed by the Caribbean Wastewater Project (Revolving Fund) GEF-IADB/UNEP, by Alfredo Coelloin the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
Large Marine Ecosystems: Megaregional Best Practices for LME Assessment and M...Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of large marine ecosystems (LMEs) and efforts to implement ecosystem-based management (EBM) of LMEs. It notes that LMEs produce 80% of global fisheries catches and contribute $12.6 trillion annually to the global economy. The document outlines the five module assessment approach used for LMEs, including productivity, fish/fisheries, pollution, socioeconomics, and governance. It discusses how the Global Environment Facility has provided $6.01 billion since 1994 to support EBM planning and implementation projects in 22 LMEs. The LME approach is now the cornerstone of the GEF's ocean management strategy.
Slides used during the science to communication workshop in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference, to explain how to understand and communicate with an audience better when presenting.
Presentation by Chris O'Brien, of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (Bay of Bengal LME project) during the science to communication workshop in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference. The presentations focuses on how to create effective powerpoint slides.
How to communicate science effectively (IWC8 Presentation)Iwl Pcu
Presentation by Professor Sevvandi Jajakody, of the Wayamba University(Bay of Bengal LME project) during the science to communication workshop in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
Presentation by Chris O'Brien, of the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (Bay of Bengal LME project) during the science to communication workshop in the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
Presentation by Peter Whalley, International Nitrogen Management System GEF- UNEP project providing an introduction to the nitrogen roundtable at the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters conference
Presentation by Hugh Walton of the GEF-UNDP Pacific Fisheries project 4746 at the 8th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference.
GEF Pillar 1.2 Promoting Transformational Change in Major Global Industries
Hugh Walton – Pacific Islands Forum Fisheries Agency
PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
Background - The FFA region
GEF OFMP – 2001 – 2004 & 2005 – 2011
Evaluation in the context of transformational change
OFMP 2 – 2015 – 2019 – Setting the stage for institutional change
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 1Iwl Pcu
This document discusses the development of a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA). It outlines the steps to develop the TDA, including defining system boundaries, collecting and analyzing data, identifying and prioritizing transboundary problems, determining the impacts of priority problems, analyzing causes of problems, and developing thematic reports. It also discusses that the TDA provides factual basis for the strategic planning component and should involve engagement with stakeholders throughout the process. Finally, it notes that the TDA development team should be representative of participating countries and stakeholders.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 10Iwl Pcu
This document provides information about governance analysis as part of the TDA/SAP process. It defines governance as the process of decision-making and implementation. Governance analysis examines the key aspects of political, economic, and civil society processes. It focuses on the dynamics of these relationships. There is no agreed approach, and the type of analysis will depend on the cultural, political, and social structures of the countries involved. The governance analysis should consider the decision-making, institutional, policy, and civil society arrangements that influence economic and political decisions affecting the issues being analyzed. The document provides advice to go beyond formal structures and understand informal dynamics and relationships.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 10Iwl Pcu
This document provides information about governance analysis as part of the TDA/SAP process. It defines governance as the process of decision-making and implementation. Governance analysis examines the key aspects of political, economic, and civil society processes. It focuses on the dynamics of these relationships. There is no agreed approach, and the type of analysis will depend on the cultural, political, and social structures of the countries involved. The governance analysis should consider decision-making processes, institutional structures, policy frameworks, economic arrangements, and civil society arrangements. Advice is given to use existing assessments, go beyond formal structures, attend coordination meetings, and interview long-time staff to understand informal dynamics.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 9Iwl Pcu
This document provides guidance on drafting a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA). It discusses integrating various parts of the TDA, such as thematic reports, studies, and stakeholder analyses. It recommends that a TDA should be concise and easy to understand, with an executive summary, main text, supporting data/figures, maps, a content list, and acknowledgements. Technical reports can be annexed. The TDA size typically ranges from 80-150 pages. Preliminary recommendations for the Strategic Action Program can be included. The TDA should be reviewed by stakeholders and adopted by the steering committee, though government acceptance is also often required.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 5Iwl Pcu
1) This training module covers developing the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), which involves determining the environmental and socio-economic impacts of priority transboundary problems.
2) Environmental impacts are effects on ecosystem integrity, while socio-economic impacts are changes in human welfare from environmental problems.
3) A two-step process is used to determine impacts: 1) Identifying impacts of each problem through a workshop, and 2) Qualitatively or quantitatively describing key impacts through available data and information.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 5Iwl Pcu
1) This training module covers developing the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), which involves determining the environmental and socio-economic impacts of priority transboundary problems.
2) Environmental impacts are effects on ecosystem integrity, while socio-economic impacts are changes in human welfare from environmental impacts or problems.
3) A process for determining impacts involves identifying them for each problem, and qualitatively or quantitatively describing key impacts.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 5Iwl Pcu
1) This training module covers developing the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), which involves determining the environmental and socio-economic impacts of priority transboundary problems.
2) Environmental impacts are effects on ecosystem integrity, while socio-economic impacts are changes in human welfare from environmental impacts or problems.
3) A two-step process is outlined for determining impacts: 1) Identifying impacts of each problem through a workshop, and 2) Qualitatively or quantitatively describing key impacts through available data and information.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 7Iwl Pcu
This document provides guidance on developing thematic reports for a Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA). Thematic reports are the main source of supporting information for the TDA and are drafted by national experts. The document outlines a two-step process for developing the reports: 1) key areas and national experts are identified based on prioritized transboundary problems, and 2) reports are drafted and reviewed by the TDA development team. Examples of thematic reports from previous TDAs are provided. Advice is given to allow sufficient time for reports, ensure appropriate expertise, and develop clear terms of reference.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 5Iwl Pcu
1) This training module covers developing the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), which involves determining the environmental and socio-economic impacts of priority transboundary problems.
2) Environmental impacts are effects on ecosystem integrity, while socio-economic impacts are changes in human welfare from environmental problems.
3) A two-step process is outlined for determining impacts: 1) Identifying impacts of each problem through a workshop, and 2) Qualitatively or quantitatively describing key impacts through available data and information.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 6Iwl Pcu
This document provides an overview of causal chain analysis (CCA) as part of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA) process. It defines CCA as examining the linear cause and effect relationships between the causes of a problem and its impacts. The key components of a causal chain are described as the immediate, underlying, and root causes. A stepwise process for developing causal chains is outlined, including identifying the chain components and further developing the chains with data. Examples of completed causal chains for different regions are also presented.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 5Iwl Pcu
1) This training module covers developing the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), which involves determining the environmental and socio-economic impacts of priority transboundary problems.
2) Environmental impacts are effects on ecosystem integrity, while socio-economic impacts are changes in human welfare from environmental problems.
3) A two-step process is outlined for determining impacts: 1) Identifying impacts of each problem through a workshop, and 2) Qualitatively or quantitatively describing key impacts through available data and information.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 4Iwl Pcu
Here are the key steps in the process:
1. Brainstorm a complete list of potential transboundary problems in the water system.
2. Review the list and only keep problems that are truly transboundary in nature (originate in one country and impact another).
3. Characterize each problem in terms of its geographical scale and how strongly transboundary it is.
4. Have individual team members privately prioritize the problems based on agreed upon criteria.
The goal is to develop a consensus among the full TDA development team on the highest priority transboundary problems affecting the water system through an open, collaborative workshop process. Individual input is gathered but the final output is an agreed upon prioritized list.
TDA/SAP Methodology Training Course Module 2 Section 4
Рыбные и водные ресурсы
1. Session-4
Рыбные и водные ресурсы
John A Dixon, ИВБ
Материалы подготовлены на основе работ
различных авторов и выступлений
Д.Винсента, Т.Стернера, Дж. Падилла, М.С.
Делос Анхелес,
2. Размещение дефицитных
ресурсов: рыбные ресурсы
• Оптимальное управление
рыбными ресурсами
• “Tрагедия общего”
• Регулирование рыбного
промысла государством
• Ресурсы, находящиеся в общей
собственности
3. 1. Простая модель рыбного
промысла
• Рост популяции рыбы –
немедленная, логистическая
функция от запаса рыбы
• XMSY = максимальный
поддерживаемый запас рыбы
• Темпы роста самые
высокие
• Улов на уровне F*(X) или
ниже можно
поддерживать сколь
угодно долго
• Любой улов ниже этого
значения (напр., F1(X)) можно
получить за счёт любого из
двух запасов рыбы, - малого и
большого
• k = переносимый объём
4. Преобразование в экономическое
выражение
• На горизонтальной оси
вместо запаса рыбы (X)
покажем промысловое
усилие (E)
• Изменяется направление
оси: когда запас невелик,
усилие должно быть
значительным
• На вертикальной оси
покажем деньги
• Общая выручка (TR)
• = Цена (P) × Улов (H)
• Добавим функцию общих
издержек:
• TC = Удельные издержки
(c) × Усилие
• Рента = TR – TC
5. Оптимальное управление
• Представим, что имеется
лишь один промысловик.
Какое усилие он должен
прилагать?
• E*, где значение прибыли
(«ренты»)
максизмизируется
– MEY: “максимальная
экономическая отдача”
• Примечание: точка MEY
расположена левее точки
MSY
– Оптимальный улов (H*) меньше,
чем улов MSY
– Однако рента выше, чем в точке
MSY
6. Предельный анализ
• Может показать, что точка MEY
расположена там, где предельная
выручка (MR) равна предельным
издержкам (MC)
• Для предельной единицы усилия:
– Предельная рента = 0
– Средняя рента > 0
7.
8. При каком подходе сберегается
больше рыбных ресурсов?
• Цель традиционного рыбного промысла: достичь MSY
• В отличие от этого, экономист старается достичь MEY
• По сравнению с MSY, в точке MEY:
– Улов ниже
– Прибыль от промысла рыбы выше
– Промысловое усилие ниже
– Запас рыбы выше
• В точке MEY сберегается больше рыбных ресурсов
9. 2. «Трагедия общего»: права
собственности и деградация
окружающей среды
• В отношении природных ресурсов права
собственности нередко бывают определены нечётко
– “Открытый доступ”: т.е. нет ограничений на право
пользования ресурсами открытого моря
– Результат: “трагедия общего”
• Экономические исследования показывают, что
важнейшими причинами деградации окружающей
среды являются не только более очевидные
моменты, такие как рост народонаселения и объёмов
потребления, но и отсутствие ясных прав
собственности и другие институциональные факторы
10. «Трагедия общего»
• Пусть теперь пользователи
действуют независимо друг
от друга и максимизируют
индивидуальную прибыль
– Поскольку рыбные ресурсы –
«общий пул», MRi = AR > c в
E*: каждый пользователь
полагает, что его прибыль
вырастет, если он повысит
своё промысловое усилие
– Но поскольку этой стратегии
следуют все пользователи,
значение AR снижается: в
агрегированном выражении
оно не фиксировано
• Пользователи продолжают
наращивать усилия доl E 0,
где AR = c
– Рента полностью
«размывается», а запас рыбы
значительно сокращается
11.
12. «Внешний эффект» запаса
• Индивидуальный пользователь, который наращивает
свои усилия, так что они начинают превышать E* , не
учитывает тот внешний эффект («экстерналию»),
который его действия оказывают на других
пользователей
• Наращивание промыслового усилия приводит к
сокращению запаса рыбы
• В результате другие пользователи добывают меньше
рыбы
• В совокупности их прибыль сокращается на сумму,
которая более чем компенсирует рост
индивидуальных значений прибыли
13. «Крах рынка»:
отсутствие прав собственности
• Рыбные запасы – ресурс «открытого доступа»
(рыбные ресурсы – открытый доступ: Промысловики
(или пастухи, и т.д.) могут использовать любое
количество ресурса
– Права собственности отсутствуют: нет исключаемости кого
бы то ни было
– «То, что принадлежит всем, не принадлежит никому»
• В сочетании с допущением «общего пула» в итоге
получаем «размывание» ренты
– “Траулеров слишком много, а рыбы слишком мало»
– Заработок промысловиков покрывает только
альтернативную стоимость труда
– В развивающихся странах – прожиточный минимум:
бедность
14. Пример: Коста-Рика
• Показывает, как разворачивалась «трагедия»
после того, как была внедрена технология,
позволяющая добывать рыбу, в отношении
которой ранее промысел не вёлся
• Залив Никоя в 1970-е и 1980-е годы был
наиболее важным районом рыбного промысла
Коста-Рики, однако быстро стал жертвой
перелова
• Проведён анализ Институтом мировых
ресурсов в книге Accounts Overdue (1991)
16. Треска
• Популяция трески на
отмелях Атлантики в
районе Канады – самая
значительная в мире
• В 1992 была истощена
• 30 000 рыбаков
потеряли работу
• По истечении 10 лет –
нет признаков
восстановления!
Canada
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
17. Следовать примеру Исландии
• Мировой улов трески
снизился на 75% с 1968
г.
• Определённые надежды
связывают с 200-
мильной зоной
расширенного лова (EFZ)
• Индивидуальные
передаваемые квоты как
SHAREs в размере
совокупного допустимого
вылова (TAC)
• Размер TAC
определяется биологами
250
200
150
100
50
0
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Index of Cod catches
Canada
Iceland
WORLD
19. Варианты регулирования
рыбного промысла
• Какие существуют варианты для решения
проблемы открытого доступа?
• Варианты подходов:
1. Административно-командные меры:
ограничение совокупного промыслового
усилия до EMEY или совокупного улова до HMEY
2. Взимание платы: введение налога на
промысловое усилие или устранения
расхождений между MR и AR
3. Индивидуальные «торгуемые» квоты (ITQ):
ограничение совокупного улова до значения
HMEY, выделение квот промысловикам,
разрешение торговать такими квотами
20. Командно-административный
подход
• Регулирование интенсивности усилия
– Как определить Ei: количество судов? Число
дней? Мощность энергетической установки в
лошадиных силах?
• Регулирование количества улова
– Напр., район промысла закрывают, когда
совокупный улов достигает уровня,
установленного квотой
– Неэффективно: каждый пользователь
прилагает больше усилий, чтобы обеспечить
улов до того, как квота будет выбрана
21. Взимание платы
• Налог на усилие: та же проблема, что и
при регулировании количественного
показателя промыслового усилия
• Налог на улов: проще, чем облагать
налогом промысловое усилие (т.к. улов
проще измерить), однако применяется
редко
– Непопулярно с политической точки зрения
22. ITQs
• Представляются наилучшим вариантом:
совокупный улов ограничивается
значением MEY с помощью эффективного
по затратам инструмента
– Малозатратные промысловые предприятия
«побеждают» конкурентов в борьбе за квоты
• См. работу James Sanchirico and Richard
Newell, “Quota-based fisheries management”
(Resources, spring 2003)
23. Характеристики некоторых промысловых систем с использованием
ITQ
Новая Зеландия Исландия Канада Чили
Год,
промысловые
виды
1986-
32 вида
1979- сельдь;
1974- демерсальные
виды
1990- все виды
1991-
Все виды
1992-
Креветка и треска
Распределение
ITQ; стоимость
Промысловики;
Первоначально -
бесплатно
Промысловые суда:
бесплатно
Промысловые суда;
бесплатно
Промысловики; аукцион
Основа Прежний уровень Прежний уровень;
имеющиеся мощности
70% прежний уровень;
30% имеющиеся
мощности
Аукцион
Права
собственности
Вечные, полные
права за
исключением омара,
ограничения на
основе доли или
наличия разрешения
Ежегодная отзываемая
квота;
ограниченная
концентрация и число
занятых
Ограничены в
зависимости от
концентрации
Действительны в
течение 10 лет;
ограничения по доле или
разрешениям;
ежегодный аукцион 10%
Меры
принуждения
Проверки Проверки Мониторинг улова Слабые; самоконтроль
Оплата Нарушение и
уголовное
преступление
Издержки
оплачиваются
отраслью
Штрафы; конфискация
квот; информаторы
получают долю
Система
дифференцированных
штрафов
Экономические
результаты
Выпуск=0;
Занятость=0;
Качество рыбных
ресурсов=+; Цена
квот=+
Улов=+/0;
Усилие=- ;
Качество улова=+;
Прибыль=+
Улов=0; Цены=+;
Занятость=- ;
Концентрация
ограничена
Нет данных
24. Характеристики некоторых промысловых систем с использованием
ITQ
Норвегия Австралия США: Восточное
побережье
США: Флорида
Год;
промысловый
вид
1973 - сельдь,
макрельl, хек, мойва
1984; тунец
обыкновенный
1990; мелководные
моллюски и
океанический венус
1992-
Колючий омар
Распределение
ITQ; стоимость
Промысловые суда;
бесплатно
Промысловики;
бесплатно
Промысловые суда;
бесплатно
Промысловики;
Фиксированная цена
Основа Имеющиеся
мощности
75% Прежний уровень,
25% имеющиеся
мощности
80% прежний уровень;
20% имеющиеся
мощности
Прежний уровень
Права
собственности
Ограниченная
передача, подлежит
утверждению
Министерством
рыбной
промышленности
Свободная торговля Квоты в полной
собственности
Ограничения по
концентрации
Меры
принуждения
Мониторинг улова Наблюдение на
побережье, маркировка
орудий лова,
вахтенные журналы
Контроль за
маркировкой ловушек;
недостаточны
Оплата Система
дифференцированны
х штрафов
Издержки
оплачиваются
отраслью
Экономические
результаты
Увеличение ренты Улов/Усилие=+;
Рента =+;
Используемый
капитал= -
Эффективность,
Улов/Суда,
рента,= +;
Избыточные мощности
= -
Количество ловушек= -;
Улов = стабильно;
Стоимость разрешения
= +;
25. Мировой лидер: Новая Зеландия
(НЗ)
• Разнообразные: краткосрочные (кальмар – 1 год) и долгосрочные
(австралийский ёрш: 125+ лет), береговые и в открытом море
(глубоководный промысел)
– Введены в 1986 г.: 26 видов
– Сегодня: 45 видов; 85% коммерческого промысла НЗ
• EEZ разделены на районы лова конкретных промысловых видов
исходя из численности популяций
– 1 для новозеландского макруронуса, 11 для морского ушка
– В 2000 - 275 рынков квот
• Общий размер квот основан на MSY
– Отдельные квоты могут делиться, отдаваться в аренду, субаренду,
однако число квот, которые могут принадлежать одной компании,
ограничено
• Мониторинг и меры принуждения: подробная отчётность,
наблюдение со спутников, наблюдатели на борту промысловых
судов
26. Вопросы в связи с работой рынков
квот (ITQ) в Новой Зеландии
• Эффективность работы рынка
– Очень активные рынки: в среднем до 2000 г. ежегодно
продавалось 1500 и 9300 контрактов на аренду квот
• В 2000 г. 44% всего улова передано на условиях аренды
• Капитализация рынка: ~ US$2 млрд.
– Малые и средние компании при работе с квотами пользуются
услугами посредников;
Крупные компании имеют штатных специалистов для
операций с квотами
– Уровень цен вырос: рыболовецкие компании становятся
более прибыльными, особенно те, что изначально имели
избыточную капитализацию
– Цены на месячные квоты по конкретным промысловым
видам постепенно сходятся
27. Вопросы в связи с работой рынков квот
(ITQ) в Новой Зеландии
• Простота администрирования
– Органы регулирования НЗ сообщают о том, что растёт спрос на
данные, отношения приобретают менее враждебный характер
• Ценность квот зависит от информации и доверия к системе
– По сравнению с США.: подлежит рассмотрению ~100 судебных
исков к Национальной службе морского рыболовства
• Распределение
– В США квоты (ITQ) стали предметом существенной политической
озабоченности: не приведёт ли их использование к ухудшению
положения мелких рыболовецких хозяйств?
– НЗ:число владельцев квот сократилось на 37%; 25% рынков квот
«концентрированы»
• Однако: большинство владельцев по-прежнему составляют малые и
средние рыболовецкие компании.
• Что лучше: устойчивая, но концентрированная отрасль, или не
концентрированная, но и не устойчивая отрасль?
28. Подходы к рыбному промыслу
в развивающихся странах
• Обычно цель государства состоит в том,
чтобы максимизировать улов или занятость,
но не ренту
• Часто применяются дотации и субсидии: на
промысловые суда, снасти, горючее,
холодильное оборудование, рыбоводство...
– Каким образом эти субсидии сказываются на
промысловом усилии? Размере улова?
Вытеснении? Загрязнении окружающей среды?
Доходе промысловиков?
29. 4. Ресурсы, находящиеся в общей
собственности: коллективные действия
• Существует ли необходимость в государственном
регулировании?
• Промысловики заинтересованы в договорённости, в
которую включены следующие основные моменты:
1. Все промысловики соглашаются ограничить свои
промысловые усилия, так чтобы совокупное усилие не
превышало EMEY
2. Промысловики соглашаются нанять «контролёра», который
следил бы за соблюдением достигнутых договорённостей
всеми (допущение «общего пула» сохраняется»)
3. Все промысловики получают по части от ренты, оставшейся
после покрытия стоимости такого контроля и надзора
• Почему же такой самоорганизации не происходит?
30. Ресурсы, находящиеся в общей
собственности: коллективные действия
• На самом деле, это происходит: в развивающихся
странах есть много примеров институтов,
относящихся к ресурсам в общем пользовании, и
не только рыбным ресурсам
– Общая собственность Открытый доступ
• Явление давно изучается антропологами, и давно
не замечается экономистами
• В нашей простой модели «размывание» ренты
предсказывается частично потому, что в модели
не предусмотрено сотрудничество или
неоднократные взаимодействия между
промысловиками
31. Свойства долговечных ПОС
• Признание прав на организацию
• Ясно определённые границы: ресурсы и пользователи
• Конгруэнтность
– Правила выделения и состояние ресурса:
– Распределение выгод от выделения и издержек, связанных с
соблюдением правил:
• Положения, оформляющие коллективный выбор
– Те, кто «пострадал» от имеющихся правил, могут принять участие в их
пересмотре
• Мониторинг
• Набор санкций разной степени тяжести
• Механизмы разрешения спорных ситуаций
32. Подведение итогов
• В отношении возобновляемых ресурсов есть много
точек, обеспечивающих их устойчивое
пользование
• Экономические (рента) и экологические (запас)
характеристики этих точек могут быть
различными
• В отсутствие прав собственности (т.е. когда
предусмотрен открытый доступ) возникает
«трагедия общего»: рента размывается, ресурсы
истощаются
• Существуют разные варианты оформления прав
собственности: она может быть не только
государственной или личной / частной, но и
коллективной (общественная собственность)