1. Summary
The petrol filling stations section considers the various factors affecting their
valuation and discusses elements related to the valuation process itself. Petrol
filling station valuations require specialist expertise and considerable experience.
A very limited number of open market transactions take place each year and
comparable evidence is limited. It can often be difficult to carry out a full analysis
of the evidence to draw direct comparisons between one filling station and
another. Valuers therefore need to have a detailed understanding of the sector
and the market's approach to assessing future trading potential and profitability.
Fuel Types
There are 39 filling stations in Negara Brunei Darussalam; which
comprisescomprising of 37 on-land and 2 riverines stations. All fuel sold in
Negara Brunei Darussalam must comply with State and Commonwealth fuel
quality specifications.
The His Majesty’s Government of NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM introduced
the Environmental Protection (Diesel and Petrol) Regulations, ensuring to ensure
NEGARA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM had has the cleanest fuel amongst in the
ASEAN countries, with stringent restrictions on the number of carcinogens and
pollutants in vehicle exhaust emissions, creating better environmental and health
conditions for Negara Brunne Darussalam. Since then, new standards and
specifications have been applied to make it healthier for all Negara Brunei
Darussalam.
Most of our fuel products sold at petrol stations come from the Brunei Shell
Refinery located in Operation Seria, located just south western part of Negara
Brunei Darussalam.
Definition of Unleaded Petrol
Unleaded Petrol manufactured without the addition of antiknock. It has a slightly
lower octane rating than leaded petrol, but has the advantage of not polluting the
atmosphere with lead compounds. Many cars can be converted to run on
unleaded petrol by altering the timing of the engine, and most new cars are
designed to do so. Cars fitted with a catalytic converter must use unleaded fuel.
Aromatic hydrocarbons and alkenes are added to unleaded petrol instead of lead
compounds to increase the octane rating. After combustion the hydrocarbons
produce volatile organic compounds. These have been linked to cancer, and are
involved in the formation of photochemical smog. A low-lead fuel is less toxic
than unleaded petrol for use in cars that are not fitted with a catalytic converter.
Unleaded Petrol (ULP)
ULP is the most common fuel type in Negara Brunei Darussalam for passenger
vehicles. Regular unleaded petrol Negara Brunei Darussalamswas introduced in
1985 in anticipation of new Negara Brunei Darussalamn Design Rules initiated
by the His Majesty’s Government to reduce Negara Brunei Darussalam's air
Compiled by Azman Ahmad, BMF/3 Jan 2009

2. pollution. Central to the new design rules Negara Brunei Darussalamswas the
requirement for all vehicles to be fitted with a catalytic converter.
ULP Negara Brunei Darussalams produced to allow the new vehicles to operate
with the catalytic converter. Most vehicles built or imported since 1986 and a
number of pre-1986 vehicles have been fitted with catalytic technology.
If your car is a pre-1986 vehicle and you are not sure if it can run on ULP, check
with your manufacturer first before using ULP.
ULP has a Research Octane Number (RON) of between 91 and 93.
Premium Unleaded Petrol (PULP)
PULP is a special blend of petrol designed to bring high octane, and hence high
engine power, as well as knock- free performance to unleaded cars with a high-
octane requirement. Most petrol companies have a specially named version of
PULP (for example BP Ultimate and Caltex Vortex)
. PULP has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 95.
RON stands for Research Octane Number, a rating used to measure a fuels
knocking resistance in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. Before we
attempt to understand this mumbo jumbo, we have to know what knocking is.
Knocking is what happens when parts or all of the air-fuel mixture prematurely
ignites before the flame from the spark plug can reach it. This can be caused by
ignition timing that is too early or engine overheating, where the heat from the
cylinder itself causes the mixture to combust before the spark plug can burn the
mixture. This causes a decrease in performance and might also harm the engine.
Types of Fuels sold in BSM Retail Stations
1. Diesel DIESEL
Diesel engines are usually very efficient engines, offering better fuel economy in
comparison to equivalent petrol models. Diesel engines emit very low levels of
exhaust hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide when correctly tuned and
maintained. The main concern diesel engines raise is the smoke they emit, which
can be a health hazard.
Currently the sulphur content of diesel is 50 parts per million (ppm).
2. MOTORGASOLINE
What does RON means?
Compiled by Azman Ahmad, BMF/3 Jan 2009

3. RON stands for Research Octane Number, a rating used to measure a fuels
knocking resistance in spark-ignition internal combustion engines which is also
known as AKI (Anti Knock Index).
Before we attempt to understand this definition, we have to know what knocking
is.
Knocking is what happens when parts or all of the air-fuel mixture prematurely
ignites before the flame from the spark plug can reach it. This can be caused by
ignition timing that is too early or engine overheating, where the heat from the
cylinder itself causes the mixture to combust before the spark plug can burn the
mixture. This causes a decrease in performance and might also harm the engine.
• 97 RON
97 RON has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 97. It is a high-octane
unleaded fuel that maximizes engine power and performance, as well as
producing less pollution. It is more commonly used by imported and high
performance vehicles. Thus, it is more recommended to for turbocharged cars to
use 97 ron for longer engine lifespan.
98 RON is promoted as providing excellent fuel economy. It has low levels of
benzene, sulphur and lower aromatics and a sulphur content which is 10 times
lower than the national standard for unleaded fuels where it is called the V-
Power.
.
• 92 RON
2 2. andthe difference between RON97 is the RON number. It is also a high-
octane unleaded as well that, maximizece which also, as well as producings
Imported and medhighium performance vehicles more commonly use it and
the difference between RON97 is the RON number. Like RON92, it is the the
lower RON,. fFor general cars, it may not hear or feel the knocking sound as
the management will adjust the ignition timing but the car which does not
come with knocking sensor and thus with our current P2 engines,. iIt cannot
tune ignition timing. , Tthus, for turbo charged cars, its all down to
compression ratio, the higher the compression, the higher the risk of knocking
to occur.
• 85 RON
85 RON has a Research Octane Number (RON) of 85 octane known as
“Regular” gasoline, it is the minimum oOctane and 91 is the maximum octane
available in fuel. It would be 91-92 in Europe and however most European
pumps deliver 95 (RON) as "regular", equivalent to 90-91 in US (R+M)/2, and
even deliver 98 (RON) or 100 (RON).
Octane ratings can vary greatly from region to region. For example, the minimum
octane rating available in much of the United States is 87 AKI and the highest is
Compiled by Azman Ahmad, BMF/3 Jan 2009

4. 93. In the Rocky Mountain (high altitude) states, 85 octane is the minimum
octane and 913 is the maximum octane available in fuel. The reason for this is
that in higher-altitude areas, a typical combustion engine draws in less air per
cycle due to the reduced density of the atmosphere. This directly translates to
reduced absolute compression in the cylinder, therefore deterring knock. It is
safe to fill up a car that normally takes 87 AKI fuel at sea level with 85 AKI fuel in
the mountains, but if carried back to sea level the fuel may cause damage to the
engine.
In many parts of the Europe, 95 RON (90-91 AKI) is the minimum available, with
98 being premium. In other countries, like Brunei, "regular" leaded gasoline,
when still available, is sometimes as low as 85 RON (with unleaded still generally
around 95 and premium around 98.)
3. DUAL-PURPOSE KEROSENE
Kerosene is NOT like gasoline: it is a lubricant, not corrosive, not volatile, and
extremely stable in storage. The specific gravity of kerosene is about 0.8, and its
ignition point is more than 104 F.
Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage,[1] is a
combustible hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek keros (κηρός
wax).
The word Kerosene was registered as a trademark by Abraham Gesner in 1854
and for several years only the North American Gas Light Company and the
Downer Company (to which Gesner had granted the right) were allowed to call
their lamp oil kerosene.[2] It eventually became genericized.
It is usually called paraffin (sometimes paraffin oil) in the UK, South Africa and
France (not to be confused with the waxy solid also called paraffin wax or just
paraffin, or the much more viscous paraffin oil used as a laxative); the term
kerosene is usual in much of Canada, the United States, Australia (where it is
usually referred to colloquially as kero) and New Zealand.
Kerosene is a major component (> 60%) of aviation (jet) fuels[3]
Kerosene is widely used to power jet-engined aircraft (Jet fuel) and some
rockets, but is also commonly used for “oil” central heating systems and can be
used as a cleaning agent or solvent.used as a heating fuel and for fire toys such
as poi.
Kerosene is a major component (> 60%) of aviation (jet) fuels, is used for “oil”
central heating systems and can be used as a cleaning agent or solvent.
Compiled by Azman Ahmad, BMF/3 Jan 2009

5. The heat of combustion of Kerosene is similar to that of diesel: Its Lower Heating
Value is around 18,500 Btu/lb, or 43.1 MJ/kg, and its Higher Heating Value is
46.2MJ/kg.[4]
For Negara Brunei Darussalam, state is as below:-
1. AC
2. Usage as a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel for stoves, heaters
and lamps and is still used today as a fuel for home (‘oil’) central heating
systemsin lamps and heaters
coal oil, kerosene, lamp oil
Compiled by Azman Ahmad, BMF/3 Jan 2009

6. The heat of combustion of Kerosene is similar to that of diesel: Its Lower Heating
Value is around 18,500 Btu/lb, or 43.1 MJ/kg, and its Higher Heating Value is
46.2MJ/kg.[4]
For Negara Brunei Darussalam, state is as below:-
1. AC
2. Usage as a flammable hydrocarbon oil used as fuel for stoves, heaters
and lamps and is still used today as a fuel for home (‘oil’) central heating
systemsin lamps and heaters
coal oil, kerosene, lamp oil
Compiled by Azman Ahmad, BMF/3 Jan 2009