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Dear sir(s), Would you please mediate this issue with one of
your talents “ REY WRITER “ ID #51T77764E85562817.
Above is the assignment which involves TWO sections, PART I
& PART II Following is his answer which is an exact copy of
another assignment done on “subversive messaging” this was
what I received after completing the handshake on 10.23.17 for
$25.00, order #7009. Which not only does not answer or follow
the assignment instructions, but is the answer( replicates, the
subject of “subversive messaging” in another assignment) which
is NOT the topic of this Journal Review Assignment, order
#7009 on 10.23.17, listed above, with the same answer, that
was submitted for another assignment dated 10.16.17 order
#6973, RESEARCH PROPOSAL POLITICAL SCIENCE also
budgeted at $25.00! I have contacted Rey Writer several times
about this issue and was advised to send the link, which I do not
understand. Please review both documents, #7009 to compare
with #6973? I have had a very satisfactory professional
relationship with this talent, appreciate HM, and would
welcome you to intervene and explain what has happened and
that I fully expect him to honor the handshake and complete the
TWO sections of answers required for this assignment
completely and solve this obvious mix-up resulting in a
frustrating mis-understanding. Please help me to clear up this
Matter? Following is the answer in question in its entirety.
Kindest Regards, Hyssop
Title of the assignment in dispute, “THE JOURNAL REVIEW
PART ONE & TWO ASSIGNMENT”
INSTRUCTIONS FOLLOWING, For the assignment the
handshake was confirmed.
SECTION ONE Directions: Select a journal from a discipline
that pertains to your specific research interests. Spend time in
the library (or online) visiting the journal, reviewing it since its
inception. BILLBOARED or ROLLINGSTONE MAGAZINE,
WHICH are MUSIC THEMED will work here. Consider the
history, development, major players, subscription rates,
publication information, acceptance/publication rates, style
manual, editorial board, schools of contributors, kind of work
contributed, what gets published, forums/ book reviews. Explore
the current trends in topics. Who is the current editor, what is
their term, their philosophy. Where is it being edited? Are there
editorial prefaces? What do they say?
Spend some time running through or skimming the volumes of
the journal. (Note: Set a time limit on browsing and reading and
then manage your time. It is easy to be diverted from this task
by reading articles of interest instead of browsing the entire
journal.) Keep notes on significant changes you see over the
years of the journal’s existence. Watch for changes in editorial
boards, schools that the contributors or editors come from, topic
changes, name changes of the journal itself, etc. Note
specifically if a journal has a change in format such as adding a
book review section, a forum section, or editor’s introductory
remarks. Pay attention to long-term trends.
PART I – Write a report that contains the following
information. Note, most of this information could be obtained
from the most recent issues.
Journal name
Call number
Years of publication and volume numbers (note title changes, if
any)
Issues (quarterly? semi-annually?)
Years available in our library (specify if on line volumes are
available and where)
Facts of publication (who owns/sponsors the journal, where is it
published, cost of subscription)
Current editor
Current style manual
Specifications for submissions (page limit, format (manuscript
or electronic, etc.)
Anything else you think is relevant or interesting.
SECTION TWO Directions
PART II - Analysis
After completing your journal review, write a 2-3 page
report that synthesizes and analyzes what you discovered. Your
report should synthesize the content and content changes of the
journal and identify the major trends that you discovered.
The assignment issues: 1. PLEASE NOTE, the ANSWERS
received and POSTED BELOW, are not associated with the 2-
part question posted above! 2. Answer submitted on 10.23.17
no.7009 plagiarizes the answer given for another assignment
finalized on 10.16.17 no.6973! Please note that neither answer
is titled “Journal Review, two-part Assignment”.
PLAGERIZED ASSIGNMENT RESULT for#7009 completed on
10.23.17, as the answer for question above, posted on 10.17.17,
is from former answer to another assignment, presented for
completion of “handshake” on 10.16.17, therefore the answer
for the assignment remains incomplete with no solution in sight
as the teacher is have difficulty embracing the issue. Would you
please forward this breakdown to him, so that we can resolve
this? Thank You, Kindest Regards, Hyssop2016
ASSIGNMENT No. 7009, RESULTS RECEIVED ON 10.23.17
Please compare assignment no.7009 with assignment no.6973
received on 10.16.17 to confirm plagiarism, which is
understandably un-acceptable?
Music & subversive messaging
Student’s name
University affiliation
Introduction
From the ancient times, music has been a major form of
entertainment as well as the presentation of culture. Therefore a
performers’ main objective is to maximize their connection with
the audience in both verbal and non-verbal communication.
However, as the music took an integral part in the society, the
need to disseminate information to specific audience increased
but retained its main role as an entertainment medium.
Therefore the dilemma of how artists’ addresses the same crowd
and at the same time connect at a deeper level with an only
selected portion of the audience has always existed.
Communities across the globe have developed their own unique
ways to code their messages. Therefore this essay explores three
dimensions of music in order to define subversive messaging
involving African- American music, pop, and calypso. The
essence is to understand the historical background together with
the need for subversive messaging in various cultures.
The coded message: African American music
Ragtime music can be traced from the southern communities
presumably slaves. In this case, the style of music peaked in the
1890s and lasted long enough despite the emergence of various
revivals in the 20th century. Ancient artists such as Scott Joplin
composed music purposed to entertain the African American
communities. However, the style attracted some white audience.
As a result, some information had to be coded to avoid
offending the whites (masters). Social as well as geographical
segregation of blacks from the American lifestyle prolonged the
existence of the African culture even with the end of slavery.
(Verney, 2013). This is clearly portrayed with the emergence of
jazz and the ‘blues.” The Blues, for instance, revealed an in-
depth interpretation of the life of the south black’s communities
in the period of and after slavery. The songs relied more on
metaphors that conveyed hidden messages. However, the mere
look of the music provided entertainment but keenly listening
delivered lessons to be carried through the “black’ generations.
Pop music
Thomas Edison contribution to the invention of the phonograph
in 1877, paved the way for pop music. His invention confirmed
that the cylinder could be reversely rotated to produce a
fascinating version of recorded music. According to the first
experiment carried out during the Musique Concrete’ era’
pertaining editing and integration of sound fragments, after that
messages have been expertly inserted into music. (Stollznow,
2014). However, the music is only heard with clarity upon
playing the same song backward. ‘Beatles’ is a good example of
group songs that ruled the music industry. Whether coded as a
gimmick, the subversive messaging by the Beatles did not
escape the attention of music fans. Apparently, the focus was
too intense to an extent the death of some of the members could
be intertwined in the selected backmasked songs. To date,
apparently innocent pop music is associated with subliminal
messaging particularly when played in reverse and this is more
complex based on the choreography applied in the video. For
example, a musician such as Miley Cyrus has been associated
with the use of erotic and sexism in their video to portray
unattainable love.
Calypso
This type of music is perceived to be carefree or frivolous.
(Regis, 1999). On the other hand, this style of music is political
based especially on its subtle. The origin of this genre of music
can be understood from the historical fight for emancipation
from both real as well as mental slavery. However, the
composure of the songs is dependent on wit and unusual
observation in order to communicate in a unique manner; that
serves two purposes. Firstly it ensures the audience is hooked
on the message while at the same time ensuring others are
thrilled by the creativity. Therefore, it primarily served the
purpose of mocking the slave master as well as communicating
political occurrence at the time. To close, the highlighted case
study of various music genres have comprehensively defined the
need for subversive messaging. There was the need
communicate certain information to a particular target audience.
Assignment No. 6973 Results Received on 10.16.17
The Essence of Subversive
Messaging In Music
Student Name
Introduction
Throughout history, music has been a major form of
entertainment and presentation of culture. The performers
endeavor to maximize their connection with the audience in
both verbal and non-verbal communication. However, as the
music took center stage in the society, the need to pass some
information to a particular audience arose while still retaining
the contemporary role of music as an entertainment medium.
How could the artists address the same crowd yet connect at a
more intimate/ deeper level with an only selected portion of the
audience? Different communities have found different ways to
mask their ‘secret’ messages with the obvious coding naturally
done through the language used. This paper explores some three
perspectives of music to define subversive messaging including;
calypso, pop, and African-American music. The intention is to
understand the historical background and the need for
subversive messaging in different cultures.
The Hidden Message: Pop Music
Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, and one
year later, he found that the cylinder could be reversely rotated
to produce an interesting version of recorded music. The melody
was retained but in a unique manner including the word
patterns. During the ‘Musique Concrete’ era, the Avant-garde
musicians did the first experiment that entailed the editing and
integration of sound fragments (Stollznow, 2014). Since then,
messages have been expertly inserted into music that can only
be heard with clarity upon playing the same song backward. The
best example is the popular musical group the ‘Beatles’ that has
ruled the music industry for over five decades. The group
stumbled upon the art of back-maskingwhile working on their
1965 album by the title ‘Rubber Soul’ (Stollznow, 2014). They
heavily borrowed elements of ‘Musique Concrete’ to establish
this new experience. Whether done as a popularization gimmick
or conveyance of a secret message, the subversive messaging by
the Beatles caught the attention of music fans and critics. The
focus was too intense to an extent the death of some of the
members could be supposedly confirmed through confessions in
selected backmasked songs. One such incident is the 1966
rumors by American college students of Paul McCartney death
and replacement but someone that resembled the artist
(Stollznow, 2014).
Not long after, the 1973 film titled ‘the Exorcist’ kicked
another public storm. A tape containing the garbled words of a
possessed victim in the movie when played backward confirmed
the speech to have been made in English. Since then, musicians
such as Ozzy Osborne and bands including; The Eagles, ELO,
Judas Priest and Led Zeppelin were accused of using subversive
messaging to promote satanic subliminal messages (Stollznow,
2014). To date, seemingly innocent pop music is accused of
subliminal messaging when played in reverse, and the
complexities have since increased based on the ability to fuse
music video elements that complete the subversive messaging.
Musicians such as Miley Cyrus, Beyoncé, Justine Bieber and
Lady Gaga have been cited for using erotic movements and
sexism in their presentations to promote unattainable love. The
words or dancing is intended to shift the focus from the main
message that is often laid out in plain view.
African American Music
Ragtime music originated in the southern communities of
African Americans (Blacks) presumably slaves. The style of
music peaked in the 1890s and lasted till 1918 even though
various revivals took place later in the 20th century. Artists of
the time such as Scott Joplin made music intended to entertain
the African American Community, but inevitably, the style
attracted some white audience. Therefore, some crude lyrics
often had to be coded or stylistically hidden to avoid offending
the ‘masters.' The geographical and social exclusion of the
‘blacks’ from the mainstream American lifestyle prolonged the
survival of the African culture long after the end of slavery
(Verney, 2013). This reality was evident through the emergence
of jazz and the ‘blues.' However, the Blues music provided an
in-depth interpretation of the life of the southern black
communities during and after slavery. Metaphors involving
animals were popular in this music, and only a targeted
audience could interpret and understand the underlying
message. A superficial glance at the music often provided
entertainment, but strategic listening delivered lasting lessons
to be carried through the ‘black’ generations. The mule was a
popular animal used to symbolize minimum reward for long and
tedious working hours under unbearable conditions. The animal
was also popular in symbolizing the lowest order in the society,
reflecting the status of the black community.
Love and sex was also a popular theme in the male-
dominated ‘Blues’ musical style where sexual prowess was
magnified through animals such as roosters, writhing black
snakes, and stallions (Verney, 2013). Objectification of women
was also established during this era where they were mere
symbols of sexual gratification. Some of the representations of
women in graphics and words included; heifers, pig-meat, and
mares (Verney, 2013). Politically, such songs often triggered
debates because they tended to trigger memories of injustices,
wrongs, and misfortunes of the black community. Depending on
the prevailing atmosphere, the artists could twist lyrics to
minimize adversities while maintaining the subliminal
messages.
Calypso
Away from the Caribbean region, calypso music is perceived to
be light-hearted, carefree and in some cases frivolous (Regis,
1999). On the contrary, this style of music is one of the most
political based on its subtle but serious social commentary
blurred in the joyful cadences. This genre of music originates
from the historical fight for emancipation from both real and
mental slavery. The composure of the songs in most cases
demands wit and full imagination that finds a way to
communicate the obvious in an indirect manner; that keeps the
target audience hooked on the vibes while the rest are thrilled
from the creativity. Emerging from the West African roots and
propagated by the Slaves channeled in the Caribbean region,
Calypso was designed to lament often and provide satirical
effects. The content was intended to mock the Slave-Masters,
especially in the ‘Harvest festival of Canboulay’ that was
organized to coincide with the pre-Lent Carnival that excluded
even the Freed Slaves (Regis, 1999). As the genre gained its
highest popularity in the 1920s and 30s, it became the primary
source of news as well as a mode of interpreting/
communicating political occurrences. Just like the Blues genre,
Calypso provoked political debates leading to several incidents
of its banning by the colonial government. The topics of
interests diversified to racial consciousness to address racial
segregation in the 1960s.
Assessment of unrequited love
The difficulties and the almost impossible act of
emancipation or acquisition of freedom ensured subversive
messaging was sustained for the safe communication of the
minorities during slavery. Consequently, the beauty and
expression of freedom became vivid to most if not all the
hopeful slaves. The post-slavery period and urbanization era
forced all the races to recognize the power of music. Some of
the themes in early musicals lost part of their meaning as the
world embraced freedom and modernization. However, the need
to communicate prevailing injustices that could not be
completely eliminated through physical freedom has sustained
the use of subversive messaging. Love is a topic that crosses all
human boundaries and has the potential to overcome all social
stratification factors including; age, gender, race, class,
employment status, and education level. Therefore, the songs of
the post-slavery period could not find common ground of
reaching the masses as well as using the theme of love. As
unattainable love is predominant in these songs, so is the allure
of fighting the social injustices that exceed to date. Therefore,
the intensity of erotic representation of the same is often
perceived by critics as a source of over-indulging the masses to
ensure they do not focus on the ‘real issues.' Therefore, hidden
communication is made to affect the conscious/ subconscious
mind of the audience as a means of establishing contact. The
essence is to deliver the message in circumstances that would
otherwise generate resistance if such communication was plain
or direct.
Conclusion
The highlighted case studies of different music genres have
defined the need for subversive messaging as emerging from the
need to communicate and resonate with a particular target
audience. At the same time, the concept of hidden message
sometimes in plain view serves to throw off track/ confuse
potential threats to the performers or their preferred audience.
The ability to customize the message often endears the song to
the target audience thus creating a following that may directly
or indirectly benefit the musician. The sexual escapades in
music can be justified according to Charles Darwin’s theory that
attaches the origin of music to the need for sex, as witnessed in
animals, especially birds. Benjamin Charlton, a psychologist at
the University of Sussex, supports Darwin’s theory through his
experiment that found women to change their sexual preferences
for music performers/ composers during their menstrual cycles
(Charlton, 2014). Music producers, composers, and performers
seem to have borrowed a leaf from the combined findings to
enhance their songs to maximize on the natural allure of sexual
escapades in music. Survival in the highly competitive music
industry seems destined for the sexiest not only for the natural
attraction but for the ability to exploit the power of subliminal
messaging that has the power to maximize subconscious
programming of the masses towards a particular topic or issue.
Subversive messaging was and is intended to protect the artists
and in the same breath endear them to a particular fan-base as a
result of its authenticity. Most artists provide superficial
appearances in their music but always find rare but valuable
opportunities to provide an honest front/ opinion through hidden
messages.
References
Charlton, B. D. (2014, June). Menstrual cycle phase alters
women's sexual preferences for composers of more complex
music. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 281, No. 1784, p. 20140403).
The Royal Society.
Darwin, C. (1888). The descent of man and selection about sex
(Vol. 1). Murray.
Regis, L. (1999). The political calypso: True Opposition in
Trinidad and Tobago, 1962-1987. University Press of Florida.
Stollznow, K. (2014). Backmasking. In Language Myths,
Mysteries and Magic (pp. 133-140). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Verney, K. (2013). African Americans and US Popular Culture.
London: Routledge.
References
Verney, K. (2013). African Americans and US Popular Culture.
London: Routledge.
Regis, L. (1999). The political calypso: True Opposition in
Trinidad and Tobago, 1962-1987. University Press of Florida.
Stollznow, K. (2014). Backmasking. In Language Myths,
Mysteries and Magic (pp. 133-140). Palgrave Macmillan UK.
Use Acm digital libarary do this work.
Go to the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
database and research various topics on information security.
Choose three articles in the database (They cannot be older than
5 years). Write a two to three paragraph summary on what you
learned from the articles. Additionally, list your three articles at
the end of your paper in a reference list. Use APA format for
listing the articles.
APA format informaton:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
Due tonight
Journal Review
Instructions
Objective: The purpose of this assignment is for you to become
familiar with the standard features of an academic journal that
pertains to your research interests. Graduate students should
feel comfortable with the scholarly journals in their chosen
field. By having familiarity with journals, you should be able to
locate specific articles or browse journals with ease.
Directions: Select a journal from a discipline that pertains to
your specific research interests. Spend time in the library (or
online) visiting the journal, reviewing it since its inception.
Consider the history, development, major players, subscription
rates, publication information, acceptance/publication rates,
style manual, editorial board, schools of contributors, kind of
work contributed, what gets published, forums/ book reviews.
Explore the current trends in topics. Who is the current editor,
what is their term, their philosophy. Where is it being edited?
Are there editorial prefaces? What do they say?
Write a report that contains the following information. Note,
most of this information could be obtained from the most recent
issues.
Part I:
Journal name
Call number
Years of publication and volume numbers (note title changes, if
any)
Issues (quarterly? semi-annually?)
Years available in our library (specify if on line volumes are
available and where)
Facts of publication (who owns/sponsors the journal, where is it
published, cost of subscription)
Current editor
Current style manual
Specifications for submissions (page limit, format (manuscript
or electronic, etc.)
Anything else you think is relevant or interesting.
Part II. Analysis
Spend some time running through or skimming the volumes of
the journal. (Note: Set a time limit on browsing and reading and
then manage your time. It is easy to be diverted from this task
by reading articles of interest instead of browsing the entire
journal.) Keep notes on significant changes you see over the
years of the journal’s existence. Watch for changes in editorial
boards, schools that the contributors or editors come from, topic
changes, name changes of the journal itself, etc. Note
specifically if a journal has a change in format such as adding a
book review section, a forum section, or editor’s introductory
remarks. Pay attention to long-term trends.
After completing your journal review, write a 2-3 page report
that synthesizes and analyzes what you discovered. Your report
should synthesize the content and content changes of the journal
and identify the major trends that you discovered.
Essay Grading Rubric
Criteria Exemplary
20 points Satisfactory
17 points Needs more work
14 points
Coverage of Subject
Be sure that your essay directly addresses the questions. Fully
answer the questions without side issues or repetition. Make a
significant effort to fully cover and reiterate the questions or
topic of the essay in the conclusion.
Analysis
The focus on the questions should be maintained throughout the
essay. Points and/or subtopics should be clearly conceived,
presented and discussed. Be sure to present your own view as
well as the view of the sources.
Content
The information you present to substantiate points and topics
ought to be accurate and clearly presented. The facts and the
interpretation of those facts that you offer in the essay should
contribute evidence to the general arguments you present.
Organization and Form
Your essay should be composed in a clear and logical manner.
Your points should be presented in a logical sequence which
enhances your general argument. Make certain that your essay
has an introductory statement, a body of evidence, and a
conclusion.
Writing & Mechanics
The writing style of your essay should be clear and concise.
Your essay should be written in proper English and addressed
the prospective audience of educated lay people. Be sure that
each paragraph leads logically into the other and that all terms,
events, people and other items are adequately defined. Be
certain that all information is properly documented. Make sure
that you follow the fundamentals of paragraphing, sentence
structure, grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Read your essay
carefully to proofread for mechanics, organization, continuity,
and transition.

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Dear sir(s), Would you please mediate this issue with one of your .docx

  • 1. Dear sir(s), Would you please mediate this issue with one of your talents “ REY WRITER “ ID #51T77764E85562817. Above is the assignment which involves TWO sections, PART I & PART II Following is his answer which is an exact copy of another assignment done on “subversive messaging” this was what I received after completing the handshake on 10.23.17 for $25.00, order #7009. Which not only does not answer or follow the assignment instructions, but is the answer( replicates, the subject of “subversive messaging” in another assignment) which is NOT the topic of this Journal Review Assignment, order #7009 on 10.23.17, listed above, with the same answer, that was submitted for another assignment dated 10.16.17 order #6973, RESEARCH PROPOSAL POLITICAL SCIENCE also budgeted at $25.00! I have contacted Rey Writer several times about this issue and was advised to send the link, which I do not understand. Please review both documents, #7009 to compare with #6973? I have had a very satisfactory professional relationship with this talent, appreciate HM, and would welcome you to intervene and explain what has happened and that I fully expect him to honor the handshake and complete the TWO sections of answers required for this assignment completely and solve this obvious mix-up resulting in a frustrating mis-understanding. Please help me to clear up this Matter? Following is the answer in question in its entirety. Kindest Regards, Hyssop Title of the assignment in dispute, “THE JOURNAL REVIEW PART ONE & TWO ASSIGNMENT” INSTRUCTIONS FOLLOWING, For the assignment the handshake was confirmed. SECTION ONE Directions: Select a journal from a discipline that pertains to your specific research interests. Spend time in the library (or online) visiting the journal, reviewing it since its
  • 2. inception. BILLBOARED or ROLLINGSTONE MAGAZINE, WHICH are MUSIC THEMED will work here. Consider the history, development, major players, subscription rates, publication information, acceptance/publication rates, style manual, editorial board, schools of contributors, kind of work contributed, what gets published, forums/ book reviews. Explore the current trends in topics. Who is the current editor, what is their term, their philosophy. Where is it being edited? Are there editorial prefaces? What do they say? Spend some time running through or skimming the volumes of the journal. (Note: Set a time limit on browsing and reading and then manage your time. It is easy to be diverted from this task by reading articles of interest instead of browsing the entire journal.) Keep notes on significant changes you see over the years of the journal’s existence. Watch for changes in editorial boards, schools that the contributors or editors come from, topic changes, name changes of the journal itself, etc. Note specifically if a journal has a change in format such as adding a book review section, a forum section, or editor’s introductory remarks. Pay attention to long-term trends. PART I – Write a report that contains the following information. Note, most of this information could be obtained from the most recent issues. Journal name Call number Years of publication and volume numbers (note title changes, if any) Issues (quarterly? semi-annually?) Years available in our library (specify if on line volumes are available and where) Facts of publication (who owns/sponsors the journal, where is it published, cost of subscription) Current editor Current style manual
  • 3. Specifications for submissions (page limit, format (manuscript or electronic, etc.) Anything else you think is relevant or interesting. SECTION TWO Directions PART II - Analysis After completing your journal review, write a 2-3 page report that synthesizes and analyzes what you discovered. Your report should synthesize the content and content changes of the journal and identify the major trends that you discovered. The assignment issues: 1. PLEASE NOTE, the ANSWERS received and POSTED BELOW, are not associated with the 2- part question posted above! 2. Answer submitted on 10.23.17 no.7009 plagiarizes the answer given for another assignment finalized on 10.16.17 no.6973! Please note that neither answer is titled “Journal Review, two-part Assignment”. PLAGERIZED ASSIGNMENT RESULT for#7009 completed on 10.23.17, as the answer for question above, posted on 10.17.17, is from former answer to another assignment, presented for completion of “handshake” on 10.16.17, therefore the answer for the assignment remains incomplete with no solution in sight as the teacher is have difficulty embracing the issue. Would you please forward this breakdown to him, so that we can resolve this? Thank You, Kindest Regards, Hyssop2016 ASSIGNMENT No. 7009, RESULTS RECEIVED ON 10.23.17 Please compare assignment no.7009 with assignment no.6973 received on 10.16.17 to confirm plagiarism, which is understandably un-acceptable? Music & subversive messaging Student’s name University affiliation Introduction From the ancient times, music has been a major form of
  • 4. entertainment as well as the presentation of culture. Therefore a performers’ main objective is to maximize their connection with the audience in both verbal and non-verbal communication. However, as the music took an integral part in the society, the need to disseminate information to specific audience increased but retained its main role as an entertainment medium. Therefore the dilemma of how artists’ addresses the same crowd and at the same time connect at a deeper level with an only selected portion of the audience has always existed. Communities across the globe have developed their own unique ways to code their messages. Therefore this essay explores three dimensions of music in order to define subversive messaging involving African- American music, pop, and calypso. The essence is to understand the historical background together with the need for subversive messaging in various cultures. The coded message: African American music Ragtime music can be traced from the southern communities presumably slaves. In this case, the style of music peaked in the 1890s and lasted long enough despite the emergence of various revivals in the 20th century. Ancient artists such as Scott Joplin composed music purposed to entertain the African American communities. However, the style attracted some white audience. As a result, some information had to be coded to avoid offending the whites (masters). Social as well as geographical segregation of blacks from the American lifestyle prolonged the existence of the African culture even with the end of slavery. (Verney, 2013). This is clearly portrayed with the emergence of jazz and the ‘blues.” The Blues, for instance, revealed an in- depth interpretation of the life of the south black’s communities in the period of and after slavery. The songs relied more on metaphors that conveyed hidden messages. However, the mere look of the music provided entertainment but keenly listening delivered lessons to be carried through the “black’ generations. Pop music Thomas Edison contribution to the invention of the phonograph in 1877, paved the way for pop music. His invention confirmed
  • 5. that the cylinder could be reversely rotated to produce a fascinating version of recorded music. According to the first experiment carried out during the Musique Concrete’ era’ pertaining editing and integration of sound fragments, after that messages have been expertly inserted into music. (Stollznow, 2014). However, the music is only heard with clarity upon playing the same song backward. ‘Beatles’ is a good example of group songs that ruled the music industry. Whether coded as a gimmick, the subversive messaging by the Beatles did not escape the attention of music fans. Apparently, the focus was too intense to an extent the death of some of the members could be intertwined in the selected backmasked songs. To date, apparently innocent pop music is associated with subliminal messaging particularly when played in reverse and this is more complex based on the choreography applied in the video. For example, a musician such as Miley Cyrus has been associated with the use of erotic and sexism in their video to portray unattainable love. Calypso This type of music is perceived to be carefree or frivolous. (Regis, 1999). On the other hand, this style of music is political based especially on its subtle. The origin of this genre of music can be understood from the historical fight for emancipation from both real as well as mental slavery. However, the composure of the songs is dependent on wit and unusual observation in order to communicate in a unique manner; that serves two purposes. Firstly it ensures the audience is hooked on the message while at the same time ensuring others are thrilled by the creativity. Therefore, it primarily served the purpose of mocking the slave master as well as communicating political occurrence at the time. To close, the highlighted case study of various music genres have comprehensively defined the need for subversive messaging. There was the need communicate certain information to a particular target audience. Assignment No. 6973 Results Received on 10.16.17 The Essence of Subversive
  • 6. Messaging In Music Student Name Introduction Throughout history, music has been a major form of entertainment and presentation of culture. The performers endeavor to maximize their connection with the audience in both verbal and non-verbal communication. However, as the music took center stage in the society, the need to pass some information to a particular audience arose while still retaining the contemporary role of music as an entertainment medium. How could the artists address the same crowd yet connect at a more intimate/ deeper level with an only selected portion of the audience? Different communities have found different ways to mask their ‘secret’ messages with the obvious coding naturally done through the language used. This paper explores some three perspectives of music to define subversive messaging including; calypso, pop, and African-American music. The intention is to understand the historical background and the need for subversive messaging in different cultures. The Hidden Message: Pop Music Thomas Edison invented the phonograph in 1877, and one year later, he found that the cylinder could be reversely rotated to produce an interesting version of recorded music. The melody was retained but in a unique manner including the word patterns. During the ‘Musique Concrete’ era, the Avant-garde musicians did the first experiment that entailed the editing and integration of sound fragments (Stollznow, 2014). Since then, messages have been expertly inserted into music that can only be heard with clarity upon playing the same song backward. The best example is the popular musical group the ‘Beatles’ that has ruled the music industry for over five decades. The group stumbled upon the art of back-maskingwhile working on their 1965 album by the title ‘Rubber Soul’ (Stollznow, 2014). They heavily borrowed elements of ‘Musique Concrete’ to establish this new experience. Whether done as a popularization gimmick
  • 7. or conveyance of a secret message, the subversive messaging by the Beatles caught the attention of music fans and critics. The focus was too intense to an extent the death of some of the members could be supposedly confirmed through confessions in selected backmasked songs. One such incident is the 1966 rumors by American college students of Paul McCartney death and replacement but someone that resembled the artist (Stollznow, 2014). Not long after, the 1973 film titled ‘the Exorcist’ kicked another public storm. A tape containing the garbled words of a possessed victim in the movie when played backward confirmed the speech to have been made in English. Since then, musicians such as Ozzy Osborne and bands including; The Eagles, ELO, Judas Priest and Led Zeppelin were accused of using subversive messaging to promote satanic subliminal messages (Stollznow, 2014). To date, seemingly innocent pop music is accused of subliminal messaging when played in reverse, and the complexities have since increased based on the ability to fuse music video elements that complete the subversive messaging. Musicians such as Miley Cyrus, Beyoncé, Justine Bieber and Lady Gaga have been cited for using erotic movements and sexism in their presentations to promote unattainable love. The words or dancing is intended to shift the focus from the main message that is often laid out in plain view. African American Music Ragtime music originated in the southern communities of African Americans (Blacks) presumably slaves. The style of music peaked in the 1890s and lasted till 1918 even though various revivals took place later in the 20th century. Artists of the time such as Scott Joplin made music intended to entertain the African American Community, but inevitably, the style attracted some white audience. Therefore, some crude lyrics often had to be coded or stylistically hidden to avoid offending the ‘masters.' The geographical and social exclusion of the ‘blacks’ from the mainstream American lifestyle prolonged the survival of the African culture long after the end of slavery
  • 8. (Verney, 2013). This reality was evident through the emergence of jazz and the ‘blues.' However, the Blues music provided an in-depth interpretation of the life of the southern black communities during and after slavery. Metaphors involving animals were popular in this music, and only a targeted audience could interpret and understand the underlying message. A superficial glance at the music often provided entertainment, but strategic listening delivered lasting lessons to be carried through the ‘black’ generations. The mule was a popular animal used to symbolize minimum reward for long and tedious working hours under unbearable conditions. The animal was also popular in symbolizing the lowest order in the society, reflecting the status of the black community. Love and sex was also a popular theme in the male- dominated ‘Blues’ musical style where sexual prowess was magnified through animals such as roosters, writhing black snakes, and stallions (Verney, 2013). Objectification of women was also established during this era where they were mere symbols of sexual gratification. Some of the representations of women in graphics and words included; heifers, pig-meat, and mares (Verney, 2013). Politically, such songs often triggered debates because they tended to trigger memories of injustices, wrongs, and misfortunes of the black community. Depending on the prevailing atmosphere, the artists could twist lyrics to minimize adversities while maintaining the subliminal messages. Calypso Away from the Caribbean region, calypso music is perceived to be light-hearted, carefree and in some cases frivolous (Regis, 1999). On the contrary, this style of music is one of the most political based on its subtle but serious social commentary blurred in the joyful cadences. This genre of music originates from the historical fight for emancipation from both real and mental slavery. The composure of the songs in most cases demands wit and full imagination that finds a way to communicate the obvious in an indirect manner; that keeps the
  • 9. target audience hooked on the vibes while the rest are thrilled from the creativity. Emerging from the West African roots and propagated by the Slaves channeled in the Caribbean region, Calypso was designed to lament often and provide satirical effects. The content was intended to mock the Slave-Masters, especially in the ‘Harvest festival of Canboulay’ that was organized to coincide with the pre-Lent Carnival that excluded even the Freed Slaves (Regis, 1999). As the genre gained its highest popularity in the 1920s and 30s, it became the primary source of news as well as a mode of interpreting/ communicating political occurrences. Just like the Blues genre, Calypso provoked political debates leading to several incidents of its banning by the colonial government. The topics of interests diversified to racial consciousness to address racial segregation in the 1960s. Assessment of unrequited love The difficulties and the almost impossible act of emancipation or acquisition of freedom ensured subversive messaging was sustained for the safe communication of the minorities during slavery. Consequently, the beauty and expression of freedom became vivid to most if not all the hopeful slaves. The post-slavery period and urbanization era forced all the races to recognize the power of music. Some of the themes in early musicals lost part of their meaning as the world embraced freedom and modernization. However, the need to communicate prevailing injustices that could not be completely eliminated through physical freedom has sustained the use of subversive messaging. Love is a topic that crosses all human boundaries and has the potential to overcome all social stratification factors including; age, gender, race, class, employment status, and education level. Therefore, the songs of the post-slavery period could not find common ground of reaching the masses as well as using the theme of love. As unattainable love is predominant in these songs, so is the allure of fighting the social injustices that exceed to date. Therefore, the intensity of erotic representation of the same is often
  • 10. perceived by critics as a source of over-indulging the masses to ensure they do not focus on the ‘real issues.' Therefore, hidden communication is made to affect the conscious/ subconscious mind of the audience as a means of establishing contact. The essence is to deliver the message in circumstances that would otherwise generate resistance if such communication was plain or direct. Conclusion The highlighted case studies of different music genres have defined the need for subversive messaging as emerging from the need to communicate and resonate with a particular target audience. At the same time, the concept of hidden message sometimes in plain view serves to throw off track/ confuse potential threats to the performers or their preferred audience. The ability to customize the message often endears the song to the target audience thus creating a following that may directly or indirectly benefit the musician. The sexual escapades in music can be justified according to Charles Darwin’s theory that attaches the origin of music to the need for sex, as witnessed in animals, especially birds. Benjamin Charlton, a psychologist at the University of Sussex, supports Darwin’s theory through his experiment that found women to change their sexual preferences for music performers/ composers during their menstrual cycles (Charlton, 2014). Music producers, composers, and performers seem to have borrowed a leaf from the combined findings to enhance their songs to maximize on the natural allure of sexual escapades in music. Survival in the highly competitive music industry seems destined for the sexiest not only for the natural attraction but for the ability to exploit the power of subliminal messaging that has the power to maximize subconscious programming of the masses towards a particular topic or issue. Subversive messaging was and is intended to protect the artists and in the same breath endear them to a particular fan-base as a result of its authenticity. Most artists provide superficial appearances in their music but always find rare but valuable opportunities to provide an honest front/ opinion through hidden
  • 11. messages. References Charlton, B. D. (2014, June). Menstrual cycle phase alters women's sexual preferences for composers of more complex music. In Proc. R. Soc. B (Vol. 281, No. 1784, p. 20140403). The Royal Society. Darwin, C. (1888). The descent of man and selection about sex (Vol. 1). Murray. Regis, L. (1999). The political calypso: True Opposition in Trinidad and Tobago, 1962-1987. University Press of Florida. Stollznow, K. (2014). Backmasking. In Language Myths, Mysteries and Magic (pp. 133-140). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Verney, K. (2013). African Americans and US Popular Culture. London: Routledge.
  • 12. References Verney, K. (2013). African Americans and US Popular Culture. London: Routledge. Regis, L. (1999). The political calypso: True Opposition in Trinidad and Tobago, 1962-1987. University Press of Florida. Stollznow, K. (2014). Backmasking. In Language Myths, Mysteries and Magic (pp. 133-140). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Use Acm digital libarary do this work. Go to the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) database and research various topics on information security. Choose three articles in the database (They cannot be older than 5 years). Write a two to three paragraph summary on what you learned from the articles. Additionally, list your three articles at the end of your paper in a reference list. Use APA format for listing the articles. APA format informaton: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Due tonight
  • 13. Journal Review Instructions Objective: The purpose of this assignment is for you to become familiar with the standard features of an academic journal that pertains to your research interests. Graduate students should feel comfortable with the scholarly journals in their chosen field. By having familiarity with journals, you should be able to locate specific articles or browse journals with ease. Directions: Select a journal from a discipline that pertains to your specific research interests. Spend time in the library (or online) visiting the journal, reviewing it since its inception. Consider the history, development, major players, subscription rates, publication information, acceptance/publication rates, style manual, editorial board, schools of contributors, kind of work contributed, what gets published, forums/ book reviews. Explore the current trends in topics. Who is the current editor, what is their term, their philosophy. Where is it being edited? Are there editorial prefaces? What do they say? Write a report that contains the following information. Note, most of this information could be obtained from the most recent issues. Part I: Journal name Call number Years of publication and volume numbers (note title changes, if any) Issues (quarterly? semi-annually?) Years available in our library (specify if on line volumes are available and where) Facts of publication (who owns/sponsors the journal, where is it published, cost of subscription) Current editor Current style manual Specifications for submissions (page limit, format (manuscript or electronic, etc.)
  • 14. Anything else you think is relevant or interesting. Part II. Analysis Spend some time running through or skimming the volumes of the journal. (Note: Set a time limit on browsing and reading and then manage your time. It is easy to be diverted from this task by reading articles of interest instead of browsing the entire journal.) Keep notes on significant changes you see over the years of the journal’s existence. Watch for changes in editorial boards, schools that the contributors or editors come from, topic changes, name changes of the journal itself, etc. Note specifically if a journal has a change in format such as adding a book review section, a forum section, or editor’s introductory remarks. Pay attention to long-term trends. After completing your journal review, write a 2-3 page report that synthesizes and analyzes what you discovered. Your report should synthesize the content and content changes of the journal and identify the major trends that you discovered. Essay Grading Rubric Criteria Exemplary 20 points Satisfactory 17 points Needs more work 14 points Coverage of Subject Be sure that your essay directly addresses the questions. Fully answer the questions without side issues or repetition. Make a significant effort to fully cover and reiterate the questions or topic of the essay in the conclusion. Analysis The focus on the questions should be maintained throughout the essay. Points and/or subtopics should be clearly conceived, presented and discussed. Be sure to present your own view as well as the view of the sources. Content The information you present to substantiate points and topics
  • 15. ought to be accurate and clearly presented. The facts and the interpretation of those facts that you offer in the essay should contribute evidence to the general arguments you present. Organization and Form Your essay should be composed in a clear and logical manner. Your points should be presented in a logical sequence which enhances your general argument. Make certain that your essay has an introductory statement, a body of evidence, and a conclusion. Writing & Mechanics The writing style of your essay should be clear and concise. Your essay should be written in proper English and addressed the prospective audience of educated lay people. Be sure that each paragraph leads logically into the other and that all terms, events, people and other items are adequately defined. Be certain that all information is properly documented. Make sure that you follow the fundamentals of paragraphing, sentence structure, grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Read your essay carefully to proofread for mechanics, organization, continuity, and transition.