Ind AS (Indian Accounting Standards) will replace Indian GAAP and be applicable to certain companies beginning in 2016. Major changes include requirements for companies to present financial statements including a balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in equity, and cash flow statement. Accounting standards on property, plant, and equipment, financial instruments, and revenue recognition were also updated. Ind AS requires the classification and measurement of financial instruments based on contractual cash flows and business models. It also introduces expected credit losses for impairment of financial assets to account for estimated future losses in a forward-looking manner.

1. SOME MOST IMPORTANT
ASPECTS
OF
IND AS
Published by : Ind AS Cell, Allahabad Bank

2. Ind AS
On 16 February 2015, the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA) notified the
Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 (the ‘Rules’) (pending
publication in the Gazette of India). The Rules specify the Indian Accounting
Standards (Ind AS) applicable to certain class of companies and set out the dates of
applicability.
As per the said notification, Ind AS has become applicable for listed and unlisted
companies with net worth of Rs.500 Cr or more w e f 2016-17 Comparative for the
first financial statements under Ind As will be period ending 31 March 2016 .
As per RBI Notification dated February 11, 2016, banks shall comply with the Indian
Accounting Standards (Ind AS) for financial statements for accounting periods
beginning from April 1, 2018 onwards, with comparatives for the periods ending
March 31, 2018.
Major Changes
1) Ind AS 1 Presentation of Financial Statements
a) a balance sheet as at the end of the period;
b) statement of profit and loss*;
c) statement of changes in equity;
d) statement of cash flows;
e) notes including summary of accounting policies and other explanatory information.
* Statement of Profit and loss has a separate part “Other comprehensive income”
that comprises items of income and expense (including reclassification adjustments)
that are not recognised in profit or loss, as required or permitted by various Ind ASs.
2) Ind AS 16 Property , Plant & Equipment (PPE)
1) Property, plant and equipment are componentised and are depreciated
separately.
2) There is no concept of minimum statutory depreciation under Ind AS.
Requires annual reassessment of useful life. Estimates of residual value need
to be reviewed at least at each year end.
3) Properties held for rental or capital appreciation or both has been excluded
from Ind As 16. A separate standard ( Ind As 40) will be applicable for such
properties.
4) Biological assets that meet the definition of a bearer plant i.e. a living plant
that is used in the production or supply of agricultural produce, is expected to
bear produce for more than one period and which will not be sold as
agricultural produce are included in property, plant and equipment.

3. 5) Spare parts, moulds, tools and dies etc., may also be included as PPE if they
meet the definition of PPE. (Property, plant and equipment are tangible items
that: (a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services or
for administrative purposes; and (b) are expected to be used during more
than one period.
3) Ind AS 32 Financial Instruments – Presentation
1) the substance of a financial instrument, rather than its legal form, governs its
classification in the issuer’s balance sheet.
Implication ->
(a) Share Application money pending allotment: The portion of application
money to be refunded will be treated as liability and the remaining
portion as share capital.
(b) Redeemable Preference Shares: Treated as liability
(c) Compulsorily convertible debentures: Treated as a part of Share Capital.
4) Ind AS 10 – Events After the Reporting Period
1) Liability for dividends declared to holders of equity instruments are
recognised in the period when declared. It is a non-adjusting event.
5) Ind AS 8 – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors
1) Requires retrospective application of changes in accounting policies by
adjusting the opening balance of each affected component of equity for the
earliest prior period presented and the other comparative amounts for each
period presented as if the new accounting policy had always been applied,
(unless transitional provisions of an accounting standard require otherwise).
2) Non-application of new accounting pronouncements that have been issued
but are not yet effective as at the end of the reporting period is disclosed. In
such a case, known or reasonably estimable information relevant to assessing
the possible impact that application of the new accounting pronouncements
will have on the financial statements on initial application is also disclosed.
6) Ind AS 109 – Financial Instruments
(A)Classification
1) There are three measurement categories for financial assets – amortised
cost, FVTPL and FVTOCI.
2) There are two measurement categories for financial liabilities – amortised cost
and FVTPL.

4. 3) When contractual cash lows of financial assets are renegotiated/modified, and
such renegotiation/modification does not result in de-recognition, the gross
carrying amount of the financial asset is recalculated as the present value of
the renegotiated or modified contractual cash lows discounted at the financial
asset’s original effective interest rate and a modification gain or loss is
recognised in profit or loss. Any costs or fees incurred are adjusted to the
carrying amount of the modified financial asset and are amortised over the
remaining term of the modified financial asset.
4) A debt instrument that is held within a business model to collect contractual
cash lows and the contractual terms of which give rise on specified dates, to
cash lows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal
amount outstanding must be measured at amortised cost. However if the debt
instrument is held within a business model whose objective is achieved
both by collecting contractual cash lows and selling financial assets, it must
be measured at FVTOCI.
5) However, there is an option to irrevocably designate, at initial recognition,
financial assets as measured at FVTPL if doing so eliminates an accounting
mismatch.
6) Equity instruments should be generally classified as FVTPL.
(B)Revenue Recognition
7) Interest revenue shall be calculated by using the effective interest method.
Effective Interest Rate (EIR) , which is calculated by adjusting the fees that
are an integral part of origination of the financial instrument. EIR is applied to
the gross carrying amount of a financial asset. However, for credit impaired
assets, EIR will be applied on amortised cost. It also implies that gross
carrying amount will be adjusted for the fees received on origination.
8) Revenue is recognised on all financial instruments, including credit impaired
assets.
(C)Expected Credit Losses
1) impairment losses recognised for all amortised cost and FVOCI assets, not
only for those where credit loss has been incurred.
2) The model also applies to even financial guarantees and loan commitments.
3) It covers not only incurred losses as per present practice, but also loss
expected in future. Thus it is a forward looking exercise.
4) Initially, 12 month expected credit losses will be assessed. However,
whenever there is significant increase in credit risk, lifetime expected credit
losses has to be provided. The same may change again to 12 month loss,
with significant reduction in credit risk.
5) No methodology has been suggested for estimation of fair value or expected
credit loss and is thus subjective. The methodology adopted may vary
amongst different institutions or concerns.