This document discusses common adjuncts and additives used with local anesthetics for nerve blocks and spinal anesthesia. It describes how epinephrine prolongs the duration and intensity of nerve blocks by causing vasoconstriction. Alkalinization can increase the effectiveness of local anesthetics but risks of precipitation limit its usefulness. Opioids and alpha-2 adrenergic agonists provide analgesic effects when added to local anesthetics by binding to receptors in the spinal cord. Fentanyl and morphine are commonly used opioid adjuncts. Dexamethasone may also prolong the duration of local anesthetic nerve blocks when used, though the mechanism is unknown.
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Local Anesthetic Adjuncts and Additives
1. L O C A L
A N E S T H E T I C :
C O M M O N
A D J U N C T S
A N D
A D D I T I V E S
1 0 - M I N U T E TO P I C
B Y R 1 K U L C H AYA T H I TAYA P O R N
2. EPINEPHRINE
• Vasoconstrictor prolongs block duration & increase block intensity
• Direct analgesic effects via α-2 adrenergic receptors in brain and spinal cord
4. EPINEPHRINE
Disadvantages
• Prolongs return of sacral autonomic function
• Risk of urinary retention
• Inappropriate for outpatient spinal anesthesia
• Smallest dose due to toxic effects
5.
6. ALKALINIZATION
• Increases neutral form of LA
• Hasten block onset
• Limited clinically usefulness because precipitation occurs at pH beyond 6 – 8 especially
bupivacaine and ropivacaine
• Bicarbonate 1mEq/10ml of lidocaine
7. OPIOIDS
• Spinal opioids bind to opioid receptors at substantia gelatinosa in dorsal horn
• Attenuate C-fiber nociception independent of supraspinal mechanisms
• Synergistic analgesia except chloroprocaine
10. ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
• Supraspinal and spinal adrenergic receptors
• Direct inhibitory effects on A and C fibers
• Synergistic neuraxial and peripheral analgesic effects
• Additive systemic effects
• Prolong analgesia duration by 2 hours regardless of LA agents
• Minimal side effects
Clonidine
• 1 mcg/kg for peripheral nerve block
• 15 – 30 mcg for spinal block
Alkalinization = hasten onset of neural block
Commercial LA pH 3.9 – 6.47 >>> acidic esp with epinephrine
LA pKa 7.6 – 8.9 >>> lipid-insoluble neutral form
Neutral form = penetration into neural cytoplasm
Charged form = interacts with LA receptor in Na channel
Increase ratio of lipid-neutral form
Opiods have multiple central and peripheral mechanisms of analgesic action
Chloroprocaine decreases epidural opioid effectiveness, unclear mechanism but not receptor antagonist