silage and and scope in india and benefits of silage

2. MAIZE(Zea mays) sub sps mays L.
• known in some English-speaking countries as corn(meaning
grain), is a large grain plant domesticated by indigenous
peoples in Mesoamerica in prehistoric times.
• The leafy stalk produces ears which contain the grain, which
are seeds called kernels.
• Though technically a grain, maize kernels are used in cooking
as a starch.

3. Genetics
• Many forms of maize are used for food, sometimes classified as various
subspecies related to the amount of starch each has:
• Flour corn — Zea mays var. amylacea
• Popcorn — Zea mays var. everta
• Dent corn — Zea mays var. indentata
• Flint corn — Zea mays var. indurata
• Sweet corn — Zea mays var. saccharata and Zea mays var. rugosa
• Waxy corn — Zea mays var. ceratina
• Amylomaize — Zea mays
• Pod corn — Zea mays var. tunicata Larrañaga ex A. St. Hil.
• Striped maize — Zea mays var. japonica

4. (Source: Government of Andhra Pradesh)
Total Area and Production of maize / corn in Andhra
Pradesh:
Year Area in hectares Production in tonnes
2006-2007 7,25,881 24,61,994
2007-2008 7,85,768 41,35,576
2008-2009 8,51,960 41,51,802
2009-2010 7,82,632 27,61,198
2010-2011 7,43,446 39,53,015

5. Productivity of maize / corn per hectare in
Andhra Pradesh:
• In 2006-2007 total area under maize in Andhra Pradesh was around
7, 25,881 ha and production was 24, 61,994 tonnes with a
productivity of 3391 kg/ha.
• In 2007-2008 total area under maize in Andhra Pradesh was around
7, 85,768 ha and production was 41, 35,576 tonnes with a
productivity of 5263 kg/ha.
• In 2008-2009 total area under maize in Andhra Pradesh was around
8, 51,960 ha and production was 41, 51,802 tonnes with a
productivity of 4873 kg/ha.
• In 2009-2010 total area under maize in Andhra Pradesh was around
7, 82,632ha and production was 27, 61,198 tonnes with a
productivity of 3528 kg/ha
• In 2010-2011 total area under maize in Andhra Pradesh was around
7, 43,446 ha and production was 39, 53,015 tonnes with a
productivity of 5317 kg/ha.

6. District wise maize / corn production in Andhra
Pradesh in 2010-11:
Sl No District Area in Production Productivity
Hactares (tonnes ) (kg/ha)
1 Ranga reddy 29,001 62,225 2145 kg/ha
2 Vishaka pattanam 6,770 18,535 2737 kg/ha
3 Nalagonda 1,860 5,178 2783 kg/ha
4 Mahabubnagar 88,261 2,84,842 3227 kg/ha
5 Medak 1,00,132 3,54,247 3537 kg/ha
6 Warangal 66,939 2,60,841 3896 kg/ha
7 Adilabad 20,363 79,837 3920 kg/ha
8 Karim nagar 91,157 4,35,860 4781 kg/ha
9 Nizamabad 77,256 3,69,393 4781 kg/ha
10 Anantpur 15,476 94,480 6104 kg/ha

7. District wise maize / corn production
in Andhra Pradesh in 2010-11:
11 Khammam 35,057 2,16,137 6165 kg/ha
12 Kurnool 20,139 1,29,106 6410 kg/ha
13 Chittoor 1,509 9,883 6549 kg/ha
14 Srikakulam 7,389 50,040 6772 kg/ha
15 West Godavari 44,682 3,07,656 6885 kg/ha
16 East Godavari 7,932 56,103 7072 kg/ha
17 Y.S.R Kadapa 1,413 11,180 7912 kg/ha
18 Krishna 19,218 1,54,108 8018 kg/ha
`19 Prakasam 8,994 74,599 8294 kg/ha
20 S.P.S Nellore 560 4,780 8535 kg/ha
21 Guntur 80,352 9,05,179 11265 kg/ha
Total Andhra 7,43,446 39,53,015 5317 kg/ha
Pradesh

8. Areas where maize is majorly grown
in Andhra Pradesh:
• Medak, Karimnagar, Mahabubnagar, Guntur,
Warangal, Nizamabad and West Godavari districts
contribute major percentage of the total maize
production in Andhra Pradesh state. These districts
form the maize belt of Andhra Pradesh state.

9. Challenges in milk production :
a): lack of good quality animal feed.
b) Lack of animal health facilities.
c) High production costs.
d) Lack of cold chain facilities and logistics.

11. Fodder maize
• Among the cultivated non-legume fodder as well as grain crops, maize is the most important
crop which can be grown round the year under irrigated conditions. Maize is a quick-growing
and high yielding crop in habitat with no hazard of prussic acid poisoning and is considered as
a valuable fodder crop.
• India possess enormous livestock of 416 million heads and with such a huge population of
livestock, the country should have been over flowing with milk. Instead, we are suffering
from perpetual shortage of milk, meat and wool. The reason for low production of livestock
product is the shortage of fodder. The estimated requirement being 822 million tonnes as
against the availability of 478 million tonnes.
• The tremendous livestock population, the huge gap between the supply and demand for all
types of animal food, the pre-occupation of a high percentage of land for food, the pre-
occupation of a high percentage of land for food, fibre and cash crops leaving only about 4
per cent of the total cultivated area for fodder production, the highly deteriorated conditions
of the natural grasslands due to overgrasing and faulty management for ages and general lack
of interest on forage and fodder crops from farmers arising out of necessity for human food
all constituted a formidable and challenging situation. The need to workout the possibility of
improving the fodder situation from a deficit to that of a required status and of improving the
nutritional value is therefore an urgent need of the hour.

12. Fodder maize contd…………
• t may not be possible to increase the area under fodder crop because of ever increasing
pressure on arable land from grain and commercial crops. So, the only alternative to meet the
fodder requirement is to increase the yield of fodder per unit area per unit time. This can be
achieved by intercropping of high yielding varieties and hybrids of cereal fodders as well as
grain with legumes.

13. Varities in fodder maize
• Composite/hybrids: African
• Tall
• Ganga 5.
• High yielding varieties from PHI(Dupont):
I. 31Y45,
II. P3580

14. What is Silage?
• Fodder is packed in airtight condition to
preserve its nutritional value, improve its
quality and taste and to make it easily
digestible
• This is called silage or pickle of the
fodder.

15. • Corn silage is popular forage for Ruminant animals.
• It is foramed when farmer takes the corn and stock and
ferments it as a high moisture feed.
• Corn silage is high energy and digestability.
• Corn silage is easily adopted to mechanization from the stand
crop to time of feeding.

16. Principle:
• In this process, green fodder is
fermented through special bacteria
which can survive without oxygen
• The resulting fodder is rendered
tasty and easily digestible for animals

17. Mechanism/Process:
• The preparation of good quality silage depends on
1-Timely harvesting of fodder,
2-Quantity of air in it at the time of packing
3-Preservation method
• In this process useful bacteria converts soluble
starches into lactic acid
• It decreases its acidic quality (pH) to 3.0-4.0, which
stops the growth of harmful germs
• Makes the fodder safe for animal consumption
• If moisture content is high in fodder, wheat straw or
crushed cobs of maize can be added for silage
making

18. Steps for Silage Making :
• Selection of fodder
• Check moisture
• Harvesting
• Chopping
• Pressing
• Storage

19. Selection of fodder:
• Silage can be made from all winter and summer
fodders
• But usually maize, oats, sorghum etc. are considered
best for silage making

20. Cont…
• Normally fodder with
Broad leaves
Thick stems
• Leguminous fodder has less carbohydrates and
protein content, they are usually mixed with non
leguminous fodder (like maize and sorghum) to make
the best and nutritious silage

21. Harvesting & Check moisture:
• It is important to determine the right time for
harvesting fodder to get the best nutritional
value from silage
• The time to harvest can be determined from the
following indications:
1. When the plant is fully mature
2. Half of the grain in maize is milky
3. The fruitful fodder has 50% flowers
4. Moisture content is 65-70 %

22. Chopping of fodder:
CHOPPED FODDER

23. Pressing of chopped fodder:

24. Harvester and Baler Machine

25. Storage:

26. Advantages:
• A cheap substitute for fodder at the time of
fodder shortage
• Silage makes the fodder more digestible
• Land is available for the next crop without delay,
because all of the fodder is harvested and stored
at once
• Animals get nutritious feed the whole year
• Expenditure on labour force is decreased
considerably

27. Properly made silage has several advantages over Hay:
Advantages :
• Lower probability of weather-related damage or delays during harvest.
• Lower field, harvest, and storage losses.
• Greater flexibility and fit for many livestock feeding programmes.

28. Uses/Applications:
• The animals like eating silage, but the buffalo may be
hesitant in the beginning.
• In this case, feed it with green fodder or concentrate
mixed in the silage, so that it develops a taste for the
silage. Then increase its quantity gradually.
• Give 15 to 20 kilogram silage along with concentrates
daily to the lactating animals.
• Be careful when removing silage from the bunker.
Cover it with polythene so that mud or moisture does
not spoil the silage.

29. Cont…

30. Feed Additives:
• Their main functions are to either increase
nutritional value of silage or improve
fermentation so that storage losses are
reduced.
• Silage additives include feedstuffs, urea,
ammonia, inoculants and acids.

31. Types Of Silage Additives:
• NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN (NPN). Urea and
anhydrous ammonia can be added to silages
to increase their crude protein (CP) content
• FEEDSTUFFS. Feeds such as corn, small grains,
and molasses can be added to forage
• MINERALS. Minerals such as calcium,
phosphorous, sulfur and magnesium have
been added to forage

32. Cont…
• ACIDS. Acids are added to forages at ensiling
to cause an immediate drop in pH
• MICROBIAL INOCULANTS. Inoculants are
added to forage to increase the number of
desirable bacteria present at the time of
ensiling.

33. Remember:
1. No additive can replace good silage making
techniques, but may improve fermentation and
nutritional value of some silages. The response is
usually not large

34. What Makes a Good Corn Silage Hybrid?

35. Good Corn Silage?
• Big Ear?
• Tall?
• Less than perfect stalk integrity?

36. Good Corn Silage
• Big Ear: 40-50% of yield, energy content
• Tall: 1 ton per foot (w/o ear)
• Less than perfect stalk integrity
– Low lignin= lower NDF
• More digestible= more milk