ASSIGNMENT 1Barnes & Noble, Inc. is a fortune 500 company. This.docx

ASSIGNMENT 1:
Barnes & Noble, Inc. is a fortune 500 company. This is the well
known in the American book store industry. Barnes and Noble
is the largest retail book seller in the United States. This
company was founded in the New York in United States. This
company is the leading retailer of the content, digital media and
other educational products in the country. This company
belongs to the book seller industry. The domestic environment
for the company is United States. The company was
incorporated on November 19, 1986. In this American Book
Store industry, there are main three competitors of the Barnes &
Noble such as Apple Inc., Book-A-Million, Inc and
Amazon.com (Daft, 2012). The company has divided its
business in many segments such as B&N Retail, B&N College
and NOOK. NOOK includes the digital business. This company
also sells the books and other contents online. It had established
the digital subsidiary NOOK Media; it supports and creates the
digital content and products for the digital reading and
education markets. Because of these attributes this company is
admired by the people.
The company is using effective business survival plan and
strategies. The industry is using the theory of strategic planning
and SWOT analysis. The business theorist is Albert S.
Humphrey (Neely, 2002). The company is suing so many
strategies such as; focus on the target customers, competing
with its legacy business and staying humble without what can be
known. There are so many government regulations which are
associated with this industry in the United States. There is the
regulation on the retail book store that no one will monopolize
the market. There are the regulations of US government about
the business gratuities. The government has increased the
regulations on the online retail stores.
The domestic regulation in the United States of America will
affect the company in the domestic environment of the United

States. The US government has the rule that it will not accept,
promising, offering and delivering the gift favor or other
gratuity to the official and the employees of the US government.
The Barnes & Nobel Company is complying with all the
regulations of the government. These regulations create the
competition in the book store industry for the Barnes & Nobel
(Neely, 2002). By the rule of gratuity, the vendor of the Barnes
& Nobel will run the business in ethical and legal manner. It
will be free from the potential, personal and private interests
that can affect the professional judgment and my impact
adversely the Barnes and Nobel.
The government has increased the regulations on the online
retail stores then it has decreased the revenues of the digital
media of the Barnes & Nobel Company that is NOOK. The
company had big loss. This was driving up the cost of the online
sales. If the company wants to overcome this issue then the
Barnes and Nobel needs to realize that its stores can be the key
asset to the company. The company should use the book stores
to market its eBook to the consumers. The regulation of the
compliances can create the conflict in the organization.
For this the company should make some internal rules and
regulations so the employees can follow these ethics and code
of conduct. The changes in the international and federal
regulations can impact the business of the company. Changes in
the sales and other tax collection can harm the business of the
company (Daft, 2012). The unfavorable regulations and laws
can diminish the demand for products and services Barnes &
Nobel and can increase its cost of doing the business.
The company is using various strategies and following the
theories of the strategic planning and SWOT analysis. This
theory will help the organization to overcome with the adverse
effect of the regulations of the government. The company
should make the regulation in which the company makes sure
that the company has all the facts. The company should
approach the ethics and compliance issues. The company should
build strong distribution channels and e-commerce business.

References
Daft, R. (2012). Organization Theory and Design. Cengage
Learning. Neely, A.D. (2002). Business Performance
Measurement: Theory and Practice. Cambridge University
Press.
ASSIGNMENT 2:
Strategy to Barriers of Government Regulations
Akia Carter
BUSN310
Running head: BUSINESS THEORY 1
BUSINESS THEORY 18
19 Dec 2014
Barnes and Noble (B&N) a US based company with interests in
content, technology and commerce as well. Domestically, there
are several basic regulations by the US government that
determine the operations of the business (Zara, 1994). These
regulations include issues such as environmental, health, labor
and employment, among others. Currently, the domestic
environment for B&N is fairly favorable in terms of government
regulations. Globally, B&N can do well in some African
markets such as Kenya.
There are many reasons that make Kenya a better choice
for setting up a content, technology and commerce based
multinational business. B&N would benefit from all the sectors
or areas that bar it from achieving profitability in the US. The
first benefit would come as a result of the profitability realized
through the availability of affordable labor. Since, the country
is still developing; the minimum wages are much cheaper as
compared to the US which is a developed country. In addition,
the employment regulations are not as many and strict as the
ones practiced in the US. The other benefit that would be

provided by the idea of doing business in Kenya is, the less
demanding laws on environment, health and safety requirements
as compared to the US. This ease is a result of the efforts by the
Kenyan government in trying to improve on its economy by
wooing new investors.
There are a few barriers nevertheless when B&N decides to
set up shop in Kenya. The first barrier is the high cost of
certification, which is imposed on foreign governments.
Usually, certification and incorporation of businesses owned by
foreign businesses are usually charged very high as compared to
the charges against local organizations. These costs are also
accompanied by excessive certification tests and set standards
which are usually not subjected to the Kenyan firms which are
competing in the same industry. This issue covers all the
environmental issues such as levels of carbon emissions among
others. The second barrier by the foreign government to B&N
setting up business in the Kenyan market is the often cases of
increased imports which are subsidized in prices. In return,
these subsidized imports on companies dealing with the related
services and goods would bring about unfair competition to
B&N hence this may eat into its profits.
There are various strategies that might be employed by
B&N so as to enable it deal with those barriers. In order to
deal with the high costs associated with registering businesses,
B&N may have little bargaining power since those are set
policies. However, to recover on such high costs, the
organization may decide to transfer the cost down to their
customers by slightly increasing the prices charged for their
services or products and so on. This strategy would enable the
company to recover on all the costs which it spent on
registering. Once it has recovered, it may reduce the prices
charged for its content and technology services (Woods, 2003).
The other strategy to help deal with the subsidized imports by
the Kenyan government on the competing foreign firms may be
regulated. This benefit would be best achieved through an
elaborate discussion before setting up shop in that market. The

company should state its interests clearly and negotiate for them
in hand before the company is set up. To achieve this, the
company would have to state clear and extensive terms with the
foreign government so that there is no confusion. These terms
should aim to protect B&N’s interests against future
competitors who may threaten its profitability.
In conclusion, both domestic and international business
environments may be profitable but risky at the same time.
However, it is the duty B&N to devise strategies that would
ensure that it overcomes these barriers.
References
Woods, C. (2002). The Champions of Globalizations. The
Global Business Journal, 84-89.
Zara, N. (1994). Organizational capabilities, Innovation, and the
International Business. Journal of International Business, 126-
134.
ASSIGNMENT 3:
The Case of Barnes and Noble
Today’s business environment is featured by wide
advancements in information technology that have necessitated
business organizations to advance their strategies in order to
ensure that they cope with the changing global business
environment. In the process of applying both the hard and soft
technology in their business operations, business organizations
have been applying a wide range of strategies to make sure that
they get rid of the barriers facing them in surviving sustainably
in the contemporary business environment. However, some of
the barriers encountered in coping with the challenges facing
the global business environment, especially when it is
technologically advanced, firms need to come up with
sustainable means of coping up with the provisions of the
environment. As a matter of protecting the company’s
protective strategy, Barnes & Noble in this case, has devised
different means of protecting its hard, as well as soft

technology.
In its operations Barnes & Noble applies different forms of
soft and hard technologies for the domestic and global
environments that it covers. The hard technology involves the
domain of machines, tools, as well as equipment that is
employed in the realms of the operations of the business
organization in an attempt to accommodate, alter, as well as
manage the workplace for human development and survival
(Khosrowpour, 2006). Hard technology, in this case, is aimed at
delivering the aspects of the material life that the human
resources look forward to achieve. With this in mind, hard
technology aims at the physical enhancement of organizational
operations with an aim to ensure the achievement of
organizational goals and objectives. In realizing its strategic
and business goals and objectives, Barnes & Noble applies hard
technology I terms of different aspects including the use of
advanced machinery and equipment. Such equipment and
machinery have been used in serving the firm’s local, as well as
international areas of operation. In carrying out its operations,
the company applies a wide range of equipment and machinery
in order to facilitate its dealership with all the customers
(Lehaney, Lovett, & Shah, 2011). The use of such advanced
technologies in the machinery and equipment achieves the
alignment with today’s advancement in information technology,
and thus, the achievement of the firm’s objectives.
On the contrary, soft technology in the company involves
knowledge that is derived social, as well as traditional areas and
thus, used in solving practical problems that may be
encountered in the organization. Such soft technology acts as
the realm of emotion, thought, as well as individual and
organizational behavior involving the human society
(Khosrowpour, 2006). In as far as ethical and moral
considerations are concerned, hard technology does not take a
part in determining organizational welfare rather, and soft
technology does. The incorporation of soft technology may be
applied in the organization in processes involving training and

development of the workforce, the creation of local and
international competitive advantage, as well as enhancing
industrial development systems. With such issues in mind,
Barnes & Noble applies such forms of soft technology as those
that involve the processes of human social activity, as well as
psychological systems. Such processes include innovation that
involves devising new and more effective means of carrying out
business, and the subsequent development of higher-quality
products and services (Jin, 2011). In addition, Barnes & Noble
uses human thoughts and ideologies as means of enhancing the
achievement of the set goals and objectives. Individual and
organizational behaviors are also major components of soft
technology. The organization ensures that it aligns the
individual and organizational behaviors towards ensuring that
they are aligned to the long and short-term objectives of the
firm. In such a case, individuals in the organization are required
to adhere to the set rules, standards, as well as core
competencies, with the main aim of coming up with a corrective
effort towards the achievement of a common objective. In
addition, skills and competencies make part of the soft
technology of the firm (Lehaney, Lovett, & Shah, 2011). The
firm ensures the use of diversified skills and competencies in
covering its international market, especially at such a time when
the contemporary business environment is becoming globalized.
Such technologies involve the use of manpower as a means of
achieving the operational goals of the organization.
As the company applies both the hard and the soft
technologies, however, it experiences a wide variety of barriers.
Such barriers include the resistance of the employees to change.
As the organization needs to apply advanced hard technology in
terms of machinery, tools, and equipment, some of the
employees may not be willing to acquire new skills, in terms of
soft technology, in order to cope with the contemporary
business environment (Khosrowpour, 2006). However, the
organization may overcome such a barrier through developing
training programs. Such programs will enable employees to

appreciate the technology that the company wishes to formulate
and implement in its operations. The adoption of soft and hard
technology may also be faced by the barrier of inflated costs.
The start-up, as well as the maintenance costs involved in
implementing the technologies may be exorbitant for the
organization. For instance, ensuring the use of a diversified
skills and competencies in terms of soft technology may be a
costly strategy for the firm. However, the firm may cover such
costs by developing a strategy that ensures that all employees
engage in an interaction program that enables them to cope with
the diversity in the workplace (Lehaney, Lovett, & Shah, 2011).
By ensuring that the firm covers such barriers, it is able to
enjoy the overall benefits of both soft and hard technology. As a
result, the firm protects its technology to ensure that it enjoys
such benefits in the long-run.
In order to ensure that it enjoys the benefits of soft and
hard technology, the company protects its technology through
different means. Such means include ensuring information
privacy through the use of passwords and information
authorization. Such a means ensures that the firm protects
employees’ information, as well as the information accessibility
in its information system. The strategy ensures that the diversity
principles of soft technology and the machinery and tools
systems are well-protected from unauthorized access (Jin,
2011). Through the protection of its technology, the firm
ensures that it achieves the benefits that come with the adoption
of both soft and hard technologies.
References
Jin, Z. (2011). Global Technological Change: From Hard
Technology to Soft Technology. London: Intellect Books.
Khosrowpour, M. (2006). Emerging Trends and Challenges in
Information Technology Management: 2006 Information
Resources Management Association International Conference,
Washington, DC, USA, May 21-24, 2006, Volume 1. New York:
Idea Group Inc (IGI).
Lehaney, B., Lovett, P., & Shah, M. (2011). Business

Information Systems and Technology: A Primer. Amsterdam:
Routledge.0
ASSIGNMENT 4:
The term Environmental integration is simply verifying that,
ecological concerns are completely considered in the choices
and exercises of the related part where Barnes & Noble
Corporation have blended with the fruition of their merger, to
authoritatively structure American Group Inc. (By DePillis,
Lydia (10 July 2013)).
The U.S. Barnes & Noble has a hearty local and worldwide
system. Barnes & Noble, Inc is a Fortune 500 organization, the
biggest retail book shop in the United States, and the main
retailer of substance, advanced media and instructive items in
the nation. The organization works 658 retail locations (as of
August 2, 2014) in every one of the 50 states notwithstanding
705 school book shops that serve in excess of 5 million
understudies and more than 250,000 working parts the nation
over. The Barnes & Noble, Inc has the scale, broadness and
capacities to contend all the more adequately and beneficially in
the worldwide commercial center by considering the political
and lawful environment where their clients are appreciating to
get to more profits and expanded administration over the joined
organization's bigger overall system, its through an improved
one-world Alliance. With a stretched worldwide system and the
solid budgetary establishment of U.S Aviation routes, has been
conveying huge profits to groups, shoppers, representatives and
stakeholders. (By DePillis, Lydia (10 July 2013)), In spite of
the fact that they have met up as one organization in United
States household environment and worldwide environment
where they particularly concentrating on United Kingdom
(U.k.), this matter has explained by the compelling
incorporation of political signs and lawful principles emulating,
which have been approved by U.S government and the
legislature has provided for them a Single Operating Certificate
which is relied upon to take roughly 18 to 24 promising new
months.

Barnes & Noble works predominantly through its Barnes &
Noble Booksellers chain of book shops and the organization's
central station are at 122 Fifth Avenue in the Ladies' Mile
Historic District in Manhattan in New York City. Barnes &
Noble College Booksellers is headquartered in Basking Ridge,
NJ. After an arrangement of mergers and liquidations in the
American book shop industry since the 1990s, Barnes & Noble
stands as America's last staying national book shop chain. At
one time, Barnes and Noble worked the chain of little B. Dalton
Booksellers stores in shopping centers until they advertised the
liquidation of the chain. The organization is known for
substantial retail outlets, large portions of which contain a
bistro serving Starbucks espresso. Most stores offer books,
magazines, daily papers, Dvds, realistic books, blessings,
amusements, music, and Nook tablets and tablets. Feature
amusements and related things were sold in the organization's
Gamestop retail outlets until October 2004, when the division
was spun off into an autonomous organization (By Matt (10 July
2013)).few confinements as talked about beneath, have likewise
constrain the opposition:
They have confronted noteworthy nonpolitical hindrances, for
example, vocal "not in my back yard" (NIMBY) resistance and
the natural clamor and outflows contemplation's where
government law limits the charge air terminals and have charge
air bearers to sums which are "reasonable and sensible".
United States and United Kingdom for opening the book
business to outside access and evacuate the obstructions to
rivalry. By evacuating the passageway boundaries, a worldwide
industry can work better with an universally minded set
principles, which would permit the organization to from one
nation (or speculators of any kind) to make aerial transports in
an alternate nation (right to foundation) and to work local and
also worldwide administrations in the region of an alternate
nation (By Matt (10 July 2013))..
National (U.S) proprietorship laws are additionally an ancient

obstruction to a more focused books organization. These
guidelines appear to reflect a sympathy toward the national
security despite the fact that numerous businesses as much vital
as aerial shuttle industry don't have such confined.
Barnes & Noble, the biggest book retailer and second-biggest
merchant of eBooks in the U.S, has some huge issues. A
rundown:
-The moderate decrease of blocks and-mortar retail generally,
exacerbated in Barnes & Noble's case by the move from
perusing print books to eBooks (which are just about solely sold
online and through gadgets)
– The end of development for tablet deals. Indeed distributers
believe that tablets will soon be unimportant
– Barnes & Noble's disappointment to develop Nook tablet deals
while its rivals are becoming deals for their tablet gadgets,
riding a climbing overall tide of tablet appropriation by buyers
Also, all the more by and large: While contenders Apple,
Amazon and Kobo keep on stretching globally while battling for
piece of the overall industry in the U.s., Barnes & Noble has
scarcely stretched to the UK, not to mention the many nations
the others are now in(By DePillis, Lydia (10 July 2013)).
The proof of these issues is in the organization's poor execution
in its last quarter. It affirmed the results a week ago and they
weren't great: incomes were down more than anticipated over
the organization. Yet, the organization's stock cost didn't move.
Why? I think this is on the grounds that administrator and
biggest stockholder Len Riggio is investigating purchasing the
retail division, involved almost 700 blocks and-mortar stores
over the U.s., and taking it private, leaving the school book
shop section and Nook (together, Nook Media)
References:
1. DePillis, Lydia (10 July 2013). "Barnes & Noble’s
troubles don’t show why bookstores are doomed. They show
how they’ll survive." The Washington Post. Retrieved30
October 2013. it's now the only national bookstore chain in the
country

2. Townsend, Matt (10 July 2013). "Bookstores Not Dead
Yet as Riggio Bets on Barnes & Noble". Bloomberg
Businessweek. Retrieved 30 October 2013. the last national
bookstore chain
3. "Barnes & Noble to Move." The Bookseller and Stationer,
January 1. 1922 pg 13
ASSIGNMENT 5:
Domestically, Canada, the United States, and Mexico have the
North American Free Business Accord, which would integrate
the three nations. Though culturally different, via a pattern of
existence, geographically and under different languages and
various governments, for gathering they will be classified
together. Internationally, the opposing society cluster is Europe,
in nature the European Economic Financial Union but the
country is Germany. Barnes & the Noble is one of USA’s
leading retail bookseller and other media stuff. And is
transacted on the New York stockpile exchange. The
comparison of the cultural cluster, in which Barnes & the Noble
operates, shows that there are vertical and horizontal
differences working in the USA and Canada.
The socio-cultural association of booth these countries are
very varied. While the population in USA is diverse with many
ethnic groups each identified by an ethnic status, the Canadian
population is not all that diverse.
The Barnes & Noble Company is an advanced and well-
equipped technology organization. The firm carries out growth,
manufacture and sales of books and media product components
and high-performance educational products. Canada is essential
for trade productivity. Skillful immigrants, who came in the
recent ten years, contributed to 70 percent of the development
in Canada’s labor force during the same period. 3 Moreover, as
the man force continues to age (half of North America’s
Boomers will be 55 or older by 2011), skilled laborer shortages
will be filled by new Canadians.

The small ranking of Long-term Orientation reflects a freedom
in the culture from long traditional commitments, which allows
larger flexibility and the self-rule to react quickly to new
options. The fifty nations governed on a federal level consists
of United States of America, as well as a state level. Writing
Laws at both degrees, and when conducting trade in the United
States an individual must make sure to meet the essentials
approved by these laws. The state is very litigious, so legal
resources are available, and specialists are found to assist with
any transaction.
The society and geographic placement of a vicinity will
affect how trade operation. Historically, the East Coast is more
traditional and official in their manners and dress than the West
Coast. That does not mean a West Coast gathering carries any
less significance. The lifestyle and climate are just more
relaxed, with an indication in the stride and informality.
Social, cultural aspect can influence the business. Some
perspective includes lifestyle, customs, and values that
characterize a society. USA and Canada are each other’s largest
business associates, with Canada more slowly joined to the USA
than vice versa, and Canada moderately less connected to China
and Mexico than the USA.
These social, cultural aspects affect business in many
ways. Availability of a lot of people increases accessibility of
labor making the company run smoothly. USA include many
people from different ethnicity and this also increases the need
for commodities produced by a corporation. Country differs in
terms of preference and value. Company set in any of these
countries needs to delivered goods that are relevant to the
people of the area, failure to which will lead to business
collapse. USA is a more developed and highly regard

technology. Values, in this case, are "broad fondness for one
situation of affairs above others”. Barnes & the Noble is a well-
known biggest leading retailer of content and the retail
bookseller, digital platform educational commodities. Such kind
of company needs to be set up in the environment where people
have upgraded to technology, have a culture of reading and the
people who are literate.
Comparing company in Canada and USA, a company in
USA will do much better than the one set up in Canada. In
Canada, the reading culture and technological advancement is
bit left behind by USA. People way of life and interest, personal
interest affects the national preference and before setting a
company one should look for the choice of the population in the
nation. Promotion and advertisement are conveying through
media. In USA, people are more into technology and
advertisement of the company and its product would be much
easy unlike in Canada.
People’s way of life also known as culture determine
business put in place. In USA, Barnes & Noble Company would
do much good and would be very prosperous. A company
establishment is in a location where purchasing or buying power
is high. Geert Hofstede, five aspects of society are the
following: Power-distance, Masculinity vs. femininity,
Collectivism vs. individualism, Uncertainty avoidance, Long-
vs. short-term placement.
References
Morgan .K. (2009). Barnes & Noble: Groundbreaking
Entrepreneurs.ABDO
Spindler. G. (2000). Fifty Years of Anthropology and Education
1950-2000: A Spindler Anthology. Psychology Press

ASSIGNMENT 6:
Barnes & Noble
Barnes and Noble continue to be one of the biggest and
most successful retail bookselling companies in both domestic
and international markets. Besides bookselling, the company
engages in content retailing of digital media on their highly
advanced platforms. Selling in over six hundred stores within
all fifty states of the United States, the company depicts in
depth penetration of its domestic market in adherence to
Rostow’s stages of growth.
During its foundation in 1886, the company illustrated Rostow’s
first stage of development, which is traditional societies
because of the limited technology that it used at that time
(Rostow, 1991). With regard to economic success, the company
had limited production because of factors such as the market’s
low demand as well as the suppressed market penetration.
Barnes and Noble first retailed in a single store in New York
called Arthur Hinds & Company. Evidently, the company sought
to market its products in New York prior to the anticipated
extension to other American states. In the late 1970s, the
company became the first to air its advertisements on national
television thus fitting Rostow’s preconditions to take off. By
implementing tech advancements, they entered a steady rate of
economic growth that earned them a $800,000 revenue in 1979
from all the twenty-two chain stores. The company’s strategy of
purchasing smaller stores and pooling them together for the sale
of their products further indicated a systematic build up of
conditions that better favored their penetration in to the local
market. On the contrary, Galbriath believed that bigger
companies had influential market control because of their large
cash flow, which made smaller companies relatively
insignificant in the market.
In contrast to this argument, Barnes and Noble started as a
small-scale company selling to not more than a hundred
customers yet within a period of five decades it had boosted its

clientele to more than twenty thousand customers. Notably,
their slow but steady take off defies Galbriath’s hypothesis that
argues for the continued success of bigger companies as the
opposed to the limited or null chances of small-scale companies
to triumph. During this period, Barnes and Noble illustrated
utter indulgence in the economic struggle by alleviating its
production to meet the already existing market demand as well
as the new stores that Barnes and Noble was purchasing in other
states. Their retail business grew beyond New York entering
nearby and far-flung states widening their domestic regions and
escalating them from being a small-scale organization to a
large-scale corporation. In preparation of economic self
sustenance, Barnes and Noble advanced its tech base and
financed its marketing department with vigor to ensure that
every consumer remained aware of the new products thus
increasing their chances for a constantly growing cash flow
(Tan, 2008). Evidently, Roscow’s hypothesis facilitated the
company’s penetration and subsequent growth in its local
markets identifiable by the six hundred retail stores of Barnes
and Noble within the United States.
Galbriath’s economic arguments seek to counter the
neoclassical theories despite their outdated relevance.
Galbriath’s evolutionary wisdom on economics is settled on the
conformation of businesses and organizations to the present
market environment in pursuit of fitting these dynamic
situations (Everling, 2009). For instance, a domestically selling
company is bound to adopt newer market penetration techniques
such as tech advancements for it to sell in international markets
while remaining conservative of its primary mission. With this
regard, and in agreement of this premise, Barnes and Noble
adopted the NOOK online platform that allowed all of its
subscribed users to read endless books online. This approach
effectively boosted their customer base by about a million
customers who signed up to the newer way of reading.
Furthermore, who not prefer having access to countless books
all within reach by the press of a button rather than walking to

the book store and purchasing a book? Besides the drastic
increase in customers, Barnes and Noble also managed to reach
the once aspired international market because their products
were now accessible globally. In addition to the NOOK
approach, Barnes and Noble continued to purchase and establish
new retail outlet stores in other countries such as Germany,
France, Britain and South Africa, which ensured that the readers
who preferred physical reading materials were not left out of
the loop.
While considering international markets Rostow’s
hypothesis remains focused on European and American histories
thus disregarding African and Asian communities. In that, it
speculates application only in communities known to have
extreme consumption or affinity for products arguing that only
these communities are integral to the anticipated global
economic development. As such, this theory fails to elucidate
the noteworthy success of Barnes and Noble in international
markets because this company perceives all international
markets as equal contributors to their revenues. For example,
the NOOK platform is available for all users regardless of their
present or past locations geographically. In conclusion, both
theories contribute distinctly to the past and present economic
states of Barnes and Noble while further agreeing and disputing
in others. However, their application have earned Barnes and
Noble the position it is in now hence additionally contributing
to their effectiveness in the economy whether local or
international.
References
Everling, C. (2009). Dialectics of Struggle in the Global
Economy. Routledge. Business
& Economics Reference.
Tan, F. B. (2008). Global information technologies: Concepts,

methodologies, tools and
Applications. Hershey PA: Information Science Reference.
Rostow, W. W. (1991). The Stages of economic Growth: A Non-
Communist Manifesto.
Cambridge university Press. Business Economics Reference.

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