Three Needles Documentary

Three Needles Documentary
Three Needles discusses the AIDS crisis through three separate stories. Each one uniquely different
to show how the AIDs crisis affects numerous different people in many different ways. The film
helps to open people's eyes to life in other places and how fast certain infections can spread in small
towns.
Likewise, one of the stories consists of three nuns that travel to South Africa. Mary, Clara and Hilde
plan to work in a plantation's medical center. Their main goal is to provided aid to sick farmers
dying of AIDS. Soon after arriving they learn new ways of living and new legends. One legend
consists of sleeping with virgins in order to revoke one from having AIDS. Due to this legend,
young virgins are raped. Each nun assists an issue in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, Denys lied on his test in order to continue his work as a porn performer. He knew he would
have to quit his job if he gave his own urine for his test. This resulted in numerous women getting
infected with HIV and AIDS. Although it is wrong, many people lie or cheat in the porn industry in
order to further their career. Lastly, selling items illegally on the black market is more common than
most would think. Covting human body parts, like blood, is the top most common item sold on the
black market (9 Most Coveted Items on the Black Market, 2014). Thus, in the film, a pregnant
woman in China sold blood illegally through the black market. Most of the blood was infected with
HIV AIDS yet she desperately needed money for her new child that had yet to enter the world. She
did everything she could to get money, even if it meant infecting thousands of people with AIDS. In
total, Three Needles accurately displayed a severe health crisis through three separate
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Suture Needle Essay
Brief Synopsis: Worker 1 (W1, AFSAS Person 1) grab suture needle (OBJ1, AFSAS Object 1)
resulting in a needle poke. Sequences of Events: W1 was a performing a surgical procedure in the
operating room holding a suction tube (OBJ2, AFSAS Object 2) in her right hand to clear blood for
the doctor. As doctor was stitching up the patient the suture needle began to be drawn into the
suction tube up by the thread. W1 then grabbed the suture needle with her left hand preventing the
needle from becoming logged inside the suction tube. W1's left thumb was penetrated by the suture
needle. W1, complete blood borne pathogens procedures directed by the infection control officer.
Investigation and Analysis: 4.3.1. Causal Factors Investigated: W1 was operating

Syringe Policy (SSP)
four years underground and were looked upon as disobedience. But in March 1992 Mayor Frank
Jordan of San Francisco declared a public health emergency and committed $138,000 to Prevention
Point. This group's effort became a template for what SSP is today and eventually became a part of
San Francisco AIDS Foundation in which has grown into the nation's largest needle exchange
program. (sfaf.org)
With Prevention Point's passion for advocacy to prevent HIV, 25 SSPs began operating
underground, and in 2000 the state implemented its first state SSP law. In 2009 there were 41
authorized SSPs throughout California in 19 counties and four city governments. Ninety percent of
these 41 SSP's are along the coast of California with only two counties covering ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
government it has gone on to showcase that sterile syringes do reduce the spread of HIV and does
not increase drug use. The policy was also recognized by the former U.S. Surgeon General Dr.
David Satcher stating, "After reviewing all of the research to date, the senior scientists of the
Department and I have unanimously agreed that there is conclusive scientific evidence that syringe
exchange programs, as part of a comprehensive HIV prevention strategy, are an effective public
health intervention that reduces the transmission of HIV and does not encourage the use of illegal
drugs." (csam–asam.org) With the ongoing research of this policy, it has allowed many groups to
stand behind it with high hopes of lowering the number of new HIV and viral hepatitis cases,
without increasing drug use, crime, or unsafe discarding of syringes. Some of those groups that
stand behind this policy are major medical and public health organizations throughout the world
including the American Medical Association, Red Cross, UNICEF, National Academy of Sciences,
CDC, World Health Organization, and many non–profits throughout the state and

Injection Drug Users Lower Risk Of Transmitting Infectious...
Needle Exchange Program
Group 9
Austyn Bolander, Chelsea Dugger, Catherine Hoover,
Chris Giles, Cassandra Brown, Skiveta Rivera
Indiana University East School of Nursing
Literature Review
Several studies have shown that injection drug users lower their risk of transmitting infectious
diseases when there is a needle exchange program available. There has not been a valid study of
whether or not the amounts of time needles are returned to the exchange programs are harmful to
communities. The Journal of Public Health, conducted surveys, evidence from needle exchange
sites, jails, and institutions that needle exchange programs are effective in reducing illnesses such as
HIV and AIDS (Burt & Theide, 2016). Furthermore, Reepalu, Blome, Bjork, Widell, & Bjorkman
(2012), researched the same individuals for 20 years, with no breaks. Their studies concluded that
injection drug use, not only heightens the risk for HIV and AID's, there is also an increase in
Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. However, there studies showed that there is not an increase rate of
cancer diagnoses due to injection drug use. In a study conducted by Bonar and Rosenberg (2014),
they wanted to see if self–initiated harm strategies, such as: proper needle sterilization techniques,
proper disposal of needles, and cleaning of the pre injected skin, could help improve the health of
those that use drugs intravenously. Their study was conducted over an eight–month period, results
showed that their

The Problem Of Needle Exchange Programs
Currently in Kentucky, the prevalence of preventing the spread of dangerous pathogens and diseases
through tainted needles is the controversial topic. The provocative matter of needle exchange
programs will always be as such. The aspiration of this text is to provide comprehension on what is
needle exchange programs, Kentucky, educate on public health, funding, and comflict between drug
and disease
In the United Stated, stated by the Hepatitis C Support program, exchange programs have been
documented legitimately and illicitly since the 1980s. The Hepatitis C Support Project states: the
first needle exchange program was developed in 1984 in Amsterdam in the Netherlands by a drug
users ' advocacy group called the Junkie Union. The major ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
"The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that syringe exchange
programs can be effective in linking hard–to–reach individuals to health services, and that the
programs do not serve to encourage drug use or initiate." (Needle exchange, 2009) Kidorf states that
the community based programs increased motivation to participate in substance abuse programs and
treatments.
Kentucky
The majority of states have illegal drug problems, and for Kentucky. Use of illicit drugs are the
major choice for youths and adults (Office of Drug Control, 2015) from the range of 2007–2008,
Kentucky was in the top ten states for several drug use categories involving ranges of 12 and older;
the rate of deaths by illicit drugs are above national average stated by Kentucky Drug control.
"Approximately 8 percent of Kentucky residents reported past–month use of illicit drugs; the
national average was 8 percent." (Whitehouse, 2009)
"The Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service, VADM Regina Benjamin, M.D.,
M.B.A., has determined that a demonstration needle exchange

Needle Exchange Programs
A drug is any substance that produces a psychoactive, chemical or medicinal effect on an individual.
The term "psychoactive drug" is often used to refer to mood–altering drugs. The effect of a drug
depends on a combination of three elements: drug (the pharmacological property) set (the
characteristics of the user) and setting (the social and physical environment where drug use takes
place) (Cheung). Although a drug produces psychoactive effects on the body, the effects, or harms,
vary according to user characteristics (set), such as the pattern of drug use, the users perception,of
the pleasure and risks of drug use, and the demographic, socioeconomic and cultural characteristics
of the user. Higher levels of drug use and drug problems have ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Needle exchange programs also have pros and cons that include; Pros: Data shows that upwards of
90 percent of heterosexually transmitted HIV is related to IV drug use and the sharing of dirty
needles, Data shows that in several communities in the US and around the world, HIV transmission
has increased where needle sharing and injecting drug use is common, Many exchange programs
have proven that it has decreased rate of HIV transmission among IV drug users. The cons include:
funding needle exchange programs sends the "wrong message" to children, clean needle exchange
will lead to an increase in IV drug use among populations already ravaged by recreational drug use,
and federal funding of exchange programs would allow tax dollars to be used to increase the amount
of drug paraphernalia in areas already overburdened with IV drug use (Should Needle Exchange Be
Funded by Federal Government). In conclusion, I agree with harm reduction and in the sense that it
is a good idea in regards to needle exchange programs. In my personal thoughts, the needle
exchange programs offer addicts clean needles but doesn't encourage them to use drugs, just a safer
way to inject the drugs and provide a safer society. People who use drugs are going to continue their
habits whether they think it is safe or not. Harm reduction is developmentally an approach to
prevention of behavior in

Dry Needle Therapy
Dry needle therapy is an invasive treatment procedure in which a needle is inserted into a muscle
trigger point (Ries, 2015). The goal of dry needle therapy is to cause a local twitch response, which
is defined as a "brisk contraction of a taut band of skeletal muscle fibers elicited by snapping
palpation of a trigger point [TrP] in that band" (Hong, 1994). It is distinct from acupuncture and is a
westernized form of trigger point therapy (Kalichman & Vulfsons, 2010). In the 1940s, doctors Janet
Travell and David Simons promoted injection of substances into trigger points, or muscle knots that
can cause radiating pain upon movement of the muscle or pressing on the knot to relieve pain
(Kalichman & Vulfsons, 2010; DeLaune, 2015). However, the ... Show more content on
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Current research suggests that trigger points are caused by a dysfunction in the nerves that signal the
muscles to contract (Simons, Travell, & Simons 1999). When the neural activity becomes
unsynchronized, it can cause muscles to contract without relaxing (Simons et al. 1999; Ge,
Fernandez–de–las–Penas, & Yue 2011). This constant contraction results in a trigger point, which
restricts blood flow to the taut muscle area and causes both localized and referred pain (Ge et al.
2011). Researchers theorize that DN interferes with the malfunctioning nerve signals and resets
them to their normal function (Simons et al. 1999; Giamberardino, Affaitati, Fabrizio, & Costantini
2011).
B. Local twitch response The local twitch response, caused by DN, results in several physiological
factors. It causes changes in muscle fiber length as well as reduces tension in the muscle knot.
(Baldry 2005). Its primary function is to reset faulty nerve signals, and research by Chen et al (2001)
theorizes that it accomplishes this by reducing the overactive nerve signals to the muscle knot and
allowing the muscle to relax.
C. Change in blood

Informative Essay On Needle Abuse
We Know in this Modern World everyone one is finding a way to get relief from their stress. Their
many ways to cope with it, however that include good ways and bad ways. Good ways Would
basically include going on a vacation or spending time with their family and bad ways would
include taking synthetic drugs that ultimately would start the destruction of their lives. There are
also many harmful ways people take drugs which might even put a scar on their lives forever or
even give them some chronic diseases that would take their life. One of that phenomenon is
exchanging needles or using the same needle over and over again while doing drugs. In order to
prevent chronic diseases like HIV and AIDS, in some countries their government has started a
program called a needle exchange where drug users get the new and clean needles for their drug use.
Basically, Needle and syringe programs (NSPs) are a type of harm diminution imagination that
provides clean needles and syringes to people who have an addiction to inject drugs (referred to as
PWID) to reduce the chances of getting the diseases of HIV and other harmful blood–borne viruses
(hepatitis B and C). This Needle Exchange program has helped and identified many drug users from
chronic diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) suggest the distribution of 200 sterile
needles and syringes per drug injector per year, in order to tellingly tackle HIV transmission via this
route. There are many arguments for and against the needle

Tattoo Needles
So you have an on going interest in the field of tattooing? This is excellent.There are not many who
do it well. It is important to understand the tools you will be using on your quest to put designs on
the skin of others. Even if you do not plan on becoming a tattoo artist yourself. It is still good to
have some knowledge about the whole process. Read on to learn about tattoo needles. First, what
are they really? It is important to know that a tattoo needle is generally not just one but a few all put
together. Yes! This means multiples are coming together to form one unit. These units are called
sharps and they are attached to a needle bar. Secondly, these sharps can be made of anywhere from 3
to 7 or more needles in conjunction. Every

Questions On Central Vascular Devices
Question 3
Central vascular devices (CVADs) are catheters place in large, central veins, like the superior or
inferior vena cava, for long–term infusions of medications, parenteral nutrition and chemotherapy
drugs. From the moment the doctor or specially trained nurse inserts a central catheter, the IV nurse
is responsible for ensuring that the line is patent, free of clots, used appropriate medications and
protected from bloodstream infections.
Question 4
First step is to identify the patient, explain the procedure and ask about any allergies. Name of the
medication, amount (dose) of medication, route of administration, time to be administered. Select
the medication and check the medication label three times to ensure that the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Squeeze the drip chamber to fill half full. Open the clamp on the piggyback tubing, allowing the
solution to prime the tubing. Connect the piggyback unit to the primary tubing. Insert the needle into
the injection port of the primary tubing. Secure the connection with tape. Hang the piggyback unit
on the IV pole, ensuring that the piggyback unit is at least 6 inches higher than the primary
container. Ensure patency of the primary IV. Begin the secondary piggyback infusion. Adjust the
roller clamp on the piggyback tubing to regulate the flow rate of the piggyback solution. After label
the piggyback infusion tubing with the time and date the medication was initiated.
Question 5
An intravenous bolus is relatively a large volume of fluid or dose of a drug or test substance given
intravenously and rapidly to hasten or magnify a response, in radiology, rapid injection of a large
dose of contrast medium to increase opacification of blood vessels.
Question 6
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is given through a vascular access device such as a Peripheral
Intravenous line, midline or most preferably a central line. The central line is the most common
access for TPN administration. Central lines are intravenous lines inserted in the vein and the of the
intravenous catheter ends in a large vein in the chest called the superior vena cava. TPN may be
given over 24 hours or over 12–14 hours depending on your nutritional needs. Most

Needle And The Damage Analysis
Needle and the Damage Done 10 years ago, 17 year old Sarah was driving home from the local pool
hall. She got in her car and drove off not expecting her life to change in any way on her nightly ride
home. Little did she know a life shattering collision would take place tearing the muscles from the
bones in her back. Weeks later she found herself hyped on a cocktail of prescriptions–including
Percocet, an opiate painkiller. Fast Forward months later and she is now buying heroin off the street
from anyone willing to sell it to her. Sarah soon returned to the hospital, overdosed with almost no
way to heal her, she was just that worn down. Sarah was a lucky individual; she survived, unlike
many others who share a similar story.
Heroin related ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Eventually, however, opium was promoted as a cure for alcoholism by the late 1800's." The opium
addiction soon died out and morphine, a derivative, was developed as a panacea. By 1810 people
were using morphine as a painkiller, cough medicine, a sleep inducer, or for any malady that
plagued them. Users soon got hooked and doctors were perplexed as to how to cure the epidemic
that was spreading through out the country. By 1874 a cure was created, or so they thought.
Germany introduced a new wonder drug called Heroin; they claimed that Heroin was a safe and
non–addictive substitute. The drug was sold without regulation until 1920 when the government
realized the danger of the narcotic. According the aforementioned Narconon article (2017) "By 1925
there were an estimated 200,000 heroin addicts within the country. It was a market which would
persist until this day." Continuing Neil Young's tragic ballad, "...the damage done...A little part of it
in everyone," how detrimental will society let this epidemic

The Importance Of A Diabetic Needle
Receiving a diabetic diagnosis from a medical professional forever changes the way in which you
will approach daily life. Your eating habits will be one of the most important changes you make
upon becoming diabetic. Consuming a variety of healthy foods throughout the day and not skipping
meals will become an essential part of your new lifestyle. Another important aspect of your lifestyle
change will be learning about diabetic needles and the role those needles play in your life.
What is a Diabetic Needle
Diabetic needles are a vital piece of medical equipment that you will use to administer the insulin
medication that helps keep your blood sugar levels safe. These needles are readily available in a
variety of sizes and lengths.
The length ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On any given day, you likely self–administer several insulin medication injections into your body.
For that reason, you need the reassurance that the syringe you are using is the right tool for the
situation and that it will perform without failing each time. To find the right syringe for you, look at
the design of the syringe tip.
The syringe tip is what holds the needle securely in place when it enters into your skin. You want to
look for a 3cc syringe with a Leur Lock feature in place. That locking system keeps the needle in
place with a simple twist in one direction. After administering the medication, you simply twist the
tip in the opposite direction to release the needle for safe disposal.
Bulksyringes.com is the only online syringe and needle supply company that meets Comodo
security standards. We process customer orders using discretion and privacy throughout the entire
process. We proudly serve as a safe and secure option for consumers and medical professionals to
purchase needles and syringes online.
Press Release #2
Contact Information: First name, Last

A Needle
A Needle Heroin kills in many ways. It doesn't only kill the person who is taking it, it kills the
family and friends too. People can take heroin many ways. You can inject it, smoke it, or even
maybe snort it. The most common way to take the drug is by injecting it with a needle. Getting the
drug is easy. To get the needle and syringe is easier. You can go to a pharmacy and buy them. Not
only does the drug hurt you, but so does the needle. Shooting up has many risks. It causes scarring
of the vein, abscessing of arteries and injection spots are often reported issues. Ulcers, tetanus,
septicemia, and thrombosis are all very real complications of injecting drugs along with the potential
risks of injecting toxic and harmful adulterant substances. Unsanitary conditions, sharing of needles
and equipment, blunt needles and dirty water all contribute to disease and infection. Infection rates
can be reduced by using new needles every time and following safe injection. After one use of a
needle, the needle does not go in as easily. The needle can also get stuck in your arm. A reused
needle can leave you with bruising and bleeding. A big factor from reusing a needle from someone
else is getting hepatitis C. About 80% of people who have hepatitis got it from sharing or trading a
needle.You can also get it from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is a big deal even without needles getting sold in stores or pharmacies. Needles make it a bigger
deal because it is getting sold to the public. It is a good and a bad for some people. The good is it is
helping people who need them or if there is an emergency. The bad is for the addicts. The people
who go and buy them to shoot up is not okay. That is not the reason they are there. It is also a
financial problem. Addicts steal stuff to sell to get money. If an addict steals for money, then they
will either steal the needles or steal to get money for the needles. An addict has many things to do to
get

Needle Stick Injuries
Within the healthcare environment, employees are at risk for many hazards. Health care worker
injuries involving needles or sharp objects are common in the health care occupation. The article
explains the occurrence of self–reported exposures to these hazards, what procedures should be
taken after the exposure, the severity it may possess, and the statistics of healthcare workers in India
and in the United States risk to injuries. One of the leading causes of injuries included needle sticks.
According to the United States National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, "needle stick
injuries are defined as injuries caused by needles such as hypodermic needles, blood collection
needles, intravenous (IV) stylets, and needles used to connect ... Show more content on
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Testing consisted of taking health care worker's blood samples, performing follow–ups and testing
for HIV antibodies every 3 to 4 weeks. After three years of this conducted study, a total of four
hundred and seventy–six incidences were accounted for due to exposure to blood and body fluids.
This is a low incidence report compared to the United States reporting six million healthcare
workers report to have been exposed to blood and body fluids from needle stick injuries alone. This
low incidence report could be contributed due to healthcare workers under–reporting their
incidences. I was surprised to find out that only fifty–eight point four percent of healthcare workers
used personal protective equipment (PPE), such as masks, gowns, and gloves when using needles
and sharp objects. Furthermore, immediately following exposure to blood–borne pathogens,
employee's first course of action was running water to clean out the exposed area. Risks for
developing blood–borne infectious diseases increase due to these injuries and improperly
decontaminating the exposed

Methadone Clinics
Methadone Clinics and Needle Exchange Programs: Critical Thinking There are many people in the
world today that are drug addicts and cannot quit by themselves which is where the methadone
clinics come into the picture. Methadone reduces the withdrawal symptoms therefore making it
easier to quit drugs. Even though methadone is supposedly proven to be safe, it seems to have biases
and stigmas associated with it because it is an opioid medication and many people can become
addicted to it as well as have serious side effects. For individuals who aren 't willing to quit using
drugs, they offer needle exchange programs that reduce the risks of infections and diseases. Needle
exchange programs are important in a society like today because a ... Show more content on
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On the other hand, it has benefits because sometimes people accidently become addicted to
prescribed medications and can't quit. The methadone clinics are great for that aspect. The other
benefits are reducing costs of health care needed due to the reduction of blood borne diseases by
using needle exchange programs. Overall, there are numerous benefits from these programs and I
believe I would advocate for more of these programs and clinics established because individuals
who are struggling with drug addictions are still people and need health care attention as well. Most
of the time, the staff at the clinics are probably the only health care professionals they come into
contact with. "Medically supervised injection sites have health professionals on site to prevent
harmful consequences such as overdose, and provide users with information about health, treatment,
and rehabilitation programs" (Stamler & Yiu, 2012, p. 441). I think these programs are a good
way for drug users to seek information about health promotion and health problems associated with
drug addictions. In conclusion, methadone clinics and needle exchange programs have many
stigmas linked to them due to the biases that have been associated with these programs in the past.
The programs are trying to create ways to encourage more drug users to use the programs available
especially the needle exchange program for those who inject

The Eye Of The Needle
The Eye of the Needle
The Eye of the Needle was always an iconic place along the Missouri until May 1997 when it
collapsed under suspicious circumstances. On the expedition of Lewis and Clark, the White Cliffs of
Montana was a signature site described by Lewis. One of the extraordinary landmarks was the Eye
of the Needle, which Meriwether Lewis first described its scenery by comparing its magnificent
rock formations to "elegant ranges of lofting freestone buildings, having their parapets well stocked
with statuary" (Burns, 1997). This was 1800's talk, which doesn't make sense to most people
nowadays. Looking at an old picture of the Eye of the Needle that my grandfather took while rafting
the Missouri, I can see the beauty that people raved about.
The rock structure is so perplexing. The arch made up of multiple boulders doesn't look like
anything that nature could ever make naturally. It defies gravity standing on the very top of the rock
wall lining the rushing Missouri. The light grey structure has thousands of crevices that formed
themselves from natural wear–and–tear over time. 200 feet up, it towers over the Missouri River
keeping a watchful eye on all of the wildlife.
When blogger Chris describes this beautiful place he said,
"The Eye of the Needle could be seen a few miles upstream while floating the Missouri River, and
from a distance it appeared to be just that – a tiny window allowing some of the sky to shine
through. The structure was only about 11 feet high,

Needle Exchange Programs, Safe Injection Sites And Address...
Needle exchange programs have long been a controversial subject with both the general population
and government lawmakers. The primary objective for needle exchange programs (NEPs) is to
prevent the spread of blood–borne disease and is very successful in doing so. But, issues of morality
due to the perception of drug enablement and the stigma of intravenous drug users (IDUs) and their
potential effects on the decline of society are continually used as arguments for those against NEPs.
It has been proven through many studies that these programs not only reduce harms associated with
intravenous drug use, they are also cost effective and reduce the circulation of used syringes to the
general population. Beyond epidemiological efforts, NEPs also provide a de–stigmatized center for
gathering and offers health services such as HIV testing, counselling and referrals to treatment for
drug addiction. This paper aims to highlight the efficacy of needle exchange programs, safe
injection sites and address the social and political issues associated with them.
Intravenous drug users are some of the individuals most susceptible for contracting and transmitting
blood–borne diseases such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
In Canada, there was an estimated 71,300 cases of HIV at the end of 2011 with an incidence of
approximately 2,250 to 4,100 cases. IDUs account for 13.7% of Canadians living with HIV.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HVC) is currently

Personal Narrative: My Virtue With Stage IV Colon Cancer
I never wanted to be fluent in cancer. I was content with my unrealized ignorance of oncological
jargon and procedures. However, on April 10th 2015, when my husband was diagnosed with stage
IV colon cancer, I quickly went from being ignorant of this disease, to consumed by it. The day of
his diagnosis I began to educate myself on the role of caretaker and took post in a position that I
would both loath and treasure.
Though I wanted so much to excel at caring for him, I often found myself resentful and fearful of
the caretaker title. My wish to return to the bliss of my unconsciousness presented itself in hidden
and controlled fits of anger that frequently occurred in the solitude of my shower or car. Only there
did I have the space to suppress my tears ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would then don disposable gloves, one on my right and two on my left. The intravenous tubing that
he was connected to came with two clamps attached. The next step was to clamp the tube at the
point where it met the pump and also where it connected to the catheter cap. I would hold the
infusor tubing in my left hand, which donned two gloves, remove the outer glove and tying the end
of the tubing into the glove so that any chemo that was remaining in the tube would be caught by the
glove should it drip.
Once the tubing and pump were removed I was able to clean and remove the catheter from his port.
First I would swab the catheter cap with the alcohol pad for fifteen seconds. After it dried I would
attach the 10 ml saline syringe to the catheter to flush the line. I would then flush the line a second
time using the 2ml saline syringe. This kept the IV line clear and open so that it remained sterile and
easily accessible for his next round of

Summary Of Embraced By The Needle
In his essay "Embraced by the Needle", Gabor Maté argues that addiction is the consequence of lack
of care of parents on their children at an early age, where those children were deprived of 'soft warm
hug'. Maté reinforces his argument by providing some of his own experiences with his patients,
while working as a physician in Downtown Eastside, Vancouver, who helps mental people and
addicts. Generally, this place is the "drug capital" as Maté writes in his essay.
He comes across many cases that lead him to suggest that addiction relates to childcare deprivation.
One of his patients feels that once she takes Heroin, she feels a warm hug (pp288), So Maté
responds that these words sum up why people tend to take drugs.
Additionally, he adds

Fine Needle Biopsy
When you arrange the barium entrail cleanse, you will get point by point headings for how to get
prepared. Since your colon must be absolutely unfilled, you ought to take after a restricted eating
routine including either fragile sustenances or clear liquids, for instance, without fat bouillon or
stock, dull coffee, and strained common item squeeze, for one to three days before the
procedure.You will in like manner need to take a diuretic or give yourself a gut cleanse the day or
night before your game plan to remove any staying waste from the colon. In case your authority
supports a laxative, it will be either a pill or a powder that you mix with water before drinking. In
either outline, the diuretic will make you use the washroom from time ... Show more content on
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A fine needle biopsy may be the first sort of biopsy done on littler tumors that the specialist can feel
through the skin. The specialist utilizes a slim, empty needle appended to a syringe to gather a little
measure of liquid and cells from the suspicious region for examination and further testing. This
procedure is fundamentally the same to a fine needle biopsy, however the extent of the needle
utilized as a part of a center needle biopsy is bigger. The bigger needle is utilized to separate a
chamber of tissue, which gives more tissue to the pathologist to break down. This sort of biopsy
uses vacuum weight suction to gather a tissue test through an exceptionally composed empty needle.
This gives the specialist the capacity to gather various or bigger specimens from the same biopsy
site without inserting the needle more than once. A picture guided biopsy is a strategy in which the
specialist uses imaging innovation, such as ultrasound, fluoroscopy, registered tomography check,
x–beam, or attractive reverberation imaging MRI output, to decide the accurate area of the tissue
that should be uprooted for investigation. A needle is utilized to acquire an example of the tissue it
might be a fine needle, center needle, or vacuum–helped needle. A picture guided biopsy may be
utilized when a tumor shows up on an imaging sweep however can't be felt by the specialist or when
the zone is found more profound inside the

MISSING Needle Practitioner
Generally, numerous community Hospital facilities consider that their ED to be a standout amongst
the most important areas of a hospital in light of the way that they identify with a customary money
looser. According to this case, it clearly states the ED and inpatient services are a financial loss to
the community. Because of, these financial problems community hospitals have to close their ED's.
The number of uninsured/ under–insured patients walking into ER it leads to the high amount of
uncompensated care and bad debt. Based on the case situation, there are many policy issues and
these policy issues may also raise moral issues.
Kris Hines failed to increases the private patients to the community hospital. Because physicians got
difficulties to admit patients. She failed because of admit too many beds in ER.
Kris Hines ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CASE STUDY 3: THE MISSING NEEDLE PROTECTOR
1Q. What should straight do? Why?
According to case, E.L.Straight is a director of clinical services at Hopewell Hospital. As a director
Straight is obligated to have a control in such situations/circumstances and also to secure the
patients by following some basic rules i.e. ethical and legal responsibilities and there should be
trustee commitment to shield corporate assets/resources.
The first thing Straight need to do about the case is by making an immediate inspect and find out the
realities and evaluate the case situation and figure it out whether the needle protector was left in
Jameson's belly.
Straight should not light up Jameson uniquely, at any rate not right away because if the matter
inform to the patient or knowing to the world about the case is definitely predictable with the boss
moral obligation. In another type, because of the morals, now or later there should be definitely
educating the Jameson about the case i.e. what

Analysis Of The Needle Exchange
Drug treatment is a very unique experience for every user. Some people need group sessions; others
need one on one time with a professional and others need specialized treatment plans. For this
module we read about two very unique ways of treatment one being the Needle Exchange program
and the other a gender specific treatment for women and their children. In the reading, "Need
Exchange and the Geography of Survival in the South Bronx" by Katherine McLean, we learn about
the Needle Exchange and how it is helping users in the community. The Needle Exchange program
can come in many different ways, it can be a storefront, a worker on the streets or at hotels going to
the users, or could be through peer–delivery methods (McLean, p. 394). Storefront ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Surratt in the article, "Gender–Specific Issues in the Treatment of Drug–Involved Women" talks
about how women biologically react to drug different and how they often connect treatment
recovery and motherhood together (Surratt, p. 349). Surratt suggests that women become addicted to
drug much more quickly than men (Surratt, p. 349). However, most treatment does no not focus on
women's recover and the unique forms of treatment they may need for recovery (Surratt, p. 350).
Often women feel more guilt than men when battling drug addiction because women are more
harshly judged for drug use, especially when she is pregnant or has children (Surratt, p. 351). Surratt
looks at the treatment program at Florida State called "The Village", which has treatment program
called Families in Transition for mothers battling addiction and their children under the age of 12
years old (Surratt, p. 352). This allows for the children to live with their mothers while they are
receiving treatment (Surratt, p. 352). The author held interviews with some women in the program
and almost all attributed treatment with becoming a good mother for their children (Surratt, p. 353).
Many of the women who were battling with addiction had family members who were addicts or had
some form of childhood or domestic abuse (Surratt, p. 355). Treatment for these women needs to be
more complex than your typical user because they have many layers of issues to over come. This
program did not include the

The Space Needle : A Journey To The Space Needle
Soon, they made it to the Space Needle, a tall, towering structure that stretched high into the sky and
shined like a beacon in the city. The structure stood firmly and magnificently over them, and it was
absolutely captivating. The gleaming white tower was alluring with its sleek design and futuristic
look. Many people gazed up at it as they stood or walked by it. Some people, mostly tourists, even
snapped photos of the impressive structure. The tower was a glorious piece of architecture that
served as a wonderful attraction in the city. It captured the attention of many people who came to
see it. The fascinating structure was now an icon of the city and how spectacular it and the city were.
Jayden and his family soon headed into the elevator of the tower and headed up to the observation
deck at the top of the tower. The observation deck was this disk–shaped area that was situated on top
of the tower to allow people on it to have a bird's–eye view of the city. The deck also allowed people
to gaze at the city and world around them from a different, beautiful perspective. Jayden and his
family soon arrived at the observation deck of the tower where they gaped and gazed in awe and
wonder at the view around them. They had a great panorama of the city and world around them,
which was absolutely breathtaking. There were skyscrapers stretching from the ground high up into
the air, buildings and structures that stood below them, small colorful dots

Benefits Of Using Needle Exchange Programs
Are drug users people too? The health and safety of all people is crucial. It's important keeping drug
dependent people free of HIV this prevents its spread to their partners and their children. In order to
provide necessary care, free sterilized needles should be given to drug users. The public should be
advised of positive effects of needle exchange programs and warned of the risks of not supplying
adequate syringes. The provocative idea of giving drug addicts clean needles to help slow the spread
of HIV/AIDS was first broached in 1985. This concept has been under research ever since. Harm
reduction approaches for those who inject drugs, including the distribution of clean needles and
syringes, are proven interventions to prevent transmission of HIV and other blood–borne viruses,
and are recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other leading public health
agencies.
Much examination has been undertaken to prevent the spread of these deadly diseases. In the
meantime, AIDS has spread more rapidly among intravenous drug users than any other group.
Needle Exchange programs have been set in place all over the world to test its effects. A needle
exchange program is defined as: Any program intended to slow the spread of AIDS (and hepatitis C)
among IV drug abusers (IVDAs), in which a governmental or charitable agency exchanges sterile
needles for dirty, potentially contaminated needles used by IVDAs when injecting ("shooting")
heroin or other substances. Small

Needles In Exchange For Dirty Needles
In a world where death and disease are the inevitable, we as a nation full of scientist,
mathematicians, and doctors spend countless times in a lab, book, or tied up with a new experiment,
trying to find ways to not only prevent the spread but to improve your chance of a healthy and long
life well after the diagnosis. Providing clean needles in exchange for dirty needles or just the sale of
clean needles is a way for the society as a whole to give back to people that actually have a problem
with drug abuse. We cannot be certain that it will eliminate the spread of disease but we can give it a
try and hope that it does help.Injecting drug users are susceptible to "pulmonary, endovascular, skin
and soft tissue, bone and joint, and sexually transmitted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Over 100 people are affected with HIV, HCV, or HBV everyday as a result of injected drug use. If
there is a possibility that the NEP can decrease these numbers substantially why aren't we jumping
at the idea to save people and lower these numbers? This program can be the push we need to stop
one of the many ways in which this disease is spread and save lives. We are talking about their lives
and the lives of the kids they have, or the friends they keep. Drugs will always be on our streets;
people will always use drugs, so why not become a medium in this equation and help our people be
safe when they partake in these behaviors. I truly believe that there is a bigger picture here besides
the argument of condoning drugs or being against drugs, its amount the value of life. Aaron
Lawrence author of "why a needle exchange program is a bad idea" argues that the NEP is fighting
disease but drug problems are the bigger issue. By giving out clean needles we actually are
encouraging drug use and promoting illegal activity. People also argue that providing clean needles
will increase drug related deaths such as overdose and collapsed

Needle Exchange Program Research Paper
A needle exchange program instituted in Washington, DC, prevented 120 new cases of HIV
infection and saved $44 million as a result, in just two years.
Surveillance data to predict HIV prevention
The needle exchange program was started by the city's Department of Health after a DC ban on the
program was lifted in 2007. The needle exchange program offers free sterile needles to drug users,
along with free HIV testing and referrals to programs for treating drug addiction. Published in the
journal AIDS and Behavior, the authors examined the rate of injection drug use–related HIV
infection before and after the ban. Using forecasting techniques, there were able to predict how
many cases of HIV would have occurred had the ban not been lifted.
The

Clean Needle Exchange Research Paper
The Clean Needle Exchange Program America has been fighting a long war with drugs and the
many diseases that are spread due to drug habits and dirty needles. Many people believe that the
cure to solving this widespread epidemic is The Clean Needle Exchange program; this is a program
that offers clean needles to drug abusers and also counseling to reduce the need for drugs. Though
there are definitely benefits to the program it does not come without pitfalls, the programs have
received a great deal of controversy because some people view it as drug promoting and supporting.
The program is also funded by taxpayers which has sparked a lot of criticism and created the ban on
needle exchange ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The study compared the drug needle safety in both areas, Miami has no needle exchange programs
but San Francisco does. The results were that San Francisco had less needles lying around compared
to Miami which has less drug users. Not only is the Clean needle exchange program good for drug
users it is also good for first responders and law enforcement; in San Diego there was a study
conducted by amFAR (an AIDS prevention network) on police officers, over 30 percent of these
officers were stuck by a needle more than one

Firm's Failure Wall Lets Workers Learn From Their Mistakes
In Nita Lelyveld's, "Malibu Firm's Failure Wall Lets Workers Learn from their Mistakes," she asks if
we would be able to write our failures for everyone to see, including a boss. She talks about Jeff
Stibel, a chief executive of Dun & Bradstreet, who has a "Failure Wall" that he found more useful
and educational. Stibel wanted to encourage creative risk by embracing failures and the lessons that
come with it. Lelyveld's conclusion was that acknowledging mistakes helps us feel less fear about
mistakes and encourages risk taking, creatively and personally. I couldn't agree more with what
Lelyveld had to say. Failure creates success; we learn from our mistakes and we have to embrace
them. I've had many failures in my life and I've learned from ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I was the person who bended the needles at a specific angle and covered them with a plastic top. It
was my first week and I was learning very quickly but I had gotten a little cocky and tried to do
everything too fast. My shift after lunch had just started and I was given blue needles to cover, I
covered them with precision and speed. I was given another set of blue needles and covered the
majority of them before I noticed I was mixing two different needles together. I panicked; I rushed
to get a second box and started sorting through about 100 needles. I couldn't sort through all of them
and fessed up that I had made a mistake. I was called to the manager's office and was given a
warning. It didn't take long for me to start paying more attention to my work. A mistake like this
taught me how to be a better employee and make fewer mistakes for the management to worry
about. Failures are something you shouldn't be afraid of its something that you should acknowledge.
Acknowledging your mistakes help you become a more productive person always striving for the
better. Whether the mistakes are big as mine was in high school or small like mine was at my first
job, you learn from them significantly. When you make a mistake you know what you did wrong for
that mistake to happen now next time you'll try a different approach. Lelyveld is right, we nee to
acknowledge mistakes. There's no other way to face fear then fear itself; we need to face our

Needle Exchange Programs: Positive Or Negative Effects On...
Needle Exchange programs were put into effect to decrease chance of infection and blood
transmitted diseases. These programs supply individuals with sterilized needles in exchange for a
previously used needle. After watching the two videos about Needle Exchange Programs, I
concluded that I am fully supportive of the programs. The controversy regarding whether or not
Needle Exchange programs should be legal remains very prevalent. Many studies conclude that
Needle Exchange programs have a more positive than negative effect on society. These programs
reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS and promote public health.
The rates of infection have reduced significantly nationwide from Needle Exchange Programs. A
study that tested HIV infection rates shows

Needle Exchange Programs Research Paper
One controversial topic is giving out clean needles to heroin addicts through needle exchange
programs. This essay will explain why needle exchange programs are beneficial to society. Needle
exchange programs have become a controversial topic because one argument states that it starts
more drug use and makes the community worse, and one states that it benefits the community and
reduces diseases.We should morally fund needle exchange programs, even if people don't utilize
them correctly, because many people can change their lives for the good.
One reason we should fund Needle exchange programs (NEP's), is because NEP's open addicts to
the idea of rehabilitation.Clean needles help people get connected to counselling, disease tests, and
many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Free needles makes addicts have an easy source of heroin products, and most people wont welcome
the program. (Loconte). Heroin addicts only want heroin and don't want to become clean so they
will use the program to their benefit. Some heroin addicts will abuse the program for the needles,
and it's up to them to do that. The program is set up for the majority of the people who want to come
clean and actually use it. Also when closed minded people come to the program they still can be
persuaded by workers to eventually get help. When drug addicts talk about drugs controlling them,
they mean it. Its their first priority, then breathing, they food. (Loconte). Drug addicts are enslaved
by the drug and nothing else matters. Drugs do enslave a person but it's very possible to get out, as
long as you recognize the problem and are always working to come

A Research Study On Needle Exchange Programs
An increase in drug use, specifically opiates, has overwhelmed the United States. This behavior has
led to a rise in the transmission of HIV/Hepatitis C which would be otherwise preventable. The
needle exchange programs in Moorhead, Milwaukee, and Scott County are working to lower the
transmission rate and increase participation in treatment programs. There are currently 35 states with
known needle exchange programs in the United States. However, there is a large disparity of
programs throughout the Midwest (amfAR, 2014). This case study has revealed that there is a need
for needle exchange programming in this portion of the country and the programs that do exist have
proven to be successful. The state of North Dakota does not have a needle exchange program. The
Fargo–Moorhead Good Neighbor Project cannot legally serve the residents of Fargo, North Dakota.
Under current North Dakota law, needle exchange programs are prohibited. The North Dakota
Century Code 19–03.4 states that it is unlawful to possess or deliver drug paraphernalia. In its
definition of drug paraphernalia, hypodermic syringes and needles for the use of injecting controlled
substances are included. Individuals can currently purchase syringes without a prescription at a
pharmacy if the pharmacy chooses to sell them this way. However, most pharmacies will not sell
them without a current insulin prescription (Hardy, M., personal communication, 2016). The
program in Scott County, Indiana had the

Stersterile Couples: A Case Study
The controversial issue of whether to distribute sterile needles and Narcan or Naloxone to addicts
has been an increasing issue. The increase in the use of injectable substances such as opioids has
caused a rise in the number of blood borne diseases, such as HIV. Programs have tried to combat
this rise by distributing clean needles to addicts through needle exchange programs. These programs
trade unsanitary, used needles for fresh, sterile ones. These programs also distribute the reversal
medication for opioid overdoses, Naloxone. Programs like these are trying to benefit everyone with
supplies they believe will be helpful to the addicts. These supplies are continuing to hurt the addicts
as well. The needles allow for profit to be made by the

Peter Beilenson Case Study
Peter Beilenson and Patrick McGuire had many obstacles and disappoints in their path to establish a
needle exchange program in Baltimore. Peter Beilenson did not come up with the idea by himself,
but got the idea, while working at John Hopkins in 1990, from the then health commissioner, Maxie
Collier (Beilenson, 62). The program was hard subject to bring up and many politicians would not
pass a bill for it. Beilenson's bill that he brought to the General Assembly in 1993 was to establish a
needle exchange program and to have the drug paraphernalia law exempted (Beilenson, 65).
Unfortunately the General Assembly denied the bill, because many of the people felt that it would
"simply be making it easier for addicts to pursue their illegal habit" ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Beilenson and his team lobbed the rest of the year, focusing their discussions on each county's needs
and views to win more votes. With the statistics and the discussion that focused on each county,
Beilenson was able to win enough votes and win the governor's approval to get the law passed and
establish the needle exchange program in Baltimore (Beilenson, 67). In my opinion I agree that the
needle exchange program should be established. I think that the program is great to offer, needles,
HIV tests, everything they need to use drugs safely not only helps the drug addicts but the people
who are around them. I think that these programs have helped decrease the spread of HIV/AIDS and
will continue to do so in the future. I disagree that the program makes it easier for addicts to pursue
their illegal habits because; they are not supplying the drugs, but rather helping decrease the spread
of disease. Most of the addicts don't want to quit using drugs, the ones that do have the help with
this program, but the people who don't will use dirty used needles which then will increase the
spread of

Needle Trade Research Paper
Many people are concerned about how HIV spreads without having sex? The primary motivation is
needle trade. Numerous general public layers raise these worries; in any case, this worry isn't an
explanation behind the legislature to support the needle trade program (NEP) (Wordpress).
"They give sterile needles in return to sullied or utilized needles to build access to sterile needles
and to expel tainted syringes from dissemination in the group." (Vlahov). Needle trade has turned
out to be disputable reasonable discussion point all through the country. The projects made a way to
deal with address the expanded rate of contaminations. In numerous states, these projects are
prohibited, because of contradicted by general wellbeing pioneers and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Those individuals that contradicted the Needle Exchange program can refer to that this program can
prompt the advancement of medications by giving needles to them. Some rules ought not to be
yielded only to have this arrangement. The individual decision to go on the wrong way by taking
medications in the public eye should realize that it is unlawful. That person that picks this way all
separate way to make drugs ought to endure the results individually, without being loads on alternate
citizens. This sorts of standards are improper. For example, Atlantic City judges managed in 2005
against Needle Exchanges on the premise that: "Atlantic City and its representatives are not
absolved from the (criminal) code arrangements precluding the ownership, utilize, and circulation of
medications and medication gear basically on the grounds that they received a needle–trade program
for advantageous reasons." (Forum). As should be apparent, there are many levels headed discussion
spinning the benefits of introducing Needle Exchange Program. Advantages incorporate the
previously mentioned explanations behind diminishing HIV and making nature more secure. Be that
as it may, the NEP can send a wrong message advising individuals to utilize needles drugs. These
considerations show up at a youthful age. This is because of an absence of information about
society. The needle trade projects can send a zero–resilience message to the adolescents and
organization. In any case, this could be uncommon. A portion of the issues is not tended to in this
program. For instance, sharing the blend of water for heroin. This little issues can have a massive
effect on the general public. At last, the needle trade program lessens the quantity of impact from
HIV/AIDs display. In my viewpoint, needle trade programs are to a high degree profitable to the
overall population. Each application isn't flawless; however, its principal objective is to enable the

Needle Exchange Program: Clean Needles Save Lives
Needle Exchange Program Ever heard of the saying, "Clean Needles Save Lives" that is exactly
what the Needle Exchange Program is. It is a program which is designed to give a clean sterile
needle to a drug user, so it can prevent or protect the Injection Drug User (IDU) from having disease
such as HIV and Hepatitis B. Syringe exchange programs (SEPs) provides free sterile syringes and
collect used syringes from injection–drug users (IDUs) to reduce transmission of blood borne
pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus
(HCV). The idea of needle exchange program occurred in the Congress back in 1997. This program
was created to prevent the IDU's from being infected by a dirty needle. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to the Office of National Drug Policy, the Congress had restored the ban again (Federal
Funding Ban on Needle Exchange Programs). However, due to the increased amount of IDU's
getting infected and using dirty needles, the congress has lifted the ban and now federal funding can
be used for the Needle Exchange Programs. Government funding in Needle Exchange Programs
gives more opportunities to the local and states to stop the spread of infectious diseases that can be
caused by dirty needles. Even though the US had about 200 syringe programs in 33 states and the
District of Columbia, according to the North American Syringe Exchange Network the programs
still don't get federal funding but the programs try to manage funding from local and state's not– for
profit funding (Flores and Whalen). In the newspaper article Federal Funding Ban on Needle
Exchanges Lifted by Kaiser Health News published on Feb 17, 2016, Mark Casanova, executive
director of Homeless Health Care Los Angeles was interviewed. Casanova states, "about a third of
his $350,000 budget for the exchange program is spent on the 1.2 million syringes he hands out each
year" , although this number is not enough for all the needs of the IDU's , it is certainly a step in the
right direction. Even a IDU states, "Thanks to needle exchange ... I have stayed pretty healthy,
which is a hard thing to do when you are injecting drugs." (Gorman, Anna) .Therefore, the Needle
Exchange Program is getting the attention of the country as a whole and the government notices it as
a major conflict and is willing to spend federal funds behind it to prevent the spread of deadly

Butterfly Needles Explained
Butterfly Needles Explained
A butterfly needle, also known as a scalp vein set or a winged infusion set, is a device specialized
for venipuncture. It is used to access a superficial vein for phlebotomy or IV injections. Unlike a
straight needle, a butterfly needle is less painful and is easier to use, because of the winged tubing
that allows for greater flexibility, when dealing with difficult veins or those that are hard to see and
feel.
The size of butterfly needles range from 18 to 27 gauge bore. The higher the number, the thinner the
needle gets. This is why 21G and 23G are the most common, while 25G and 27G are mostly
avoided, because it is believed to clot or hemolyze the blood samples, making them invalid for
blood tests.
Types of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two of its most common sizes are 21G and 23G. A standard safety unit consists of a needle, tubing,
and a sheathed needle attached to a hub that will be used in the evacuated tube system. It can also
come with a luer lock used with a syringe.
2. Push button safety device
This is a relatively new type of butterfly, available in varying sizes, including 21G and 23G. A unit
consists of the same parts as the standard safety device, including a luer lock for use with a syringe.
Newer models of the winged infusion set comes with a slide and lock safety device, designed to
prevent needlestick injury and reuse of needles, both of which increases the risk of infectious
disease being transmitted. A phlebotomist only need to slide the device over the needle after use.
Advantage of using a butterfly needle
It allows a phlebotomist to reach more body surface because of its flexible tubing.
The same flexible tubing are more tolerable to patient movement, while keeping the pain of
intrusion minimal.
It is designed for precise placement of the needle on fragile, thin, rolling or poorly accessible veins.
It is designed for shallow angle insertion, making it easy to facilitate venipuncture on hand, wrist,
and scalp veins.
When is a butterfly needle

Hypodermic Needle Theory And Magic Bullet Theory
A model of communication suggesting that an intended message is directly received and wholly
accepted by the receiver.Stressed that mass media has a direct, immediate and powerful effect on its
audience.Message equals to bullet and media equals to gun.
In 1938, millions of people gathered in one place to enjoy what had recently become a great
American hobby: listening to the radio. This night, however, would prove to be unique. Listeners
had get an announcement that Martians had landed in New Jersey and were dangerously attacking
humans.
Even though the announcement was part of a radio adaptation of H. G. Wells' popular novel War of
the Worlds–and although listeners were told that the broadcast was fictional–panic erupted within
them. Some people runaway homes and cities, while ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The theory is known by other names as well: Magic Bullet Theory, Transmission–Belt Model and
Hypodermic–Syringe Model.
Hypodermic Needle Theory was not based on a research.Actually it was founded on the assumption
that humans are controlled by their surrounding nature, will react instinctively to passing stimuli in
similar ways.
The theory suggests that the mass media may influence a very large number of people directly and
uniformly by "Injecting" them with messages designed to get a desired response.
The media's effects on people's behavior is extremely effective . Adolf Hitler used the media to
spread Nazi propaganda in Germany, creating a unified force bent on conquering Europe. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt's radio speeches,well known as "fireside chats," inspired millions of citizens
to support his New Deal policies. To the listeners , people seemed powerless to receive the messages
that came from the media.First time ever, messages were towards the target audience in mind to
achieve specific responses from them.

Hypodermic Needle
Drugs plays a big role in everyday society. Many drug addicts and users inject the drug into their
system. In the current culture, drug users share needles creating a mass spread of disease. This leads
to a big health issue. Some believe that having a needle exchange program can actually help stop the
spread of blood diseases. Ohers believe that by supplying needles, they are giving off the message
that drug use is okay. Clean needles are very helpful to reduce to amount of blood– borne diseases
that are transferred from needle sharing. According to Sullivan (2004), sharing dirty needles has
become the primary way of AIDS cases in New Jersey. Drug addicts will reuse or share needles
more than once which is how diseases such as AIDS are transferred. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, according Glauser (2013) some of these machines are located near cameras causing
prisoners to worry that they will be caught. If prisons offer condoms and bleach but the prisoner's
feel afraid to approach the machines because they fear they will be caught defeats the purpose of
having the machine to dispense the condoms and bleach. However, the inmate felt safe about being
caught on camera and not afraid that they could have multiple charges added to their sentence they
will use the machine. If they are dispensing bleach and condoms why not also exchange clean
needles for a safer prison environment. Also according to Glauser (2013) the machines are often
empty. If the point of the machine is promote safety then, having an empty machine defeats the
purpose of having the machines. This is showing that the prisons have reasons to give out bleach
and condoms, but do not have the fund or the need to check to see if the machines are empty and
then have them

Needle Exchange Drugs
Heroin is a growing problem in today's society. Heroin is the cause of a lot of AID/HIV cases,
heroin causes these diseases from transmitting blood by using the same needle to inject the heroin.
The government should impose a tax on needles being used for drug use so the needle price
increases, whereas at the same time the amount of heroin users decrease as does the risk of getting
diseases such as AIDS or HIV. The Government should adopt needle exchange programs. When the
government adopts needle exchange programs for heroin use, the users would not being sharing
needles with other people as much and if there is sharing of needles the needle exchange program
gives bleach packets to hopefully make sharing needles safer for the users ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Paragraph 19). According to "Does HIV Needle Exchange Work" "The median annual budget for
running a program was $169,000 in 1992. Mathematical models based on those data predict that
needle exchanges could prevent HIV infections among clients, their sex partners, and offspring at a
cost of about $9,400 per infection averted. This is far below the $195,188 lifetime cost of treating an
HIV–infected person at present. A national program of NEPs would have saved up to 10,000 lives
by 1995" (Does HIV Needle Exchange work. Paragraph 14). I believe that needle exchange
programs are very cost effective even if the people are mad about having to pay taxes, they are
helping to save lives. In order for this problem to not be as big of a problem, there needs to be a
broader expansion of needle exchange programs. In today's society heroin is expanding into a larger
issue by the day. Heroin use is such a big problem mainly because it is so cheap and addictive.
People are taking advantage of such a cheap drug which really is not cheap when a person's life is at
risk. According to Drug Related Hospital Emergency Room Visits "in 2009 there were nearly 4.6
million drug related ED visits nationwide" when there is this many hospital visits due to such a
cheap

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