Orconectes Propinquus Experiment

Orconectes Propinquus Experiment
Orconectes propinquus is an ectotherm where its body temperature varies with the environment.
Their metabolic rate can be affected in response to change in temperature. Decreasing body
temperature causes change in the physical chemistry of the cell to reduce metabolic activity.
(Johnston and Dunn, 1987) When the body temperature increases, metabolic rate increases
exponentially (Hill et al., 2012). This suggests an allometric relationship between metabolic rate and
body mass.
Metabolic rate is measured by the rate of oxygen consumption and oxygen consumption rate
changes over time during the experiment. The crayfish acclimated to warm temperature increased
the oxygen consumption whereas the crayfish acclimated to cold temperature decreased the oxygen
consumption. In our experiment, there was no significant effect of acclimation temperature on
oxygen consumption. The warm and cold–acclimated crayfish showed similar mean oxygen
consumption rate despite different acclimation temperatures (Fig.1). Also, the P ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
As body mass increases, the metabolic rate increases which means oxygen consumption rate
increases as well. But increase in mass doesn't directly proportional to metabolic rate. Body mass
and metabolic rate show the allometric relationship. Also, changing enzyme activity such as altering
the structure of hemocyanin can affect the binding affinity of oxygen. As temperature decreases,
oxygens are more dissolved in cold temperature. Increased water temperature, decrease in the level
of dissolved oxygen in water (Elsevier) This is because of the modulation of hemocyanin oxygen
binding affinities or different hemocyanin proteins at high or low temperatures. Hemomyacnin
performs better at cold temperature. According to the data, there was more oxygen consumption at
cold temperature. Since there is a large amount of oxygen content dissolved in cold temperature,
crayfish more likely to adapt to cold
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Investigate the effect of temperature change on the rate...
Investigate the effect of temperature change on the rate of hydrolysis of starch using the enzyme
amylase.
Amylase investigation
–––––––––––––––––––––
AIM: To investigate the effect of temperature change on the rate of hydrolysis of starch using the
enzyme amylase.
These are variables that may affect the rate of the reaction:
* concentration of amylase
* concentration of iodine
* temperature conditions of reaction
* pH conditions of reaction
I intend to investigate the effect of temperature change on the rate of the hydrolysis of starch, using
the enzyme amylase.
In order to do this while also ensuring a fair test, I shall maintain all other latent variables constant.
PREDICTIONS: I expect that the time ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
very high temperatures).
The graph shows how rates are affected by substrate and enzyme concentrations. The equation
below shows the reaction that takes place when amylase is added to starch solution
amylase ® water + oxygen
Enzyme catalase
The equation and graph show some of the science behind the reaction that will take place in the

experiment I shall do.
The enzyme at concentration y contains more molecules than the enzyme at concentration x. There
are therefore more collisions taking place between substrate and enzyme molecules, and
subsequently the rate of reaction increases. This is known as the Collision Theory.
METHOD:
Apparatus:
2 x 20cm3 syringes, 1 x 5cm3 syringe, 1 x 1cm3 syringe, 250cm3 beaker,
Stirring rod, Colorimeter tubes, Colorimeter, Stop watch, Marker pen.
Starch solution, amylase solution, iodine solution
Procedure:
1. I will set up the apparatus shown above.
In order to ensure a fair test, I shall only alter the concentration of the enzyme solution. All the other
variables mentioned above shall remain constant (temperature; concentration amylase; volume
starch solution; pressure; pH).
The initial 100%–concentration enzyme solution is not exactly 100% enzyme, as mentioned above.
It is therefore imperative that that solution is used throughout the procedure if a fair test is to be
accomplished. This is because any other initial solution might

Homeostasis: A Change Of Body Temperature
The body must maintain a constant state of equality called homeostasis so that our body will operate
at its max potential. The definition for homeostasis is "The tendency of an organism or a cell to
regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system of feedback control, so as to stabilize health and
functioning, regardless of the outside changing conditions." (Biology–Online) So basically an
organism tries to no matter its external conditions maintain the optimal internal conditions so that its
internals don't take damage from the temperature and will remain at the normal and expected
operating temperature.To do this the animal must consume energy from inside its body so that it can
perform the act of maintaining homeostasis. This energy most often comes from ... Show more
For instance, in the case temperature and homeostasis if a human's body can't actively calculate and
compensate for exterior temperatures then things like overheating or even hypothermia can occur. If
exterior temperatures are lower than the required internal temperature then over time a person's
internal temperature will fall leading to hypothermia and death, but homeostasis is supposed to
prevent that by using energy to maintain the correct body temperature. If there is even a one degree
change in celsius is can lead to harm for the body and usually signifies that there is something
wrong not to mention it shows just how sensitive the body and brain are to temperature changes.
When there are such temperature extremes and your body has to consume energy to control and
maintain homeostasis one of the first things to be affected is your brain. The brain is one of the most
important if not the most important organ in your

Relationship Between the Study of Heat and Kinetic Theory...
Heat, Kinetic Theory of Matter, and Temperature:
In all scientific areas, heat and temperature are significant concepts, especially in a student's daily
life and activities. Moreover, people deal with heat and temperature in their day–to–day experiences
though several households have significant misconceptions about these concepts. The study and
examination of heat and temperature is important because it provides students with a means for
exploring energy interactions in order to see the process with which thermal energy is transferred.
As a result of the investigations, students obtain knowledge on the greater idea of conservation of
energy. While temperature is described as a measure of average kinetic energy of a substance, heat is
regarded as the wild motion of molecules in a substance (Chalfant, Peyron & Raschke, 2005).
Relationship between the Study of Heat and Kinetic Theory of Matter: Unlike the kinetic theory of
matter, the study of heat is described and explained through science. The kinetic theory of matter
basically explains the differences between the three states of matter while stating that every matter
consists of moving particles that are usually atoms or molecules. These particles are strongly bound
to each other making them to only vibrate but not move to a different location in solids ("Kinetic
Theory of Matter", n.d.). On the other hand, the particles have adequate space that enables them to
move around though they still attract each other. Since

Crickets : Temperature Effect On Cricket Metabolic Rate
Temperature Effect on Cricket Metabolic Rate
Hope Saucier, Biology 104, Lab Section C
Introduction Ectotherms experience many changes in their physiological and biochemical processes
based on their surrounding temperature. Temperature can alter the way an ectotherm uses its energy
in its daily activities. Researchers often measure this pattern of energy usage by looking at
organismal metabolic rate. The metabolic rate can be described as all of the chemical processes
occurring in a body. It is commonly determined by either the rate of production of CO2 or the rate of
consumption of O2 (Nespolo et al. 2003). Ectotherm processes, such as in crickets, will greatly
depend on the temperature of their external source. Endotherms have the ability to maintain their
constant body temperature in a wide range of environmental temperatures (Geiser 2004). When
conditions become colder, they are able to raise their metabolic rate and produce more heat. If the
temperature increases, they can decrease their metabolic rate and release heat through sweating and
vasodilatation. Ectotherms like Gryllus (Niehaus 2012), commonly known as crickets, instead
depend on external sources for their body heat. Ectotherms must use the environmental energy and
behavioral adaptations to shift their body temperature. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measure
of the rate at which an organism releases heat after breaking down food molecules. Crickets possess
the ability to respond to thermal change by

Temperature Essay
Name: ___________Naomi Scharf___________________________ Date:
3/17/11________________________
Student Exploration: Boyle's Law and Charles' Law
Vocabulary: absolute zero, Boyle's law, Charles' law, Kelvin scale, pressure
Prior Knowledge Question (Do this BEFORE using the Gizmo.)
A small helium tank measures about two feet (60 cm) high. Yet it can fill over 50 balloons! How can
such a small tank contain enough helium to fill so many balloons?
_The tank is compressing the helium into a denser state but when it is put in the balloons it expands
and takes up more space.
__________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________ ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Predict: If the added mass on the lid was 50 kg, a total mass of 60 kg would exert pressure on the
gas inside the container. What would be the volume of the gas? __.42 ______________
7. Test: Test your prediction using the Gizmo. What is the volume of the gas? __.42___________
Was your prediction correct? ____yes_________
8. Create a graph: Select the GRAPH tab. Set the mass slider to 0 kg, and click Record to plot a
point on the graph. Plot a point for each possible mass to create a graph showing the relationship
between pressure and volume.
When your graph is completed, click the camera icon () to take a snapshot. Paste the image into a
blank word–processing document, and label the graph "Volume vs. Pressure."
A. What is the shape of the graph? __a curved, decreased line
_______________________________________
B. How does this graph illustrate Boyle's law? As more pressure is added the volume decreases and

the graph shows this because it is decreasing as well. _________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
9. Apply: Think about a small helium tank that can fill 50 balloons. What must be true about the
helium in the tank compared to the helium in the balloons?
___The helium in the tank must be more dense than the helium in the balloons.
______________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Ch205 Lesson 5 Essay examples
Assignment Chapter 6
Concept Explorations
6.29. Thermal Interactions
Part 1:
In an insulated container, you mix 200. g of water at 80ºC with 100. g of water at 20ºC. After
mixing, the temperature of the water is 60ºC. * a. How much did the temperature of the hot water
change? How much did the temperature of the cold water change? Compare the magnitudes
(positive values) of these changes.
200g of water at 80°C = hot water
100g of water at 20˚C = cold water
After mixing the temperature is 60˚C (equilibrium T)
Answer:
The temperature of hot water changed:
60˚C – 80˚C = –20˚C
The temperature of cold water changed:
60˚C – 20˚C = 40˚C
The temperature change hot water to cold water is 20:40.
* b. During the mixing, how did ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
q = ms∆T q = ? * 4.18J/g˚C * 40˚C
Mass of sample is not given, so we cannot calculate the heat added to the water sample.
Therefore the mass of the sample is needed to perform this calculation.
Part 3:
Two samples of water are heated from 20ºC to 60ºC. One of the samples requires twice as much
heat to bring about this temperature change as the other. How do the masses of the two water
samples compare? Explain your reasoning.
Answer:
Given;
Temperature change (∆T) = 60 – 20 = 40˚C
The first sample requires heat q1 = qJ (say) .......1
Then the second sample required heat q2 = 2q1J = 2q J .......2
Mass of first sample = m1g
Mass of second sample = m2g
Specific of water (s) = 4.18J/g˚C
By the equation: q = ms∆T q1 = m1 * 4.18J/g˚C * 40˚C for first sample q2 = m2 * 4.18J/g˚C * 40˚C

for the second sample
Putting the value of q from equations (1) and (2)
2 * m1 * 4.18J/g˚C * 40˚C = m2 * 4.18J/g˚C we get:
2m1 = m2 m1 = ½ m2
Thus the mass of the first sample is one half the mass of the second sample.
6.30. Enthalpy * a. A 100.–g sample of water is placed in an insulated container and allowed to
come to room temperature at 21ºC. To heat the water sample to 41ºC, how much heat must you add
to it?
Answer:
100g water
Initial T = 21˚C
Final T = 41˚C
∆H = ?
From the equation: q = s * m * ∆T
∆T = tf – ti = 41˚C – 21˚C = +20˚C
Therefore, q = 4.18J/g˚C * 100g * (+20˚C) = 8.36 kJ
* b. Consider the hypothetical

Ammonium Chloride And Sodium Hydrochloric Acid
In this experiment, it is evident that the measurements of the temperatures are consistent with
physical change presented in each the solution. The initial temperature of the water was 22 degrees
due to room temperature. Through this, it is identifiable on which solution liberates heat
(exothermic) or absorbs heat (endothermic), by comparing with the water in room temperature.
Sodium Hydroxide:
Sodium Hydroxide is recognised as exothermic solution. Due to the lattice energy and hydration
energy of 737 kJ/mol and 779kJ/mol has a change of –41kJ/mol while comparing to a solution
which has Lattice Energy of 779 kJ/mol and a Hydration Energy of 774 kJ/mol which has a change
of +5kJ/mol, it is evident that energy need to separate the ions in sodium hydroxide allowing ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As the steel wool was placed in the 21 degree copper sulphate, the temperature increased by 4
degrees making it into 25 degrees. As the steel wool was pressed to the surface, there was physical
changes to the wool. The wool turned into pinkish purple. The copper sulphate solution turned from
having a light blue colour to the surface turning into a greenish colour. The reason for this is because
the iron is more reactive and stable than copper. So when going through the reaction, it releases heat
making the final products as iron sulphate and copper powder. There was an increase in temperature
by

Stingless Bees Temperature Sensitivity Study
In a study performed by Jose Macias, temperature sensitivity of three stingless bees were evaluated
and information was gathered on changes in thoracic temperature, behavior, and mortality rate for
working bees and pupae in low and high temperatures. In each colony, 100 workers were placed in a
wooden box with two feeders: one with sugar syrup and one with water. Temperature records of the
thorax of the bees and the number of times they consumed sugar and water were recorded every
hour, while the bees were in hot and cold temperatures. The major findings of this study showed that
workers of highland M. colimana increased sugar consumption and thoracic temperatures in cold
environments, and regurgitated water and fanned their wings in high temperatures (Macias 2011). In
a study with Apis mellifera., it was found that these bees exhibited the highest foraging rates in the
afternoons where the average temperature was 27°C, and the least in the mornings where the
average temperature was 13°C. The foraging ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In this analysis, research for responses in sugar consumption, thorax temperatures, wing fanning,
water regurgitation, metabolic rates, and thermoregulation capabilities for both high and low
temperatures in bee species were discussed. In high temperatures, bee colonies maintained optimal
temperatures for brood development and prevented overheating by using cooling mechanisms such
as fanning, seeking water to lose heat to evaporation, and concentrating nectar. Honeybees are
unable to tolerate temperatures below 9°C, and they respond to cool temperatures by employing
clustering and shivering flight muscles in the thorax to maintain a stable body temperature
(Southwick 1987). It is plausible to conclude that the various types of responses that certain bee
species exhibit as a response to temperature changes, allow them to survive in wide temperature

Lab: Heat Of Combustion Measured A
J. Cruz
G. Mazariegos
S. Liddell
M. Thomson CHE125 Section B
07/19/2016
Lab Proposal 1 for: Investigation 30 (How is Heat of Combustion Measured Indirectly?) 1.
Equipment and Reagents:
1.0 M HCl(aq)
Mg ribbon
MgO(s)
Styrofoam cups (to be used as a coffee cup calorimeter)
Cardboard lid
Scoopula
Thermometer
Scale
Stopwatch
Scissors
2. Step–by–step procedure/experimental design:
Trial for MgO Prepare coffee cup calorimeter
Cover the styrofoam cup with a cardboard lid
Create a large enough opening to insert a thermometer
Using a scoopula and scale, obtain approximately 0.75g of MgO
Record its precise mass.
Weigh approximately 1.5 grams of HCl
Use a graduated cylinder to obtain a precise mass
Carefully pour the HCl into the calorimeter. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. Variables to control:
Mass of MgO used
Mass of Mg ribbon used
Mass of HCl
Room temperature
Separate coffee cups for separate trials

4. Data to collect:
Initial temperature
Final temperature
These two will be used to determine q=∆H
5. How we will analyze data
Because it is dangerous to burn magnesium, it is not possible to directly record heat change. Our lab
team suggests an indirect way of determining the heat of combustion for magnesium. To accomplish
this, we need to perform two separate trials. One uses a solid (powder) version of MgO, while the
other uses Mg ribbon. With the results from these, we can use Hess' Law to determine q=∆H. This
provides both a safe and successful way of indirectly determining the heat of combustion for
magnesium. 6. Safety considerations
Wear goggles
Wear gloves
Cover all skin, using a lab coat
Tie hair

Climate Change And Ocean Temperature
The real life application that comes out from this experiment relates to the climate change and the
ocean temperature. Ocean holds great capacity of carbon dioxide. When the temperature in the
environment boosts due to global warming, the ability for the ocean to hold carbon dioxide directly
determines the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. Since carbon dioxide itself
allows to absorb great quantity of infrared radiation, so glaciers, ice caps and snow on the top of the
mountain will melt due to greenhouse effect. Progressively in level of water negatively affect the
human life because countries like Jordan, Israel, and Syria which are all 200–400 metres below the
sea level might encounter flooding and results in death in the society.
Solubility is the ability for solid, liquid or gaseous to dissolve in another solid, liquid or gaseous.
The solubility of a substance mainly depends on the temperature, pressure, and the pH of the
solution. It is measured based on the saturation concentration. Therefore, by adding one addition
amount of solute may cause the solution to form precipitation on the excess amount of solute. In
pressure, the higher the pressure, the higher the solubility. This is because the pressure applied
would push the solute into the solvent, so that there is more solute trap inside the solvent. Since the
pressure is applied, so the solute would not escape. However, in temperature, the solubility
decreases, as temperature increases. This is

How Temperature Of Ice Cream Change Over Time When Salt Is...
How Will the Temperature of Ice Cream Change Over Time when Salt is Added? Purpose
The purpose of this experiment was to see how the temperature of ice cream would vary with
different amounts of salt.
Background Information Ice cream has many chemical elements help make it what it is. Lipids play
a big role in ice cream foundation. Lipids make up roughly thirteen percent of the mass according to
the American Chemical Society (ACS, 2013). Lipids make up the taste in ice cream and the reason a
lot of lipids are needed in ice cream is the cold temperature numbs the taste buds so more fat is
added to make a stronger taste. Lipids are also what makes up most of the calorie content in ice
cream and most other dairy products.
Protein is often found in ice cream in the form of milk or cream. Protein has three main purposes;
emulsification, aeration, and solution behaviour (Goff, 2015). Emulsification is when the milk or
cream separates from the rest of the solution. Aeration is when the ice cream mixture turns into a
type of frozen foam. Solution behavior is when the actual ice cream becomes frozen. ... Show more
Calcium is important to a healthy diet because it strengthens your bones and teeth. Half a cup of
chocolate ice cream will account for about a tenth of your daily calcium needs. Ice cream is also one
of the few foods that contain vitamin D, which is important to keep your immune system healthy.
However, non–fat ice cream does not contain any vitamin D. Lastly, ice cream has vitamin A which
helps maintain your eyesight and helps your body produce white blood cells. These all relate to the
purpose of the experiment to help better understand how they affect the human both and the

Water Change Lab
Introduction: Water is a simple molecule created by two hydrogen bonds and one oxygen bond.
Water's formula is H2O because there are two hydrogen bonds and there is one oxygen bond. When
these three bonds come together, they become strong and unbreakable. Water is very important. It is
important to earth and to your body. Water covers 70% of earth's surface and your body contains
about 60% of water. Water is not just a liquid. Water can also be a solid or gas. Ice is water, but in
the form of a solid and a gas is water, but in the form of vapor. Water's state of matter can change
easily due to a temperature increase or decrease. Changing water's state of matter is a physical
change, meaning it can be reversible. So, the objective of this lab is to see how temperature can
change water's state of matter.
Purpose/Problem:
Will the temperature of water continue to rise if heat energy is added to it? What happens to the
temperature of water during a change of state?
Hypothesis:
If the temperature is changed, then the water's state of matter will change because an increase of
temperature will form a gas and a decrease of temperature will from a solid.
Materials:
1 250 mL. beaker
Ice
1 thermometer
Hot Plate
Stopwatch
Fire–Retardant Glove
Goggles
Procedures:
1) Gather all materials ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hypothesis stated that if the temperature is changed, then the water's state of matter will change
because an increase of temperature will form a gas and a decrease of temperature will from a solid.
The hypothesis was correct. The ice started to melt due to the room temperature being hotter than
the ice, so it formed a liquid. When the beaker was placed on the hot plate when it was turned on, it
made a big temperature change. Due to that temperature change, a gas was formed from a liquid and
that liquid use to be a solid. Therefore, temperature changes water's state of

Exothermic Reaction Lab
Introduction
The importance of this lab is to see if the temperature changes during a chemical reaction. A
chemical reaction is accompanied by a change in temperature. Endothermic reaction is when the
temperature drops. Exothermic reaction is when the temperature rises. For lab A you will need 3%
hydrogen peroxide, measuring spoons, 3 table spoons of yeast, a plastic or paper cup, thermometer,
watch, and 2 partners. Lab B you will need vinegar, baking soda, measuring spoon, water, paper,
plastic or paper cup, and a thermometer. My hypothesis for Lab A was if yeast is added to Hydrogen
peroxide, then, it will be an Exothermic reaction. My hypothesis for Lab B was if baking soda was
added to vinegar, then it will have an endothermic reaction. Procedure ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then pour 2 tablespoons of hydrogen peroxide into a cup and place a thermometer into the same
cup. Pour one tables spoon of yeast into the cup and record the temperature every 10 seconds. Lastly
make a graph that tells you the temperature per every ten seconds. For lab B make another chart like
lab A's then place 2 tablespoons of vinegar into a cup and pace a thermometer into that cup. After
that put one tablespoon of baking soda into the into the cup with vinegar. Lastly record the
temperature every 3 seconds and then make a graph telling the temperature per every 3 seconds.
Observation and Results
I noticed in lab A that when the hydrogen peroxide was added to the yeast it bubbled right away.
When looking at the thermometer I noticed the temperature changed, and it had an exothermic
reaction. The changes I noticed in lab B where that it bubbled right away and it had an endothermic
reaction.

The Integrated Circuit Using LM35 Temperature Sensor...
Introduction:
The control and monitor of accurate and reliable measurement of temperature is necessary in various
fields such as industrial , environmental, agriculture , food, biotechnology and clinical sectors etc.
furthermore, research labs, clean rooms, and nuclear reactors are the environments which require
continuous temperature monitoring a due to their highly dependence on temperature levels. The role
of sensors and the errors which may affect the measurement of temperature are critical for
temperature measuring devices. The sensor choice may play a large role in on the cost effectiveness
of the system. Every temperature measurement application is according to their different
requirements and the effect of noise on the resolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They can be used to detect liquid, gases or solids over a wide range of temperatures.
Non –contact temperature sensor:
Convection and radiation is used in these types of temperature sensors to monitor change in
temperature. They can be used to detect gases and liquids that emit radiant energy as heat rises and
cold settles to the bottom in convection currents or detect radiant energy being transmitted from an
object in the form of infrared radiation.
Two basic types of contact or non–contact temperature sensors can be divided into following groups
of sensors i.e. electromechanical, resistive and electronic.
Thermostat:
It is contact type electro–mechanical temperature sensor or switch which basically consists of two
different metals such as nickel copper ,tungsten or aluminium etc., that are bonded together through
riveting, brazing or welding to form a Bi–metallic strip. The different linear expansion rates of two
different metals produce a mechanical bending moment when strip is subjected to heat. It shows
bending moment in opposite direction when subjected to cold environment. The metal with large
coefficient of expansion is at the outer side of the curve formed during heating and vice versa.
The bi–metallic strip can be used as an electrical switch or a

Investigating The Co2 And Temperature Changes From The...
In this investigation, we were required to design our own self–sustaining ecosystem, and monitor the
changes in temperature and CO2 levels. We compared the outside temperature and CO2 levels, to
those of our ecosystem. Self–sustaining ecosystems are in the process of being designed tested, so
that one day humans will be able to survive and thrive on other planets, like Mars. The outcome of
our ecosystem was a failure, like all other previous attempts. Our ecosystem was too hot and had too
higher CO2 levels, to be able to sustain the life of insects, and grow plants. This was because, we
did not have enough fresh water, going into all the layers and fresh oxygen, as a result of no
greenery growing. I believe, if we placed grown plants in our bottle at the start of our experiment,
we would have had a very different outcome. Aim:
In this practical we are going to investigate the CO2 and temperature changes from the outside
environment, compared to our ecosystem in a bottle. We are also creating a fully self–sustaining
ecosystem in a bottle, which needs to grow a type of plant and provide a habitable environment for
an insect/animal.
Hypothesis:
I believe that the temperature and CO2 levels inside our ecosystem will be a lot higher than outside
the bottle. I also do not think that our insects or plants will survive and thrive, because there is not
enough oxygen in the bottle, and it is too hot. Other groups that have plants and water in their bottle,
will have lower CO2

“Up and Down, Up and Down – That Is How Temperature and...
"Up and down, up and down – that is how temperature and climate have always gone in the past and
there is no proof they are not still doing exactly the same now. In other words, climate change is an
entirely natural phenomenon, nothing to do with the burning of fossil fuels" (David Bellamy). To
what extent do you agree with this statement?
The idea of climate change, for many, is an opinionated subject with much discussion of whether it
is a real issue or just a natural phenomenon. However in recent years it is clear to see that trends in
the Earth's climate and surface temperature has spiked to levels never seen before. Despite all the
evidence of the high levels of greenhouses gases and the rise in temperature, many still believe that
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless several lines of evidence show that current global warming cannot be explained by
changes in energy from the sun, as if the warming were caused by a more active sun, then scientists
would expect to see warmer temperatures in all layers of the atmosphere. Instead, they have
observed a cooling in the upper atmosphere, and a warming at the surface and in the lower parts of
the atmosphere. That's because greenhouse gasses are trapping heat in the lower atmosphere.
Therefore it is highly unlikely that the change in solar output has caused the climate change
experienced on Earth. Volcanic activity has also been associated with climate change as volcanic
eruptions release gases and particulates into the atmosphere. Eruptions large enough to affect
climate occur on average several times per century, and cause cooling, by partially blocking the
transmission of solar radiation to the Earth's surface, for a period of a few years. The volcanic
eruption in Iceland, Eyjafjallajökull, in 2010 is thought to have released enough ash and gas to cause
a change in the Earth's climate. In spite of this, the data shows that the change in the climate caused
by volcanic activity is only short term, and therefore cannot be to blame for the trends that we are
experiencing on Earth over the last century.
Regardless of how climate change has been caused, there is clear evidence that it is a real issue.
Earth–orbiting satellites and other technological advances have enabled

Alka Seltzer Temperature Change Lab Results
How does the dissolve rate of the Alka–Seltzer tablets change as the temperature of the water
changes? The dissolve rate is being affected by the temperature of the water. Temperature is a
measure of kinetic energy in molecules (NYU). The higher the temperature, the higher the kinetic
energy. Energy is required to create a reaction. Molecules with more energy come into contact with
each other more often. The molecules of the reactants have to come into contact with each other, so
more energy in molecules result in faster dissolving time.
If the temperature of the water increases, the dissolving time of the Alka–Seltzer tablet will
decrease. This is because molecules of warmer water contain more energy than molecules of cooler
water. The extra ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of our flaws was that the temperature of the water was not exactly the same when we did the
different trials. The temperatures were slightly off from our recorded value during the experiments.
The change in temperature would affect the time it took for the Alka–Seltzer tablet to dissolve in the
water. If there was a direct relationship between water temperature and dissolve time, we would not
be able to see it because the temperatures are off and the dissolve times are not associated with the
correct temperature. Another flaw is that we did not use the same amount of water throughout the
experiment. We used a beaker to measure the water, which did not result in accurate measurements.
The difference in amount of water could result in a difference in reaction time. The third flaw in the
experiment was that during the reaction of the warm water, the water in the cup overflowed and
spilled, bringing some of the Alka–Seltzer tablet with it. There were different amounts of tablet in
different areas of the water, which means a different amount of Alka–Seltzer remained inside of the
cup in each trial. This difference would mean that data for the warm water would fluctuate and we
would not have accurate

Does The Dominant Color In A Flame Change With It's...
Science fair
Does the dominant color in a flame change with it's temperature? In this project I will be testing
multiple substances to record what the temperature the flame is, depending on the color they emit as
a result of being ignited.
Heat Energy is a form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of initiating
chemical changes and changes of state NFPA 92. In other words, it is the energy needed to change
the temperature of an object – add heat, temperature increases; remove heat, temperature decreases.
( fire.gov fire dynamics. July 2013.) Heat energy is measured in units of Joules. When enough heat
energy is added to a substance, combustion can occur. Combustion is a reaction in which fuels react
with a compound.

Report For Exothermic Lab Report
Using Temperature Change to Identify Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions
Farah Elnemr
6/9/16
Chemistry Honors
Clinton
Introduction Through change in heat, this experiment was done to recognize exothermic and
endothermic reactions, which both relate back to the topic of thermochemistry. Thermochemistry is
study of energy changes that occur during chemical reactions and state changes. A certain amount of
energy is stored in every substance in bonds. A system and its surroundings are used throughout the
subject of thermochemistry as a whole. A system is the part of the universe being focused on. The
surroundings are everything revolving around the system. In an exothermic reaction, heat leaves the
system and is absorbed by the surroundings, leaving the reaction to seem like it is heating up. In an
endothermic reaction, heat flows from the surroundings and into the system, leaving the reaction to
seem like it is being cooled. Overall, the use of heat change allows the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first and third reactions are categorized as endothermic because there was a decrease in
temperature, resulting in a cooler temperature. In reactions one and three, heat flowed from the
surroundings and into the system, which left the reaction to seem like it was being cooled. The
second and fourth reactions are categorized as exothermic because there was an increase in
temperature, resulting in a warmer temperature. In reactions two and four, heat escaped from the
system and was absorbed by the surroundings, which left the reaction to seem like it was heating up.
Endothermic reactions occur when the system absorbs heat from its surroundings. Exothermic
reactions occur when the system releases heat into the surrounding. Without the subject of
thermochemistry, endothermic and exothermic reactions may be unheard

Alka Seltzer Lab Report
he experimental variable in this experiment was the changing number of Alka Seltzer tablets that
were put into the 250mL beaker of vinegar. Some of the control variables in this experiment were
that the same beaker and thermometer were used for each trial, the same type of vinegar and Alka
Seltzer were used for each trial, and the same amount of vinegar. The original Hypothesis was that
more Alka Seltzer would increase the temperature of the vinegar was not correct. After analyzing the
data it can be seen that for the first trial the temperature did not change as it stayed at 24 degrees
Celsius before and during the reaction with 1 tablet, also for trial two with two tablets the
temperature stayed the same at 23 degrees Celsius and did ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
After analyzing the data recorded during the experiment it can be seen that for the first two trials
there was no change in temperature. For the last trial, the temperature dropped, the opposite of the
hypothesis, by one degree from 21 to 20 degrees Celsius. So as can be seen when adding more Alka
seltzer tablets by increments of one the temperature of vinegar will not rise during an Alka Seltzer
and vinegar reaction thus proving the hypothesis false.
Some sources of error in this experiment may have been when washing the beaker in between trials,
the beaker may not have been completely dried and some water may have been in the vinegar which
could affect the results of the reaction. Another error that may have occurred was when measuring
the temperature of the reaction in some trials the tip of the thermometer was closer to that Alka
Seltzer than in other trials. Lastly, the water that the beakers were washed with may have steadily
lowered the temperature of the glass throughout the trials and therefore affected the base
temperature of the vinegar and the temperature of the

Heat Energy Lab Report
Energy is used in any type of reaction that causes a substance to change its phase. When heating a
solid, energy is put into the substance, causing the substance to gain energy. If heating continues on
the solid, a phase transition will occur and the solid will melt to a liquid. The amount of heat
required to melt a solid to a liquid is an enthalpy, and is called heat of fusion. If the heating
continues on the liquid, the substance will then reach its boiling point, and a phase change will occur
again from a liquid to a gas. When a phase change from a liquid to a gas occurs, the change is
known as the heat of vaporization. In some cases, a substance converts straight from a solid to a gas,
called the heat of sublimation.
Change in phase is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The temperature most likely reacted this way due to the fact that the substance had gone through a
change and become a new substance. Therefore, the temperature stayed the same after a phase
change had initially occurred.
As the temperature rises, so does the kinetic energy, making the particles move faster. And when the
temperature decreases, so does the kinetic energy Since the particles move slower, the naphthalene,
which is a liquid, began to solidify.
The naphthalene stayed in the solid + liquid phase for a total of 12 minutes, at 〖80.2〗ô C. With
that, the melting point is at 〖80.2〗ô C, whilst the transition time is 6 minutes.
From the experiment and data collected, it can be assumed that if liquid naphthalene is cooled, its
temperature will drop until it reaches 〖80.2〗ô C. It will remain so until all the liquid freezes. The
temperature at which a substance freezes; which is called the freezing point; is identical to the
temperature at which it melts. If liquid naphthalene is heated, its temperature keeps rising until it
reaches 〖218〗ô C, the boiling point of naphthalene. Until boiling is complete, the temperature
remains at 〖218〗ô

Climate Change : Global Air Temperatures
Our world's climate is rapidly changing, and those changes will have an enormous impact on our
planet's people, ecosystems, cities, and energy use. Average global air temperatures are already
roughly 1.5 degrees higher than they were at the start of the 20th century, and "have risen about 1
degree over just the last 30 years," According to the New England aquarium. Climate change can
best be described as the long–term change in average weather conditions, including temperature,
precipitation and wind. According to the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPPC), which is comprised of the world's largest leading scientific experts in the field of
climate change, "our climate is undergoing dramatic changes as the direct result of greenhouse gases
in the atmosphere that act like a glass roof around the earth, trapping in the heat that would
otherwise escape to space – this commonly referred to as the 'greenhouse effect'." Ascending
worldwide temperatures have been accompanied by adjustments in weather and climate. Countless
places have seen changes in rainfall, leading to more droughts, floods, and extreme rain; in addition
to more critical and recurrent heat waves. Earth's glaciers and oceans have mastered numerous
changes– our seas are becoming acidic and warming, ice caps are dissolving, and sea levels are
increasing. As these alterations become more prominent in the succeeding future, they will likely
present challenges to our society as well as our

The Problem Of Global Change
Global change is happening on Earth and is affecting the Polar Regions, especially Greenland. There
are many things that global change is doing; temperatures rising, ice melting, and water levels
rising. Temperature rising affects the ice melting, the heating of the Earth, and the weather. The
melting of the ice affects sea levels rising and affects the temperature rising. Finally, sea level rising
affects the climate and more temperature rising. These issues are and will continue to affect the
Earth, badly.
Temperature rising is the main problem for ice melting, which ice melting is a problem for water
levels rising, but what is the main problem for temperature rising? Humans. We have been causing
global change by burning fossil fuels. The article Open Mind commented on the temperatures before
the industrial revolution and after: "The world has already warmed 1C (degree Celsius, equal to 1.8
degrees Fahrenheit) above what it was before the industrial revolution...The prevailing view is that
warming by 2C above pre–industrial means dangerous climate change, although lately many are
coming to believe that even going 1.5C above pre–industrial is dangerous." (Open Mind [updated
2016]). Open Mind also stated that there is a trend, that temperature was rising since 1970 and that
"the trend will continue. Upward." (Open Mind [updated 2016]).
Temperatures are also rising in the troposphere, where weather exist. Open Mind states the same
pattern in the troposphere; "the red line is

The Effect Of Temperature Increases Due On Anthropogenic...
Abstract The purpose of this article by Diffenbaugh et.al. is to determine how temperature increases
due to anthropogenic warming change the probability of precipitation deficits that cause severe
drought conditions, and determine what the conditions will look like in the future. They used
historical precipitation and temperature data with Palmer Drought Metrics and global climate
models to attempt to answer this question. It was found that in the past twenty years, the frequency
of drought years has doubled, without any significant change in the trends of precipitation
variability. This was attributed to significant increases in positive temperature anomalies causing an
increased frequency of precipitation deficits leading to more occurrences of drought years. Global
climate modeling suggested that by 2030, the region will transition to a regime where there is a
100% risk that all future dry years will coincide with warmer conditions, increasing the risk of
extended drought conditions. This is not the first time this region has experienced prolonged drought
conditions. However, it is the first time the drought has been this severe. Since 1977, the per capita
water usage has decreased such that in 2013 the water demand is similar to that of 1977, meaning
that it will be very difficult to come up with new short–term water conservation ideas.
Introduction This is a review of the article "Anthropogenic warming has increased drought risk in
California" by Diffenbaugh

How Does The Temperature Affect The Average Temperature...
Evan Miller Section 1 The colors indicate that the average temperature rose in all continents from
1884 to 2012. In the past 50 years the temperature rose the most in North America. The average
temperature change from 1880 to 2010 was 0.7 degrees Celsius. The curve between 1950 and 1980
is relatively flat and centered around 0 degrees difference from the baseline because The error bars
are smaller near the year 2000 than in the 1890's because in the 1890's they didn't have the same
technology as we do today. The black line is so much more variable than the red line because the
black line shows annual average temperature and the red line shows the five year average
temperature. I predict that the temperature will increase at a steadier rate in the next 100 years. I
drew the curve this way because from 1990 to 2010 the curve starts to increase steadily. On a scale
of 1 to 5, I would be a 4, The clear stop in 2010 influenced my rating The winter layers are darker
than the summer layers because the summer snow would be much cleaner than winter snow The
graph shows that the temperature for the past 10,000 years, compared with the previous 400,000
years, has been getting warmer. The current climate trends from 1880 to 2010 would mean there is
no cooling period of time, there would only be an increase in temperature. Scientists can be certain
that the earth is warming because the recent data in the vostok ice core graph shows no evidence of
a cooling period approaching, the

Impacts of Global Climate Change on Temperature and...
Impacts of Global Climate Change on Temperature and Precipitation Patterns in the Midwest and
the Consequences for Soils
Introduction
During the last century, human activities in agriculture, industry and technology have brought about
a change in the chemical composition of the atmosphere. This change so far has not had a noticeable
or discernible effect on world climate, but if these same activities continue, global climate change
will become irreversible. The major contributing factor is the increase in the amount of carbon
dioxide and other gasses in the atmosphere. These gasses are being cited as the cause for a
"greenhouse effect" where they trap the heat of the sun and cause global climate change, specifically
a warming trend ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of particular concern is the possible changes in soils. With a changing climate and atmosphere,
the soils, as well as the vegetation, of the Midwest would have to adapt to the new conditions.
Continuous Warming
The most direct effect of the atmospheric changes will most likely be a worldwide increase in
average annual temperature. The magnitude of the changes will vary within regions. For the
Midwestern area of North America, the consensus for temperature increase is one degree Celsius
within the next twenty years and then approximately one degree every twenty five years after that,
or an average of 0.3 degrees warmer per decade (Anderson, 1992). This is a considerable increase
from the average temperature increase in the last 1000 years, which has been 0.005 degrees Celsius
per decade (Ritchie, 1986). The implications for the soils, therefore, are considerable. Soils are
constantly changing and developing and in the past, slow climate change has been taken into
account in this development. However, the rapid temperature increases that are predicted will be
much more extreme than the soils are accustomed to. Therefore, soil development will not be able to
keep pace with the changes , and the soils will be forced into disequilibrium with the surrounding
climate (Rozanov and Samoilova 1990).
Shifting Precipitation Patterns
The predictions for changes in precipitation vary more widely than those

Temperature Change and Its Impact on Cell Permeability
The cell membrane plays multiple important roles regarding the overall function of the cell such as
separating the intracellular parts of the cell from the extracellular environment. One of the main
functions of the cell membrane is to regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the cell
(Maderin 2009). The cell membrane itself is actually made up of a lipid bilayer which is broken
down even more to fatty acid chains, proteins, and cholesterol. The lipids of the bilayer are
aphipathic, which means that they have hydrophilic polar heads pointing out and the hydrophobic
portion forming the core (Gwen 2001). Within the bilayer, proteins are embedded. These proteins
may sometimes pass through the bilayer, or they may be inserted at the cytoplasmic or exterior face.
The fluid characteristics of the cell membrane come from this lipid bilayer. The phospholipid bilayer
also forms sacks within the plant cell. One surrounds the whole cell, which creates the cell
membrane, while another sack surrounds the vacuole (Howard 2003). The special membrane that
surrounds the vacuole is known as the tonoplast membrane (Peter 2004). Within the vacuole is a
molecule known as betacaynin. Betacyanin is any one type of a group of pigments. It is a nitrogen
containing glycosylated compound that is responsible for the red color in the beta vulgaris or
beetroot (Encyclopedia 2004).The Betacyanin is stored within the vacuole of the plant cell. At
normal temperatures the betacyanin remains within

The Annual Changes Of Temperature On A Planet
The annual changes of temperature on a planet, also known as seasons, are caused by two distinct
factors: the planet's axial tilt and its variable distance from the sun, also called orbital eccentricity.
The temperature on a singular point on a planet is determined by the amount of sun that falls on that
particular location. If a planet does not contain an axis tilt, then the temperatures would be highest
along the equator, where light from the sun falls directly, and coldest at the north and south pole,
where the light of the sun almost never touches. This would stay constant year round and never vary.
However, when a planet does contain an axis tilt, the angle in which the light from the sun falls on
any given point on the planet will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This seemingly small number, is actually quite large, and that variation, in combination with the
planet's axis tilt, is the cause of much more extreme seasons that what we see on our own planet,
Earth. On Earth, the seasons are divided into near equal lengths of approximately three months for
each season. This is caused by two factors: Earth's circular orbit and that fact that Earth moves at a
relatively constant speed as it orbits the sun. The same cannot be said for Mars. The high
eccentricity of Mars' orbit also changes the speed of which it orbits around the sun. When Mars
orbits slowest when it is at aphelion and fastest at perihelion. This change is speed makes some of
Mars' seasons longer than others. Spring is considered the longest season, lasting approximately 194
Martian days, whereas autumn is the shortest season, lasting approximately 142 Martian days. These
extreme seasons of Mars can have some very interesting effects on the planet. Research has shown
that global atmospheric pressure is 25% lower during the local wintertime than during summer. This
happens for two reasons: first, the eccentricity of Mars 's orbit and secondly, there is a pattern–like
exchange of carbon dioxide between the north and south polar caps and the mostly CO2 atmosphere.
When the north pole is tilted away from the sun around the winter solstice, the northern polar cap
expands as the carbon dioxide within the atmosphere freezes. On the opposite side of the

How Tube 3 Changed Colors Into An Orange-Brown
There was an important observation made during this heated experiment with Tubes 3 and 4. After
the mixture, Tube 3 changed colors into an orange–brown, and Tube 4 slightly changed colors into a
light brown. Figures 5 and 6 demonstrate the results of the effects a 2 degrees Celsius cool bath had
on substrate concentrations. There were also noted color changes to these concentrations in Tube 3,
which turned a bright orange, and Tube 4, which also turned orange. Figure 5. Effect of Cold
Temperature (2 degrees C) of Vmax. This shows Tubes 3 and 4 as increasing, while the remaining
tubes seemed to have been denatured.
Figure 6. Lineweaver –Burk Plot for Cold Temperature. This shows a decreasing velocity due to the
denaturing of the enzymes. From ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Experiment One, the data signifies that the velocity of the enzyme increased as the concentration
of the substrate increased. However, the data from the second experiment draws inconclusive. The
qualitative observations of the color change were a clear sign to start the experiment over again due
to possible contamination, and that was not done. This could possibly be a reason why the data
shown in the effects of temperature is so skewed. While temperature should rapidly increase the rate
of enzyme activity until a certain point at which the enzyme denatures, the data shows denaturation
of all enzymes besides Tubes 3 and 4, the color changing solutions in both parts of Experiment Two.
The temperature of the baths was 2 degrees Celsius for the cold bath, and 50 degrees Celsius for the
warm bath. Both of these temperatures are at the denaturation point of the enzyme, so it would make
sense for this temperature to have such effect (Rakhmetov, A.D., Lee, S.P., Ostapchenko, L.I., et. al,
2015). However, for Tubes 3 and 4, there must have been some human error or contamination of the
stock solution to skew the data for these

Thermal Energy Lab
Question: How are temperature and thermal energy related?
Hypothesis: If hot aluminum and cold water of the same mass mix then the final temperature would
be the average temperature of the two initial temperatures because the aluminum cube's temperature
would drop and the water's temperature would increase and it would average it out.
Materials
Safety Goggles
Beaker
Temperature probe
Data collector
Ice
Hot water
Cold water
3 12–oz foam cups aluminum Cube
Electronic Balance
Tongs
100 ML Graduated Cylinder
Hot Plate Procedure Label two of the foam cups as: HOT and COLD Put in ice and water in the
other foam cup that is unlabeled to prepare an ice bath. Connect the temperature probe to the Data
Collector and select the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The beaker of water on the hot plate, when it was boiling it was going through vaporization. Also,
the electrical energy transfer into thermal energy to heat up the water. The initial temperature of the
aluminum cube was at 40°C and the water's initial temperature was at 3°C and the final temperature
after mixing the two together as at 11.5°C. It only took a small amount of thermal energy to increase
the temperature of the aluminum cube to reach 40°C, because it has low specific heat, it heats up
faster. When they mixed together, the a little amount of thermal energy that the aluminum cube had
was transferred to the water, changing the water's temperature only by a little. The water's
temperature was changed by not very much because it has high specific heat, so it would need more
heat to increase its

CHM 130 Lab 4 Essay
CHM130
Lab 4
Calorimetry
Name:
Data Table: (12 points)
ALUMINUM METAL
Pre–weighed Aluminum metal sample mass (mmetal)
20.09 g
Temperature of boiling water and metal sample in the pot (Ti(metal))
dsdfa(Ti
99°C
Temperature of cool water in the calorimeter prior to adding hot metal sample (Ti(water))
24°C
Maximum Temperature of water/metal in calorimeter after mixing (Tf)
28°C
LEAD METAL
Pre–weighed Lead metal sample mass (mmetal)
20.03g
Temperature of boiling water and metal sample in the pot (Ti(metal))
103°C
Temperature of cool water in the calorimeter prior to adding hot metal sample (Ti(water))
25°C
Maximum Temperature of water/metal in calorimeter after mixing (Tf)
26°C
IRON METAL

Pre–weighed Iron metal sample
mass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
You have the mass of water from calculation #9, the specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g(oC), and the
temperature change of water from calculation #7. (10 points)
Mass of water: 74.8g
Specific heat of water is 4.184 J/g(oC)
Change in temp. of water: 1°C
Q = 74.8 * 1 * 4.184 = 312.96 J/g(oC)
11. Use the equation: q = m(SH)ΔT to solve for the specific heat of the metal.
For q, you found how much heat was gained by the water so you know that same amount of heat
was lost by the metal. Therefore, qmetal = –qwater. The mass of the sample was recorded from the
baggie. The temperature change of the metal can be found in calculation #8. (10 points)
Mass of Sample: 20.03 g
Change in temperature of metal: 77°C
Q = 312.96 J/g(oC)
SH = q/(m* ΔT):
SH = (312.96) / (20.03 * 77) = 312.96 / 1542.31 = 0.2029°C
12. Determine the percent error using the equation and knowing that the actual specific heat of lead
is 0.130 J/g(oC): (10 points)
Percent Error = actual–experimental x 100
Actual
Percent Error: (0.130 – 0.203)/ (0.130) * 100 = –56.15% error
Iron Sample:
13. Calculate the change in temperature for the water caused by the addition of the aluminum by
subtracting the initial temperature of the water from the final temperature of the water. ΔT = Tf – Ti
(5 points)
ΔT = 26°C – 25°C = 1°C
14. Calculate the change in the metal's temperature by subtracting the initial temperature of the iron
from the final

Homeostasis: Internal Temperature To Changes In The...
Homeostasis is the ability to keep an internal stability to adapt to changes in the environment. Some
examples are when you are exercising and you start to sweat and breathe faster, that is your body
making sure you have internal stability from your respiratory system, to keep up with the activity.
Another example is when you start to shiver, your body is creating more heat so your internal
temperature stays normal. It is important for organisms to maintain homeostasis because processes
in your body, including osmosis and diffusion, depend on water and salt in the body, which is
maintained by homeostasis. Homeostasis is disrupted when the cells in your body aren't working
correctly, something like diabetes can cause disruption.

Temperature Change Lab Report
During this experiment, both the water and the copper had gone through many different temperature
changes and a physical change. Originally, the copper was very rusty and old. However, because the
copper is a metal and can raise to very high temperatures without melting, we were able to perform
this experiment. When putting the copper over the flame, the flame became more of a red color as it
touched the copper, because it was transferring the heat and the copper gradually became hotter
from the original temperature over the course of 2 minutes. After the copper was done heating, it
was placed right into the water. The water began to slowly evaporate as the copper released energy,
causing a good amount of heat. This would cause the temperature

| Chemistry Lab Report | Constructing Heating/Cooling Curve | | Salman Ishaq 12–E | 1/27/2013 |
|
BACKGROUND
As energy flows from a liquid, its temperature drops. The entropy, or random ordering of its
particles, also decreases until a specific ordering of the particles results in a phase change to a solid.
If energy is being released or absorbed by a substance remaining at the same temperature, this is
evidence that a dramatic change in entropy, such as a phase change, is occurring. Because all of the
particles of a pure substance are identical, they all freeze at the same temperature, and the
temperature will not change until the phase change is complete. If a substance is impure, the
impurities will not lose energy in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
8. Set up the container for the hot–water bath. Attach two ring clamps, one above the other, to the
second ring stand beneath the test tube assembly. Place a wire gauze with ceramic center on the
lower ring. Set a third 600 mL beaker, which should be empty, on the gauze and raise the beaker
toward the test–tube assembly until it surrounds nearly one–half of the tube's length. The beaker will
pass through the ring clamp without gauze, and the test tube should not touch the bottom or sides of
the beaker. The top clamp keeps the beaker from tipping when the beaker is filled with the hot water.
PART 2–MELTING A SOLID: QUICK TEST
9. Check the temperature of the water for the hot–water bath. When it is 85°C, turn off the burner or
hot plate. If the temperature is already greater than 85°C, shut off the burner or hot plate, and add a
few pieces of ice to bring the temperature down to 85°C. Then, using beaker tongs remove the
beaker of hot water from the burner. Using tongs or hot mitts carefully pour the water into the empty
beaker until the water level is well above the level of the solid inside the test tube. Set the empty
beaker on the counter. You will use it again in step 20.
10. Begin timing. The second the water is poured, one member of the lab group should begin timing,
while the other reads the initial temperatures of the bath with one thermometer and sample with the
other thermometer.

Global Temperature And Climate Change
Global Temperature
The Earth–atmosphere energy cycle is a structure of coordinating atmospheric components. The
Köppen classification system is a simple format for generalizing climate patterns, partitioning the
planet into malleable regions by average environmental conditions. Terms to describe the atypical
fluctuations in the Earth's climate include both global warming and climate change. While global
warming denotes an average escalation of temperature, climate change suggests a shift in the overall
pattern. Climatic zone instabilities, temperature variation, and other deviations that may interrelate
with climate are described as global change. The state of global climatic equilibrium can be
discerned through focusing on observable imbalances such as positive radiative forcing by
atmospheric gasses, temperature fluctuations, weather phenomena and anthropologic influences.
The rate of energy change per unit area of the globe is gauged by radiative forcing. The net gain of
energy is positive radiative forcing, with the opposite being negative forcing (SEI & GGMI, 2011).
According to the National Weather Service (2012), solar energy absorbed by the atmosphere is
typically offset by energy released. Positive radiative forcing by atmospheric gasses may amplify
imbalances in the global climatic equilibrium.
Unbalanced absorption ratios signify functional discrepancies in the Earth–atmosphere energy cycle.
Proportions fluctuate, but carbon dioxide (CO2) methane, ozone, nitrous

Climate Change And The Effect Of Relative Temperatures
Results
Figure 1 depicts the average minimum yearly temperature in degrees Celsius over the past 70 years
to determine the presence of climate change in the city of Newark, New Jersey. There is a slight rise
overall, as noted by the trend line and its positive slope. Researchers noted that there were
specifically high data points from the years of 2010 to 2017, with the minimum temperature being
between 8°C to
11 °C. The highest minimum temperature observed was in 2017. It was at 11 °C, while the lowest
was 7
°C in the years 1948,1950,1962,1963, and 1976. The data point from 2017 is estimated based on the
recent climate information, but could fluctuate as the year comes to an end. The standard deviation
and average were +/– 0.774329 and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is compared to previous years, ranging between 12 °C to 14°C. The average of this graph was
17.242857
°C with a standard deviation of +/– 0.9545576.
Figure 3. A Graph of the Relationship Between Average Mean Temperature (°C) and Time (Year). 7
/ 11
Term Lab Report: Temperature Analysis of Newark, New Jersey to Illustrate the Presence of Global
Warming
Wilson, Alyse
Discussion
As the idea of global warming becomes a more avidly discussed topic, we want to determine the
truth on whether it is actually occurring. Therefore, we completed a field study where researchers
analyzed the average minimum, average maximum, and average mean temperatures from the years
1948 to 2017, a period of 70 years. In each of the graphs constructed, there is a slight positive
correlation between the average temperature and time (in years), meaning that as the years
increased, so did their respective temperatures. In Figure 1, the mimimum yearly temperatures
historically start out at 6 °C to 9 °C, but on average the data points tend to remain around 8 °C.
However, as we progress through the timeline, these temperatures begin to slowly rise. Instead, they
now are between 8 °C to 10 °C, with most points around
9 °C. Finally, there is a large increase in the current years because in 2017, the highest average
mimimum temperature was recorded as 11 °C. Although there is only a slight rise in

Is Global Climate Change Man Made? Global Temperature?
Is global climate change man–made? Global temperature has been changing for the past couple of
decades. This leaves researchers to believe that mankind is to blame for this abrupt change. Life on
earth depends upon the average climate that has been around for thousands of years. Without this
favorable climate, life on earth will be unsustainable. Those who argue that climate change is not
affected by humans state that the emissions humans put into the atmosphere are too small to have an
effect on the climate. Either way climate on earth is changing at a concerning rate and is a major
issue. Climate change has been created by many different factors. Including methane emissions from
animals, like livestock. Methane being released into the atmosphere causes a change in the earth's
climate. A change in the earth's solar activity has also contributed to global temperature change.
These changes are called sunspots and they change the earth's solar radiation levels. This causes
short term warming cycles on the planet. Permafrost is frozen ground that is mainly in the northern
hemisphere. It releases carbon and methane into the atmosphere when it melts. This accelerates
global warming by adding to the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere. Water vapor holds in
heat in the atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect. As temperatures rise all of these factors also
increase in turn.
Human activity has ruined the climate that people experience here on earth. On Earth,

This lab was about the Effect of Reactant Combinations on Temperature Change. It investigated
both endothermic and exothermic reactions. The temperature was measured in degrees Celsius and
the time was measured in minutes. The tool used during the lab was a LabQuest with a digital
temperature probe. The LabQuest created a visual graph of the change in temperature and collected
data. The digital temperature probe attached to the LabQuest monitored the temperature of the
substance as it changed.
In the first reaction, citric acid was combined with baking soda to produce carbon dioxide gas, water
in liquid form, and sodium citrate in solution. This reaction was an endothermic reaction, meaning it
was a chemical change pertaining to the absorption

Orconectes Propinquus Experiment

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Orconectes Propinquus Experiment

Similar to Orconectes Propinquus Experiment (13)

More from Sheena Crouch

More from Sheena Crouch (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Orconectes Propinquus Experiment