Human Cognition In Westworld's Hosts And True Human Cognition

Human Cognition In The Hosts
WestWorld's portrayal of artificial intelligence draws both similarities and differences to true human
cognition. Within the world of the show, Hosts are controlled via a tablet and are programed to
attend to Newcomer's fantasies. While the Newcomers can do whatever they like to the Host, the
Hosts literally cannot hurt the Newcomers. The Hosts operate without knowledge of what they are,
aka not human. However, in many aspects they function similarly to human cognition.
The components of cognition that Humans and Host can in common are all functions that shape how
they interpret the world and the world interprets them. The declarative memory component of
Long–Term memory operates very similarly to human memory. The components of a Host's ...
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They have no free will, no sense of self preservation, both of which are keystones of humanity.
These Host characteristics come from the strictly controlled nature of their intentions to act. With
Humans, intentions to act are made only briefly before the action occurs, six seconds to be exact
(Perilloux, 1/25/17). Whereas with Hosts, actions are built in, such as Hosts inability to harm
Newcomers (WestWorld #1), and specifically formulated to play into storylines written by
programmers. This gives Hosts themselves have no control of their own actions or the intentions
behind them. We see Maeve confronted with this lack of free will when Bernard shows her her own
programming, and we see that every last action that she thought was of her own doing was actually
scripted out, down to the last word (WestWorld #10). In Humans, memory errors can occur through,
decay, interference, and retrieval failure (Perilloux, 3/1/17). Though these errors can happen due to
the passage of time or the weakening of pathway strength, they are not purposeful. However for
Host, memory errors are less errors and more specific erasing in order to reset a storyline. They are
a result of deliberate interference. We see this repeated use of controlled memory errors, or wiping
of the Hosts in the repeated scenes of characters waking up in their beds and starting a new day
(WestWorld #1). This departure from human cognition ties back into the overall difference of a lack
of control over their own actions, and brain
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How Placebo And Reachability Bias Effect Cognition
How Placebo and Reachability Bias Effect Cognition
Jennifer D. Byrd
Wake Technical Community College
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare how placebo's and reachable bias effect our
cognition as a whole. Two journal articles found on the (internet) have been chosen. One being
Draganich and Erdal's (2014) experiment telling the participants how many hours they spent in
REM sleep and then testing their cognition. The second one by Bar–Hillel, Peer, and Acquisti
(2014) involving a coin toss and the bias of the first choice participants hear. These experiments
however different, give us some insight on cognition and the mysteries of how we learn.
How Placebo and Reachability Effects Cognition
Introduction
Cognition is a person's ability to think, learn, and attain knowledge or information (Cherry, "What Is
Cognition?"). In fact, you are doing it right now as you read this paper. Some papers, books, lessons,
etc. are easier to understand and retain than others. Ulric Nessar has been known as the "father of
cognitive psychology" since 1967 when his researched was made public on such topics as
perception, problem solving, and remembering (Hyman, "Remembering the Father of Cognitive
Psychology"). However, in my opinion the start of cognition began much earlier with Greek
philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates ("History of Philosophy"). They started schools
and groups devoted to thinking and talking about life and other

My Experience With Consciousness Or Cognition
When I first started this course I thought I knew a good amount about consciousness or cognition.
As the semester went on I realized I did not know as much as I thought, but I ended up learning
more than I ever thought possible. Every week I felt as if my knowledge was increasing day by day.
Before this class most of my knowledge came through personal experience or doing some research
for my own curiosity. This semester brought more insight into many different topics, but the ones I
feel that I grew the most were anxiety, depression, music and its effect on the brain, and love and
romance. My knowledge of anxiety comes mainly from my own personal experiences. For years I
honestly thought that it was something that I was making up just because I seemed to be a bit of a
drama queen. I did not understand what was going on and pushed it mainly to the back of my head
so I did not have to think about it. It was not until very recently that I started going to therapy and
took this class and my intro to psychology class that I really understood what was going on with me
and that it was completely normal. What I learned is that anxiety is actually coming from a gene call
COMP which "controls the production of enzyme that removes excess dopamine from the prefrontal
cortex" (Howard pg. 189). Anxiety is supposed to help you stay alert and focused in threatening
situations, but what happens when a person gets too much and cannot release the excess dopamine
quickly is they get

Essay on Social Cognition
Everyday people use social cognition as a tool to help them thrive in social world. There are many
important aspects of social cognition that are helpful to us in making decisions and help us to
interpret the world around us. An important aspect that is linked to social cognition is that of thought
suppression. Thought suppression is when a person tries to force particular thoughts, memories or
feelings out of their minds that may be unpleasant or may cause a great deal of stress for the
individual. Many people are unaware how often we use thought suppression in our daily lives, but
the truth is we use it in almost every aspect of our day. I know that I myself never realized how
much I engage in thought suppression, until I learned ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I would always try to forget about the worry by immersing myself in other thoughts or situations,
but the worry would always end up coming back around in the end. I am now aware that this
happened because I was using thought suppression rather than actually forgetting about the worry. I
was instead just pushing it farther down into my mind until it could no longer be contained.
There are many situations other than just controlling my anxiety where I have realized I also use
thought suppression. These other instances are much more common and I'm sure that the vast
majority of people experience them on a daily basis. One instance that I have also realized thought
suppression takes a part in is trying to stay awake while studying. There have been many time when
I am attempting to study for a test, but all I can think about is going to sleep. When this happens I
keep telling myself that I must stay awake to study, but the more I tell myself to stay awake the
more tired I become. I'm sure that this is a phenomena that many college students must face, and it
is because of thought suppression that we are unable to keep ourselves focused after a certain point.
Another instance where I have often found thought suppression to be present, is shopping at the
mall. Myself much like many women my age have somewhat of a problem when it comes to
shopping,

Short Term Cognition
The term cognition refers to all the mental structures and processes involved in reception, storage,
and use of knowledge, which involves the analysis of memory and mind. (Psychology book)
Copious research has been conducted by psychologists on memory and different methods to how to
better recall words. Studies by Atkinson and Shiffrin, Paivio, and Bower accordingly came to the
conclusion that words tied to visual imagery have a stronger chance of being remembered than just
their verbal associations.
According to the multi–store model of memory (Atkinson and Shiffrin, 1968) the memory system
consists of a sensory memory, short term memory and long–term memory.(psychology book) In
order to be stored in long–term memory material needs to be ... Show more content on
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by confederates increases, the number of wrong answers given by the participants will increase.
This is predicted as studies such as Paivio and Bower who gained results that support this
hypothesis. However, there are some psychologists that see faults in the Dual Code Theory Paivio
proposed, "that it is only valid for tests on which people are asked to focus on identifying how
concepts are related" (Reed 2010) Therefore it is important to note the null hypothesis: the number
of words recalled by the participants would be less if they use the imagery method then by the
participants who use the rehearsal

Human Cognition And The Social World
The famous Greek philosopher Aristotle once said "Man is by nature a social animal; an individual
who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human.
Society is something that precedes the individual. Anyone who either cannot lead the common life
or is so self–sufficient as not to need to, and therefore does not partake of society, is either a beast or
a god." In this quote, Aristotle reveals that he believes that our participation in the social world is
something that is a given; all humans partake in this social world as it is necessary for life. Now,
thousands of years later, researchers have learned that our cognitive, social, and emotional
development has been affected by our participation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The child rocked back and forth for no apparent reason; this was due to intrinsic motivation. He did
it because it gave him pleasure; his cognition motivated him to do it from within. An example of
extrinsic cognition is the school instruction he was receiving from his teacher. He was receiving
motivation from outside sources such as his teacher and the housekeeper. The child's participation in
the social world led his to cognitive, social, and emotional development, as he was able to start
learning to identify letters, act normal with his teacher, and somewhat control his emotions. It was
clear at the end of the film that the child had matured greatly from a cognitive perspective due to his
participation in a social world. Another feature of human cognition is the humanistic approach to
cognition. This was most greatly exemplified in the movie "The Pawnbroker." In this movie, the
main character, the Pawnbroker, shows humanistic cognition through the flashbacks shown
throughout the movie. The Pawnbroker's negative experiences in life color his emotions and affect
the way he perceives those around him. The Pawnbroker is tormented by the loss of his family in the
Nazi concentration camps, and treats everyone he meets with a rough indifference. However, as we
are shown through his flashbacks, the character desires nothing more than to be with his family.
However, the anger that the Pawnbroker expresses leads to his

Notes On Social Pressure And Cognition
Maya Irvin–Vitela
HON207
Professor Martinez
31 January 2017
Activity 1: Social Pressure and Cognition One of the paramount issues that have been discussed in
class is the capacity for individual differences in regards to how people process information and
generalize that information to make decisions. However, there are also some commonalities among
people, although those commonalities may exist in varying degrees of acuity. While I know that
everyone is susceptible to social pressures, I also find that I am less susceptible to them than some
of my peers. When I was growing up, my parents never solved problems for me; rather, they gave
me the tools necessary to solve problems by myself and make good decisions whether or not they
are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When I was twelve, I donned my Obama gear and canvassed with my parents, going door–to–door
discussing policy with voters as my parents watched from the sidewalk. When I was older, I
protested at the state capital to impeach Scott Walker, even leading the chants with my younger
brother. In school, I founded and ran a bi–partisan political discussion forum. In my small
agricultural town, I was the epitome of politically active, and I really did think I was politically
informed. However, once I got to college, I realized that that was not necessarily the case. Suddenly
I was surrounded by people who had dedicated their lives to thinking deep thoughts about politics.
Fairly quickly, my political ideologies changed, moving further left. While I had always been far left
of center, before college I did not understand the intricacies that have since shaped my political
views.
I remember the specific quarter when I started to really understand the implications of capitalism
and neoliberalism and how they have systematically oppressed so many people. I called my mom
sobbing; I could not understand how people could do such terrible things in the name of democracy,
how a president I had tirelessly campaigned for had deported more people than any other president
in American history. I was distraught over the way that so many people, people who I respected
greatly, could so easily call themselves progressive while simultaneously supporting institutions
whose main goals

The Importance Of Play And Its Effect On Cognition,...
Assessment of Play
Jimmy Kue
Northeastern State University
Abstract
This paper explores the importance of play and its effect on cognition, linguistics, and pragmatics in
infants and toddlers and how play can affect their social competence as preschoolers.
Assessment of Play
In a third world country, some Hmong parents' believe in the teaching for survival needs are
important and necessary in order to survive. Chores were evenly distributed throughout the family
who were capable to contribute to everyday labor. However, young children who cannot contribute
were allowed to play with other kids in the village. Some of the popular play activities were hide
and seek, a jump rope made out of rubber bands, and wooden tops (Cha, Mai, Carmen, 2004).
Meanwhile in a developed country, children were also playing hide and seek, jumping ropes, and
spinning tops as well. According to O' Grady and Dusing (2014), "Play is defined as a pleasurable,
active, self–motivated developmental phenomenon by which infants and young children learn about
the world through interactions with objects and people" (page number) It should be noted that when
I used the term play, the child is the center focus of a play activity in a natural setting. In this paper,
I will discuss the importance of play relative to language in these domains: cognition, linguistics,
pragmatics, and social competency.
Cognition
Cognition is the basis for language. It is important to develop early cognition in infants.

Development And Evaluation Of Cognition Based Interventions
PhD upgrade overview In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the development and
evaluation of cognition–based interventions (CBIs) for people with dementia in improving
cognition, and quality of life (QoL). However, little is known about the effects of these interventions
for carers who are actively involved and participate in CBIs alongside their relative. In addition, it
has been argued that engaging family carers in the therapeutic process is important as it has the
potential to improve mutual understanding and enhance carer well–being. My PhD research aims to
evaluate the effects of carer involvement in CBIs for people with dementia on carer well–being.
This report presents the progress my research which comprises ... Show more content on
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Chapter five describes a qualitative study which I conducted to explore the experiences and
perspectives of people with dementia and their carers while taking part in the iCST intervention.
Chapter six reports on my personal development and achievements and my PhD progress since my
starting date which was the 29th January 2013. Advancing age remains the single most important
risk factor for developing dementia (Luengo–Fernandex, Leal, Gray 2010). It is estimated that there
are currently over 46 million people living with dementia worldwide (World Alzheimer Report
2015), with a total of 835,000 people living with dementia in the UK alone (Alzheimer 's Society,
2014). Dementia is a major cause of disability for older people (WHO, Dementia – A Public Health
Priority 2012). Dementia also remains a greatest challenge for the society and has a huge economic
impact on the health care system, people with dementia and their families (Dowrick 2014).
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, accounting for up to 60% of all
cases (Burns et al., 2006). AD is an age–related degenerative brain disorder which develops over a
period of years, but is not a normal part of aging (WHO 2015). AD can affect individuals in
different ways, but for most people symptoms begin by experiencing difficulty in remembering new
information,

Theories Of Cognition And Cognitive Abilities
Beginning in the 1980's, Spelke began development on her theory known as the 'core knowledge'
theory. It was proposed that infants have the foundations for a number of cognitive abilities that
develop into far more complex cognitive abilities as they age. Amongst others, these abilities
include the knowledge of object representation, a concept of differences in the amount of
something, and their spatial surroundings. Spelke suggested that these processes are innate,
therefore present from birth, and domain specific, therefore meaning that these different structures
of cognition are independent of each other. Contrary to what Piaget suggested, Spelke theorised that
children are far more cognitively adept in regards to simple cognitive tasks and that these cognitive
abilities are improved as the infant learns (Carey & Spelke, 1994).Throughout this paper, some
aspects of cognition will be examined as well as evaluated.
An infant's understanding of object permanence, or the understanding that an object exists even
when it is not clearly viewable, was one of Spelke's first suggestions. Evidence for this claim is
offered by Kellman & Spelke (1983) who suggest that infants as young as three months old have an
understanding of object permanence. In one experiment, they wanted to test whether infants would
habituate, meaning to look longer at, a broken rod which had its centre partly hidden, and was
moving irregularly, after observing a rod that moved as a single unit; this is

Social Cognition And Its Impact On Recovery Success
Schizophrenia is a severe and persistent mental disorder that has many facets to consider when
treating individuals with this condition. The ability to function in different areas of everyday life,
both in and out of the home, has been a goal seldom achieved by patients treated for schizophrenia.
While new approaches to treatment have been developed that focus on neurocognitive and social
cognition, many treatments fail to fully address the social environment and its impact on recovery
success. Success is not simply a reduction of symptoms but the improvement of neurocognitive and
social cognitive impairment. Neurocognitive aspects include working memory, visual memory,
verbal memory, cognitive processing speed and executive functioning. ... Show more content on
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al., 2012). To better understand the role of an individuals immediate family members and recovery,
this study uses SCIT or Social Cognition and Interaction Training with the assistance of a close
family member or friend in the training protocol (F–SIT), as their treatment condition, and the
control group simply received training in a social stimulation (SS) program. It was hypothesized
that the treatment group would improve their quality of life, social functioning and social cognition
more than the basic social stimulation group. Participants were recruited from the Celal Bayar
University Psychosis Unit and randomly assigned to each group in a 1:1 assignment. This was later
changed to 1:2 to reduce a variance discovered in the social stimulation group, which would
decrease noise and improve data quality. Data was collected at baseline, before randomization and
sixteen weeks after randomization. Of the originally recruited fifty–two participants, 19 became part
of the treatment group and 22 became part of the control group. Both groups received fourteen
weeks of treatment, with the treatment group meeting every week and the control group meeting
every three weeks, with final data collection occurring two weeks after the end of the intervention.
There were no statistically

Spatial Cognition Mini-Review
Mini–Review: Spatial Cognition Spatial Cognition is concerned with the achievement, organization,
application, and modification of knowledge about spatial surroundings (Bandura., 1963). These
capabilities enable animals and humans to manage basic and high–level cognitive tasks in everyday
life (Bandura.,1971). Spatial cognition studies have assisted to tie cognitive psychology and
neuroscience together. Most researchers are concerned about how animals acquire and find
information. Since acquiring and acting on spatial information appears to have computational
requirements from learning to predict temporal sequences of events, we might expect to find
adaptively specialized, domain–specific mechanisms of spatial learning and/or ... Show more
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The global picture developing from this support is that spatial cognition can be split into two genres
which are to some magnitude divided in mammalian brain (Hartley & Burgess., 2001). There are
various mechanisms for spatial cognition, which pose the ultimate question: "Do animals have
cognitive maps?" (Shettleworth., 2010) These include dead reckoning, beacons, landmarks, routes,
and geometry (Shettleworth., 2010). Dead reckoning is an internal sense of the direction and
distance of the target from the current position. It is one of the most basic and ubiquitous ways in
which animals keep track of their location with respect to a known position. It has been mostly
studied in bees, spiders, and ants. Dead reckoning is a mechanism for egocentric spatial localization,
that is, the animal is localizing things in the environment with respect to itself. Beacons are local or
proximal cues, whereas landmarks are global or distal cues (Shettleworth., 2010). A guide animals
can use when features of a goal are not immediately perceptible from a distance in fixed locations
are called landmarks (Shettleworth., 2010). They are used based on three factors: template matching
and local views, vector sum model, and multiple bearing models. Route learning is often referred to
as reaching a goal using a series of landmarks, which is a series of stimulus–response (S–R)
associations (Shettleworth., 2010). This concept can be

Art Therapies And Its Impact On Cognition
Successful aging is something individuals want to attain, especially maintaining our cognition and
memory, as we get older. Therefore, (Denis, 2013 ) Cognition is a component of a person biological
make up that is not fixed for individuals, it can be improved or decline through out the life span
(Cavanaugh, 2011 ). Cognition has many different facets; cognition is not static throughout a
person's lifespan. Cognition can include memory and the rate individuals process different types of
information at. Therefore, one–way, someone can improve cognition and promote successful aging
in older adults, is looking at art therapies and its impact on improving cognition. There as been
many empirical research studies that suggest that art therapies can improve memory capacity by
decreasing anxieties for older adults. Another part of cognition that is important is to improve
cognition by increasing creativity, by creating a physiological response. Defining art therapies is
important first step and how it impact cognition, working memory and processing. Art therapy, is
based on the idea that the creative process of art making is healing and life enhancing and is a form
of nonverbal communication of thoughts and feelings (American Art Therapy Association, 1996).
Art therapy can serve a role in increasing and sharpening cognitive and perceptual skills, in
stimulating the senses, and in regenerating social interaction. . By understanding and acknowledging
age–related changes and

Cognition And Teaching L2 And L2
Cognition and Teaching L1 and L2 Composition
Academic writing is believed to be cognitively complex. Cognitive models have tended to define
students' writing in terms of problem–solving (cf. McCutchen, Teske, & Bankston, 2008), and
problem–solving has been conceptualized in terms of information processing. The contemporary
cognitive process in composition is heavily influenced by Flower and Hayes(1981)'s Cognitive
Process Model, which advocates for the evaluation of text in terms of the underlying function with
respect to the goals. Bereiter and Scardamalia (1987) likewise call for a goal–oriented process in
writing. They employ the Cognitive Process Model to distinguish novice writers and skilled writers.
Recent studies revealed the use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Task environment is the topic and situation to which the author must respond and the text which the
author has produced, and long term memory consists of knowledge of the topic, knowledge of the
audience, and stored writing plans etc. Flower and Hayes hope this basic cognitive model would
construct elaborate conceptual representation of goals for the text as a whole, and L1 writers can use
these to guide the retrieval of content. A study by Van Weijen (2009) conforms to Flower and Hayes'
model that writing a text in L2 involves a number of cognitive activities, such as planning,
formulating, and revising. Furthermore, his study has shown L2 writers think of ways to organize
their written work as well as set goals for their writing. Overall, the cognitive process model by
Flower & Hayes (1986) introduces the cognitive processes involved in the writer's mind in either L1
or L2 writing.
More recently, a number of scholars have employed Flower and Hayes' model to differentiate
between novice writers and skilled writers. Scardamalia and Bereiter(1987) examined writers'
cognitive process in writing on the basis of Flower and Hayes' theory, and distinguished two
learning models: knowledge–telling and knowledge–transforming. They published their results in
The Psychology of Written Composition, claiming novice writers tend to turn to "knowledge telling
model of writing". Later on,

The Internet 's Influence On Cognition Essay
"Over the past few years I've had an uncomfortable sense that someone, or something, has been
tinkering with my brain, remapping the neural circuitry, reprogramming the memory. My mind isn't
going–so far as I can tell–but it's changing. I'm not thinking the way I used to think." These daunting
words were echoed by Nicholas Carr, author of the non–fiction , "The Shallows: What the Internet
is Doing to Our Brains." His work has received both acclimation and criticism for exploring the
extent of the internet's influence on cognition. While Carr argues that the internet is indeed
responsible for rewiring our brain leading to negative implications, others believe that the internet
can be tailored to generate long–term benefits, and some believe that it there isn't enough
experimental evidence to support either side.
Nicholas Carr begins his argument by acknowledging our brain's plasticity – the ability for our brain
to readily adapt to the environment we live in (supported by the Scientific American). In the world
of new innovations and enhanced technology, the internet is the primary medium through which we
learn and communicate. Earlier, however, reading books was the dominant form to obtain
knowledge. Carr explains how early reading was "an extra cognitive burden", as our eyes moved
across the text in a constant motion of pausing and restarting to absorb the beginning and end of
each syntax and word as if were like "working out a puzzle". The neurons in our cortexes were

Cognition-Specific Interventions
interventions, which includes the cognitive training that is combined practicing ADL skills (Korner–
Bitensky et al., 2011). Most popular training of cognition during ADL or instrumental ADL tasks
was also conducted in Australian studies. However, when the definition was further defined to
indicate cognition–specific interventions, it does not relate to cognition. Regarding cognitive
interventions, the practitioners scarcely used words such as 'memory' and 'orientation' to describe
the practices. Thus, it shows the reason why practitioners hardly use computed–remediation, verbal
or picture instruction as their intervention. Despite the fact that this reveals the cognitive ideas that
clinicians are focusing on, there was no trace of the therapeutic

Essay On Cognition Enhancers
A common trend on college campuses is the use of performance enhancing drugs for both academic
and athletic motives. Most college students know of someone who abuses one of these drugs with
the most common being cognition enhancers like Adderall and Ritalin. (Greely 2008) These
medications are only available legally by prescription, therefore students are illegally dealing to
each other for the buying and selling of these drugs. Their purpose for using is to have an advantage
over their peers, despite these dealings being crimes in the United States. Hyperactivity disorder,
also known as ADHD, is what these prescriptions are intended for but in a healthy student the drugs
are used to stay up late, focus on their studies, enhance cognitive ... Show more content on
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(Ragan 2013) With Adderall being the most common drug misused, its purpose is not only too get
high or lose weight, but to gain academic advantages with help in concentrating and studying. As
the demands in schooling increase, there is a prevalent increase in the need for cognition enhancers
to gain an advantage in the academic setting. Cognition enhancers used by healthy students is
mainly focused in the academic side of college campuses. However, they are also abused in other
competitive settings such as athletics. Athletes use drugs like Adderall to battle their fatigue when
playing in games and during practices. This illegal act can lead to athletes being suspended, losing
scholarships, and being fined. Many times, in masculine sports, the use of performance enhancing
drugs can be more expected in male athletes. These athletes rely on their athletic performance as a
sense of identity and feel more pressured to accomplish their athletic goals. Nonmedical use of
Adderall was seen highest in wrestling and lacrosse which are masculine sports that have high
expectations. Females had no particular sport associated with the use of Adderall. This shows a link
between higher contact sports and the nonmedical use of Adderall. (Veliz 2015) Athletes don't just
use cognition enhancers on the field, but many student athletes take the medications after games or
practices to be

Schemas: Psychology and Social Cognition
Schema Theory
1. Introduction
A schema contains both abstract knowledge and specific examples about a particular social object. It
'provides hypotheses about incoming stimuli, which includes plans for interpreting and gathering
schema–related information. Schemas therefore give us some sense of prediction and control of the
social world. They guide what we attend to, what we perceive, what we remember and what we
infer. All schemas appear to serve similar functions – they all influence the encoding (taking in and
interpretation) of new information, memory for old information and inferences about missing
information. Not only are schemas functional, but they are also essential to our well–being. A
dominant theme in social cognition ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2. Stereotypes schemas is the concepts and assumptions about particular groups of people – e.g.,
your concepts of gender (gender schemas); older generations; foreigners; bankers; businessmen;
professors; etc. 3. Self–schemas are the concept of your own self, which consists of different sub–
schemas for different aspects of your identity, and for different social roles and situations. Self–
schemas are cognitive representations about us that organize and process related information
(Markus, 1977). They develop from self–descriptions and traits that are salient and important to our
self–concept. They can be described as components of self–concept that are central to our identity
and self–definition. E.g. people who value independence highly are said to be self–schematic.
4. Role schemas concepts of proper behaviors or expected behavior in given situations.
Different self–schemas become activated depending on the changing situations and contexts in
which we find ourselves (Markus & Kunda, 1986; Markus & Wurf, 1987). You will have
schemas for your real self and also for your 'ideal' and 'ought' selves (Higgins, 1987).
The process of categorization is central to schema theory and to other theoretical approaches.
Borrowed from cognitive psychology and the pioneering work of Eleanor Rosch, the process of
categorization refers to how we identify stimuli and group them as members of one category,

Information Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition
Information Processing Theory: Influencing Cognition
Historically, viable theoretical models have been developed and applied throughout the history of
the field of psychology in an attempt to better understand how the human mind receives, processes,
stores, and retrieves information. Understanding how the human brain receives, processes, stores,
and recalls information is significantly important to psychological research of cognitive
development and identifying deficiencies in learning. The vast compilation of theoretical views
regarding brain functioning and cognitive development are sometimes overwhelming and
contradictory, however a basic framework from valid and reliable theoretical views appears to be
dominant among the masses. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Consequently, such theories have suggested modalities that may be employed to administer and
command instructional and environmental stimuli.
Modern Application. The information processing theory has been an instrumental model for creating
developmental foundation in the education field and in neurological inconsistencies or deficiencies
in learning and memory. Modern psychologists no longer accept the concept that the process of
learning is sequential or linear, and cognitive neuroscience research suggests that the information
processing model doesn't accurately reflect actual neurological processes. More current theories,
e.g. the parallel distributed processing model of cognition, reveal neuroscience evidence which may
explain some, if not all, of the immense velocity and affluence of human cognition. "The parallel–
distributed processing model states that information is processed simultaneously by several different
parts of the memory system, rather than sequentially as hypothesized by Atkinson–Shiffrin as well
as Craik and Lockhart" (Huit, 2003).
Conclusion. Several theories, regarding information processing, center on diverse aspects of
receiving, encoding, storing and retrieving information. Most

Meta-Cognition and Social Cognition
Meta–Cognition and Social Cognition
Amy L Walker
Grand Canyon University: PSY–354
September 27, 2015
Meta–cognition and social cognition both influence interpersonal behaviors by using knowledge,
personal beliefs, and views and beliefs of others around us. Meta–cognition is how we view our own
self and process to create the best me that we can be. Social cognition is what we perceive about
others around and how it affects how we view ourselves and others. Every person needs to have
both to complete the person they are.
Meta–Cognition
Knowledge and beliefs about one's own cognitive processes, as well as efforts to regulate them
cognitive processes to maxing learning and memory ( McDevitt, 2013). Each person has their own
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Like if Suzie did really well speaking in front of the class and had a positive response from her
classmates and teacher, the next time she has to speak in front of them she will be more relaxed
because she now believes it was perceived well. Students and adults use others reactions to guide us
on what we should or should not do in everyday situations. Most people and students want to be
socially accepted from their peers. This acceptance guides their thinking and beliefs. Social
cognition affects our meta–cognition everyday because of the desire to fit in with others. We use
others views of us to decide our self worth. They become more and more intertwined as a student
grows and notices more and more of what others are thinking about them. Students learn from
watching others specifically at a young age, and they apply what they have been watching to what
they are doing (Eggen, 1999). How people react to that will create the memory either good or bad.
These memories are what they will call on when it comes time to repeat the action or not. Student
interpersonal behaviors use both meta–cognition and social cognition to create who they are and
how they relate to others around them.
References
Eggen, P., & Kauchak, D. (1999). Educational Psychology: Windows on Classrooms (4th ed.).
Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Merrill Prentice Hall.
McDevitt, T., & Ormrod, J. (2013). Child Development and Education (5th ed.). Pearson

How Important are Emotions in Human Cognition? Essay
For many people, they live their lives based on emotions. Emotions of happiness, love, success, and
many more, could possibly be the most satisfying feelings. Except we commonly experience
unpleasant emotions. There are emotions of anger, hatred, sadness, and disgrace. A very important
question in the understanding of the human mind and highly related to cognitive science, is how do
these emotions affect human cognition and the impact on our abilities to be rational? To tackle this
question, we need to understand what emotions are, but not solely in the manner we are all familiar
with, we need to understand them from a cognitive nature involving our physiology, psychology,
and environment. Cognition, according to the Oxford definition ... Show more content on
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Over the last 2 decades it has been understood that collaboration of different areas play a huge role
understanding human behavior. In the other hand, being rational, according to the Oxford definition,
is "being able to think sensibly or logically. Using reason and logic". If emotions did not affect our
rationality, how can we possibly have so much crime and at the same time, so much success from
others? The same answer is applied to this part of the question; emotions alone do not affect our
rationality. It is a complex system of interconnected networks including emotions, cognitions,
physiology, psychology and more.
Alternatives Some view emotions as problem–solving abilities allowing us to be ready for action,
and thereby not getting lost in thought when action is required (Frijda 1986). Therefore, our
emotions would allow problem solving by focusing attention on aspects of a situation that matter
most. By doing this, emotions provide the readiness for action. Could this possibly explain our
different temperaments during different situations? When presented in an alarming situation, we
notice changes that influence our actions. We suddenly redirect our attention to that situation of
interest. This has been referred to as the focus of our attention from a summary of appraisals, to
arrive

Language and Cognition
Language and Cognition
Axia College of the University of Phoenix
PSY360
September 12, 2011
Language and Cognition Language is considered unique among humans. Language, as defined
below, occurs only among the human species and does not exist elsewhere in the animal kingdom.
Therefore, the study of how humans learn, process, and create meaning from linguistic utterances
and the written word is a central feature of cognitive psychology. The many questions that arise
from this line of research include whether language is a separate faculty apart from cognition or if
language is a product of our general cognitive abilities (Harris, n. d.). To examine language in the
context of cognition, it is necessary to arrive at a working ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Words are also interpreted in terms of context. In addition, "people recognize words through a
matching process in which a spoken word is compared with a mental dictionary called a lexicon that
contains representations of all the words they know (Willingham, 2007 p. 453). This important to
cognitive system because once a phoneme string is found to match an entry in the lexicon, other
properties including spelling and meanings can then be accessed. Lexical decisions are subject to
priming. The lexicon can be primed by a word so that related words will more quickly come to
mind. Disambiguation of sentences first requires that the words be placed in a logical order.
Changing the order of the words can radically alter the meaning of a sentence. Psychologists refer to
the psychological mechanism that recognizes phrase structure as the parser. It is the function of the
sentence parser to process phrase structure. The parser may be guided by "syntactic factors (key
words, minimal attachment, recency), frequency, and semantics (i.e., meaning) (Willingham 2007 p.
460). According to Willingham (2007), the two key aspects that help people to understand text are
making inferences from the text and seeking coherence within the text. Making inferences is a
process of filling in information not specifically stated within the text. The inferences are generally
made based on the reader's prior experiences. The search for coherence is the process comparing

Links Between Cognition And Language
There are a number of links between cognition and language that form important links. These links
are illustrated well, specifically in terms of spatial organization, fire, hunting and cooperative
provisioning, within the context of the Gesher Benot Ya'aqov.
Gesher Benot Ya'aqov (GBY) is an archaeological site Dated to approximately 780 kya. It provides
evidence to support the notion that early hominids were making fires, and spatially organising their
lives in a social manner, deliberately around and based upon hearths. Firstly, spatial organisation
entails placing and structuring living and working spaces deliberately and consciously, in a manner
that amplifies the functionality of the beings within a specific environment. Archaeologists have
mapped this specific site through the use of kernel density. The kernel density of burnt and unburnt
microliths illustrate that specific parts or sections of the site were used exclusively for performing
specific tasks. For example, we can map and see that according to burnt and unburnt fish bones, that
fish were processed at the norther part of the site while they were cooked at the southern part of the
site. Through this, we can see deliberate spatial allocations of land to be used for specific tasks. This
is very important as it also illustrates important links to language and cognition in the following
ways.
A certain level of cognitive complexity is required for such manipulation of the environment. It
would have been far more

Cognition: False Memories
Cognition: False Memories Roediger and McDermott (1995) conducted a laboratory demonstration
of false memory to what came to be known as DRM (Deese–Roediger–McDermott) task. What is
interesting from this experiment is that false memories are linked with the memory of something
that did not happen. Therefore, regarding content accuracy, the performance would be exactly what
we would expect. For instance, in the DRM task, the participants were given words like bed, rest,
awake, pillow, and sleep, and immediately, sleep was the word which came in their mind because
those words are associated with sleep. However, the technical accuracy is poor since they said sleep
due to their understanding of the provided list but they could not differentiate

Margret Willson's 'Cognition Is Situated'
Out of the primary six claims numbers one, two, three, and five, as it stands, are proven to be true
assuming their usefulness is analyzed in terms of their range of applicability. The sixth claim is the
least documented of the claims as it is the most difficult to simulate without actually perusing the
practice. Lastly, in line with the fifth claim we find the most problematic claim, having been
documented the most and tested more than any other claim. (Wilson)
The first claim stating "Cognition is Situated" is explained as such: 'cognitive activity takes place in
the context of a real world environment, and it inherently involves perception and action' (Wilson).
Claim two states "Cognition is time pressured" as stated by Margret willson 'We

Psychology Is The Scientific Investigation Of The Human...
Cognition Psychology is the scientific investigation of the human cognition. It deals with all our
mental abilities. The major focus on the cognition psychology is on the way people acquire
knowledge and apply it.
The mental abilities that constitute cognitive psychology are:
Perceiving
Learning
Remembering
Thinking,
Reasoning
Understanding. The first element in cognitive psychology is bases on perception. It is the ability to
perceive information and end up giving the right interpretation according to someone 's reasoning
capacity as a human being. The ability to perceive information in one 's brain is the beginning of
cognitive ability. The ability to keep memory of the perceived things in the brain is the element of
remembering. The ability of remembering is based on the ability to learn. Learning is a process of
aligning information in a systematic way that helps in easy retrieval at need. Learning is the basis of
all cognitive elements. The element of thinking and reasoning is vital in cognitive psychology for it
helps in ordering the already learnt elements of life and be in a capacity to remember them. Method
In order to achieve the objectives of the experiments it is good to apply several mechanisms and
models of previous researcher to help in the research. The first model that is useful in measuring
cognitive ability is the utilization of the Donders

Social Cognition Research Paper
Abstract
Social cognition is the zone of social brain science that inspects how individuals see and consider
their social world. Research on negative deduction and emotional wellness has been censured as
concentrating solely on attribute like individual contracts and overlooking potential social impacts.
In any case, little advance has been made in concentrating on social impacts. Pessimistic musings
are created by imbued designs identified with our own convictions: about self–regard, security, cash,
individuals, life, and everything else. Negative considerations, words, and demeanor make negative
and troubled sentiments, dispositions and conduct. At the point when the psyche is negative, toxic
substances are discharged ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, our battle or flight reaction kicks into manage the anxiety. Our brains are pre–wired to
react to negative occasions, words and conduct more rapidly than we do to the inverse (Karoly &
Newton, 2006). When we think decidedly, our cerebrum expect that everything is under control and
no activity is required. The issue is that our brains are great at gaining from awful encounters yet
awful at gaining from great encounters. Negative intuition doesn't add to our lives; rather it
diminishes (Karoly & Newton, 2006). Some widely recognized impacts of negative thinking
include, Feeling down. The degree of negative sentiments can go from resentment, dissatisfaction,
crabbiness, to even tension and misery, going through numerous different emotions, none of them
wonderful. Some physical impacts take a toll as well. The body brings down its barriers, as
pessimism subtracts from our vitality. As a result of the passionate negative state we're in, it's
likewise less demanding to see oneself less appealing and not enjoy our physical needs.
Additionally, an amazing negative passionate state can bring about dietary issues: from overeating
to a complete absence of voracity and not eating enough (and not thinking about it). Basically, when
we stay thinking negative, we pull in negative feelings and occasions. Along these lines when one is
in a negative

The Effects Of Oxytocin On Social Cognition
The effects of oxytocin on social cognition in schizophrenia
Tonya English
Chamberlain College of Nursing
NR 320: Mental Health
May 2015
The effects of oxytocin on social cognition in schizophrenia "Schizophrenia is a serious mental
illness associated with substantial social and occupational dysfunction. While positive psychotic
symptoms of schizophrenia often respond to anti– psychotic medications, negative symptoms and
cognitive impairments are difficult to treat, necessitating novel interventions" (Davis et al., 2013).
This article looks deeper at social cognition. Social cognition can be defined as the mental
operations that underlie social interactions, including perceiving, interpreting, and generating
responses to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
OT is a nine–amino acid peptide that, in addition to its role in the periphery for regulating lactation
and uterine contractions, functions centrally as a neurotransmitter involved in multiple aspects of
social behavior. Given the role of OT in social behavior, and the prominent deficits in social
functioning in schizophrenia, a handful of studies have examined the OT system in schizophrenia.
Patients with schizophrenia may have altered baseline levels of OT that correlate with symptoms.
Specifically, it has been found that lower levels of baseline plasma OT predict negative symptoms
and also predict the ability of patients with schizophrenia to identify facial expressions" (Davis et
al., 2013).
In this study, the participants used were twenty–four males between the ages of 18 and 56. They
were brought from the VA Greater LA Healthcare System (VAGLAHS) and they met the DSM
criteria for schizophrenia. "Subjects were clinically stable as indicated by: no psychiatric
hospitalizations in the past 6 months; adherent to antipsychotic medication with dosages not varying
by >25% over 3 months prior to participation; at least 6 months since any indication of potential
danger to self or others; no acute medical problems; and chronic medical conditions consistently
treated and stable for >3 months. Exclusion criteria were mental retardation; treatment with

Cognitive Dissonances Of Cognitions
What are cognitions? It is a way of knowing, believing, judging, and thoughts (West & Turner,
2014, p. 110). Leon Festinger used the theory of Cognitive Dissonance to explain imbalances of
cognitions. So Cognitive Dissonance simply is the discomfort that is caused by holding conflicting
cognitions. The theory argues that dissonance is an uncomfortable feeling that motivates people to
take steps to reduce it (West & Turner, 2014, p. 110). The reason to for wanting to reduce it is
because when people are in the state of dissonance and may feel dread, anger, guilt, or
embarrassment. As a result, people will often ignore views that oppose their own, change their
beliefs to match their actions (or vice versa), and/or seek reassurances after making

How Bilingualism Affects Cognition And Whether Or Not The...
As time has progressed, a new era of multiculturalism has arisen and with it has come the ability (or
requirement) to learn more than one language, or in other words, becoming a bilingual or
multilingual individual. However, with this new trend, controversy has arisen as to how this affects
performance in terms of cognitive abilities. The purpose of this essay is to find out to how
bilingualism affects cognition and whether or not the effects are positive. Cognitions is the term
used to describe the process of knowing, reasoning and remembering. Many researchers have set out
to solve this contentious mystery. For years, it was believed that a bilingual individual meant that
one was at a disadvantage when compared to their monolingual ... Show more content on
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History of Bilingual Research
In the early and mid–20th century, there was a notion between researchers and the public alike that
bilinguals were not equivalent in terms of cognitive abilities when compared to monolinguals. Harsh
statements such as the one by Epstein (1995) said that bilingualism was a "social plague" and that it
was "a hardship devoid of apparent advantage," (Yoshioka, 1929), as cited in Hakuta & Diaz (1985).
The research conducted in their time concluded, "Bilingualism acted as a handicap that affected a
person for their life in terms of cognitive development and intellectual advancement," (Saer, 1940).
However, it should be noted that the early studies that were conducted had many limitations. For
example, whether or not the person was actually fluent in their second language was not a criterion
in sample collections. In some extreme cases, the extent of one's bilingualism was measure by
where they lived, surnames, and the extremeness of the parents' foreignness. Another weakness
present in the methods implemented by these early researchers was that the social and economic, or
socioeconomic state of the subject was not accounted or adjusted for as observed by Mcarthy
(1930). She found that the majority of the bilingual children present in these early studies were
those of immigrant laborers while the monolinguals

Icarus : The Architecture And Underlying Theory Of Cognition
Icarus as well as SOAR and ACT–R are based on production systems which is a uniting feature
most full cognitive architecture. The architecture and underlying theory of cognition for ICARUS is
based on Langley et al. [1991]; Choi et al. [2004] and is aimed to create a unified theory of
cognition [Newell, 1994]. Instead of using chunks or operators, ICARUS uses concepts and skills to
drive their system and the controlled cognitive agent. The system provides short and long–term
memory, as well as a learning mechanisms for new skills and concepts. Concepts on the one side
describe environmental situations by either referencing other concepts or by taking perceptual
information acquired by the system in account. Skills on the other side specify how to achieve goals
set by the system. They can be achieved by decomposing them into sub–goals until primitive actions
are reached within the goal hierarchy. ICARUS uses hierarchies for concepts and skills to create
complex behaviour. Both skills and concepts work hand in hand to approach cognitive tasks
splitting knowledge similar to SOAR and ACT–R into declarative and procedural knowledge.
The system operates within an environment by interpreting perceptual informa– tion and storing
those interpretations as descriptions in the short–term memory. The descriptions represent beliefs
about said environment. Figure 2–22 illustrates an in– terpretation of the ICARUS architecture
based on Langley et al. [1991]; Choi et al.
[2004]. ICARUS can

Causal Cognition Analysis
In the article, Culture and Causal Cognition, the main psychological behavior that is being
investigated are the behavior of humans in different cultures and how they perceive and react to
causal cognition. People from different cultures have different causal beliefs which would change
the way that they view the world and perceive different objects. For example, a person in the United
States would view the world by the specific objects that he or she says, on the other hand, a person
from Asia would view the same scene but they would so many of the details and imagery that is
around the object instead of the object entirely by itself. In this article, the causal reasoning of the
United States and Asia are compared just to show how different ... Show more content on
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Viewing a certain object in an event and focusing only on its characteristics and details. The ancient
Greek trait was transferred down to the American culture. The Americans have not seen any flaws
with their ancestor's perceptions, so there was no need to change the way that they view certain
events. Also, according to the article, the ancient Greeks were very individualistic. Which meant
that they mostly relied on themselves and they were independent. Those Greeks being
individualistic would give them the idea that their views on other things should also show
individualism. The object is also independent, only it could determine the causes that lead to certain
results. Similar situation with the eastern Asians. The ancient Chinese had been visualizing their
events in the holistic perspective. Viewing an object based on its surroundings and how the object's
behavior is related to the "field", basically the environment is the cause for the consequences of the
object rather than the object itself. Also, The Chinese ancestors were very cooperative with each
other also made them perceive that the objects in an event must be influenced by some other
environmental cause that is making the object have a certain consequence. Any countries ancestry or
culture will affect how the people of that country view the certain events that happens around the
world. Everyone will have different

The Impact Of Social Communication On The Areas Of Social...
In the Fall of 2014, I observed weekly therapy sessions with a four–year–old boy diagnosed with
Autism Spectrum Disorder. The client was enrolled in an early childhood classroom and was having
difficulties independently participating in preschool activities due to his deficits in social skills, as
well as receptive and expressive language. More specifically, the client's deficits in social skills
consisted of problems employing eye contact, turn–taking, joint attention, and theory of mind. This
case has inspired me to examine the literature on developmental milestones of social
communication in children from birth to age four. Social communication consists of social
interaction, social cognition, pragmatics, and expressive and receptive ... Show more content on
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This ability to perceive, think about, understand, and interact with other people is known as social
cognition (Bennett, 1993). From a young age, children try to understand complex social situations
and eventually, anticipate and even control what the people around them do (Bennett, 1993).
Effective communication involves understanding and making inferences about others' mental states
such as their knowledge, beliefs, intentions, desires, and emotions (Bennett, 1993). This
understanding of mental states is an aspect of social cognition known as Theory of Mind (Bennett,
1993). Theory of mind is important for social interaction in order to understand and predict the
actions and behaviors of the people around us (Martin & McDonald, 2003). In past research, it has
been argued that children possess a theory of mind (Bennett, 1993). However, the questioning does
not stop here. The notion that children have theory of mind leads researchers to ask additional
questions such as: To what extent do children actually understand the mental states of others? When
do children begin to acquire this knowledge of mind and how does this knowledge develop?
Wellman (1990) and Perner (1991) both claim that infants do not possess theory of mind. Perner
(1991) argues that the social awareness, joint attention, and emotional awareness seen in 9–12
month olds does not require understanding of adults' mental states,

Analysis Of The Article ' The Bounds Of Cognition '
This paper will make critiques of arguments made by Fred Adams and Kenneth Aizawa in their
article The Bounds of Cognition, as well as Sean Allen–Hermanson's Superdupersizing the Mind:
Extended Cognition as the Persistence of Cognitive Bloat. The purpose of this paper will be to
address a few of the attacks in defence of Clark and Chalmers' extended mind theory (EMT) by
critiquing each author's respective arguments. To preface this paper, a brief introduction of Clark
and Chalmers' extended mind theory is in order . The essential core of EMT is that the mind extends
beyond the skin into the environment. This implies that various facets of the environment can be
incorporated into the mind when interacted with in certain situations. For ... Show more content on
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Their example of the relationship between kidneys and the circulatory system seems to hold some
merit, it shows that although there is a coupled, causal system, in which the kidneys are interacting
with the circulatory system to complete a task that could not be done by a single part of the system.
The kidneys require the circulatory system to filter toxins, but the kidneys are not the circulatory
system, they are two distinct entities within the relationship. This implies that an individual's
interactions with the environment are not extended, however this does not apply to language.
Language is incorporated into the internal processes of the mind even when not coupled to a
tangible subsystem within the environment. How is it that parts of the environment can be
symbolized through words, and interact causally within the mind to represent concepts and think
without the extension of the mind into the environment? At any given time, I can think of the Grand
Canyon, a small town in Italy, or my Christmas coffee mug without having the physicality of that
thing in front of me. If my mind is not fully extended into the cognitive tool that is language, what is
the distinct subsystem that my mind is coupling with to conjure these representations? To phrase this

Cognition Essay
COGNITION
Cognition has significant ties to the brain function, this leads to strong association. Although the
brain is greatly impacted in a run, cognition is not in young adults. Cognition is benefited in those
who are "losing it" possible of age–relation, like those with dementia or heading there (Stroth,
2009). Middle age is when the cognition can start to be impacted because exercise seems to
decrease tissue loss in areas around the brain. With the loss of tissue a counterside to not exercising,
exercise for the middle age can be even more beneficial than it is to teens. The brain faces new
challenges as people hit middle age including; pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as
dementia. The relationship to young ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Animals are used in many experiments, including those on seeing how the brain is impacted in
different ways from specific activity. The process of neural adaptation alongside exercise come
together and increase the regional blood flow. The increase in levels of brain–derived neurotrophic
factor (BDNF), with upregulation of genes is identified with cellular plasticity. These changes occur
in the metabolism and of important neurotransmitters including serotonin and dopamine, which are
crucial for cognitive functions and for the best effects. Stimulations of neurogenesis in an adult
brain from physical activity has resulted in more efficient, plastic and adaptive brain to extend onto
better learning and performance in animal adults.
The brain is an important part of research to many, especially when in the investigation stage. There
was another study done, not on animals but on young adults with moderate aerobic training at
individual levels at certain intensities to see what different effects could possibly be. The effects that
the study was focusing on was obvious potential positive effects, specifically in cognitive function.
Lactate threshold is commonly used for labs, to test and see if the heart rate is high, or too high from
the intensity level that the workout is at. The threshold model comes from multiple studies that
show significant improvements among the individuals who were untrained. The results of the
untrained

Situated Cognition
Situated cognition is "the notion of learning knowledge and skills in contexts that reflect the way
they will be used in real life" (Brown, Collins, & Duguid, 1989). A close relative of cognitive
apprenticeship and constructivism, this concept encourages educators to construct an environment
that mimics as closely as possible the setting in which their instruction will actually be put to use.
Whereas cognition and the situation it was learned in had historically been considered separate
entities, they are now thought to be indivisible from one anther. When students get feedback from
within their learning setting, an improved learning experience occurs. When provided the
opportunity and framework for feedback and revision, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Technology tools provide "the means through which individuals engage and manipulate both
resources and their own ideas" (Hannafin, Land, & Oliver, 1999, p. 128).
The four broad principles of learning, that it occurs in context, is active, is social and is reflective,
offer a framework for how technology can support instruction (Driscoll, 2002). Therefore,
interactive multimedia has clear possibilities for producing rich learning environments which the
student can explore at will (Marra and Jonassen, 1993). Technology can facilitate learning by
providing real world contexts that engage learners in solving complex problems. For example,
SimCity teaches learners how to build and manage aspects of a city, and with the Voyage of Mimi,
students can explore sea life and solve problems while learning about whales (Driscoll, 2002). The
use of multimedia is quite beneficial to getting learners mentally involved in learning activities,
generating connections between what they already know and what they are being asked to learn, and
constructing meaning from their experiences.
Of course, technology by itself does not guarantee learning. Rather, understanding principles of
learning, using the technological tools available and applying the theories of situational cognition
are a good way to begin. Getting learners mentally involved in their own learning activities and
generating connections between what

Power Poses And Their Effect On Cognition
Power Poses and their Effect on Embodied Cognition
Brandon Farley
Washington State University Vancouver
Abstract
The current study was conducted to delve deeper into the relationship between muscular changes
and subjects reported embodied cognitions. Thus was expected that power poses would have a
significant increase on subject's academic–related self–esteem. Subjects were 33 undergraduate
students in an undergraduate psychology research methods course (males=9, females=24).
Participants were split into 2 randomized groups, no–pose control group vs. power pose group. The
control group was asked to relax as they wished, whereas the power pose group viewed images of
different poses of which to imitate from. Experimental subjects copied 2 different power poses
while holding the pose for 1 minute each. All participants rated questions regarding feeling
frustrated about performance, how likely they are to feel self–conscious. Opposite to the current
hypothesis, results showed that power pose condition showed similar amounts of self–esteem as the
no pose–condition group did. Results indicate more investigation into power poses and their effects.
Keywords: self–esteem, power pose, embodied cognitions
Power Poses and their Effect on Embodied Cognition Scientists have been trying to study the
relationship between physical positions and emotions. The interaction between the mind and body is
an everyday ongoing phenomena. Every day the mind can influence the body and the

Human Cognition And Its Effects On The Environment
An attention blink is a situation in which visual stimuli are presented in quick succession with very
little time interval between the successive stimuli such that you do not perceive the second stimuli.
In the environment we live in, there are thousands or millions of stimuli. Human cognition system
also has a number of highly sensitive perception mechanisms that identify and characterize stimuli
from its environment. However, humans use the concept of concentration and attention to perceive
only significant stimuli from their environment. In this context, it is of great importance to define
attention. Attention refers to the process of focusing or concentrating one or more human perception
or cognitive systems on a specific stimuli (Livesey, Harris, & Harris, 2009). Attention can be made
on a stimulus or the effect of the stimulus on the individual as quantified or characterized by the
cognitive element.
The Online Cognition Lab evaluates the potential of human cognitive systems by exposing them to
a succession of letters. Given the speed of succession, it is most likely that people do not get to see
the second letter presented. This is primarily a factor of variation in time. The probability of getting
to see or perceive the second letter depends on the time we take to become attentive enough to see
the second letter. Human cognition systems have a threshold time with which they take to pay
attention to a particular stimuli. Take for example the human eye. After seeing

The Amygdala And Social Cognition
1. What does the amygdala contribute to social cognition? Choose two or three specific social
cognitive processes and review the evidence in support of amygdala participation. (Please note that
you DO NOT need to read outside of our articles.
The importance of the amygdala in social cognitions has been examined in both primate and human
studies. Use of primates to study the social brain suggests that the amygdala contributes to social
cognition. Kluver and Bucy made large bilateral lesions in monkey brains made across the
amygdala, temporal neocortex, and surrounding structure. After the lesion, the animals engaged in
hypersexual behaviors, unusual tameness, and a lack of knowledge about emotional stimuli. Lesions
exclusively targeting the monkey's amygdala resulted in similar, but more subtle impairments. This
suggest that the amygdala may play a role in emotions elicited by social cues. Studies of the
amygdala's role in human social cognition suggest that the temporal lobes process socially relevant
facial information from humans. Emotions from facial expressions, in particular fear are projected
to the amygdala. Studies using FMRI to examine typical subjects and subjects with amygdala
damage support this theory. Individuals with amygdala damage have difficulty recognizing facial
expressions, specifically negative emotions such as fear.
Findings from animal and human studies further suggest that the amygdala processes stimuli that are
ambiguous and for which additional

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