This is all about Writing skills in science. The PPT explains the methods of writing and some tools available online for writing. Hope you find it good and interesting

1. SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITING
SHALINI JAUHARI JAIN

2. TYPES OF WRITING
Types of
writing
Academic
Writing
Scientific
Writing
Technical
Writing

3. WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC WRITING
• Scientific writing is a technical form of writing that is designed to
communicate scientific information to other scientists.
• The main objective of scientific writing is to record data.
• Without a written record of the findings and observations of researchers,
no proof exists that any research was conducted by them, and valuable
information obtained after a lot of effort may be lost.

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Good scientific writing is:
• Clear - it avoids unnecessary detail;
• Simple - it uses direct language, avoiding vague or complicated sentences.
Technical terms and jargon are used only when they are necessary for
accuracy
• Impartial - it avoids making assumptions (Everyone knows that ...) and
unproven statements (It can never be proved that ...). It presents how and
where data were collected and supports its conclusions with evidence

5. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SCIENTIFIC WRITING
Good scientific writing is:
• Structured Logically - Ideas and processes are expressed in a logical order.
The text is divided into sections with clear headings
• Accurate - It avoids vague and ambiguous language such as about,
approximately, almost
• Objective - Statements and ideas are supported by appropriate evidence
that demonstrates how conclusions have been drawn as well as
acknowledging the work of others.

6. TYPES OF WRITING
Types of
writing
Research
Article
Book
Writing
Grant Proposals
Writing

7. RESEARCH ARTICLE / PAPERS
• A research article reports the results of original research, assesses its
contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area, and is published in
a peer-reviewed scholarly journal.
• Usually a small piece of study is presented .

8. RESEARCH ARTICLE / PAPERS
• A research article describes the design, methods, and results of an
original study performed by the authors.
• The kind of study may vary (it could have been an experiment, survey,
interview, etc.), but in all cases, raw data have been collected and
analyzed by the authors, and conclusions drawn from the results of that
analysis.

9. REVIEW ARTICLES/ PAPERS
• Review Articles provide a comprehensive summary of research on a
certain topic, and the current state of understanding on a topic.
• A review article surveys and summarizes previously published studies,
rather than reporting new facts or analysis.
• Review articles are sometimes also called survey articles or, in news
publishing, overview articles

10. REVIEW ARTICLES/ PAPERS
• They are often written by leaders in a particular discipline after invitation
from the editors of a journal.
• Reviews are often widely read (for example, by researchers looking for a
full introduction to a field) and highly cited.
• Reviews commonly cite approximately 100 primary research articles.

11. BOOK CHAPTERS
• Book chapters are different from journal articles as many of these aren’t peer reviewed and
therefore aren’t subject to as many changes and corrections as you could expect from
articles.
• The expected audiences is usually the students so it summarizes the facts of the given topic.
• Should have a definite length and is more deep and wide.
• Chapter carries all the aspects of the particular topic.
• Should follow the guidelines of both the press and the editors’ guide (style, punctuation,
citation formatting, etc.).

12. GRANT PROPOSALS

13. WRITINGS
• Academic Writings: Summary of article, Report, Result of an
experiment, Essays, translations etc.
• Scientific writing: Research Papers, Review Papers etc.
• Technical Writing: Users Mannuals, Software installation guides,
operating procedures service level agreements, documents etc.

14. KEY ELEMENTS TO ACHIEVE SCIENTIFIC PAPER
WRITING
• Precision
• Clarity
• Objectivity
• Subjectivity

15. PRECISED WRITING
• Words And Phrases Choice
• Example:
• Population density is positively correlated with disease transmission rate.
• Population density is positively related with disease transmission rate.

16. PRECISED WRITING
Figurative Language
• The animals were sacrificed on day 10.
• The animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on day 10.

17. PRECISED WRITING
• Level of details
• Rationale for experiment
• Materials and procedure of experiment
• Methods clarified
• Reader will follow the chain and logic

18. PRECISED WRITING
• QUANTIFY
• The rate of spread of infection was more in humid climate than in dry
climate.
• The rate of spread of infection was 10% more humidity 40% in
comparison to humidity 50%.

19. CLEAR WRITING LANGUAGE
Simple
• Effective
• Use
• Explain
• Close
• Enveloped
Complex
• Efficacious
• Utilize
• Elucidate
• Proximal
• Surrounded by a membrane

20. ABBREVIATIONS
• An abbreviation, simply put, is a shortened form of a word. In writing,
abbreviations are useful when you need to squeeze a lot of writing into a
small space.
• Leave it to the topic.
• Example: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA).
• Example: IMRaD

21. SENTENCE STRUCTURE
• Simple, short sentences with correct punctuations.
• Example:
• The osmoregulatory organ which is located at the base of the third dorsal spine on the
outer margin of the terminal papillae and functions by expelling excess sodium ions,
activates only under hypertonic conditions.
• Located on the outer margin of the terminal papillae at the base of the third dorsal spine,
the osmoregulatory organ expels excess sodium ions under hypertonic conditions.

22. VERBOSITY
• Verbosity or verboseness is speech or writing that uses more words than necessary
• Example:
• The fact that…..
• It should be noted here that the conditions remain similar….
• It is interesting to note…….
• Redundant Data (once used in earlier papers)
• Redundant words (whereas, again and again vice-versa)

23. CLARITY: SENTENCE VOICE
• Passive voice
• If have to use ‘I’ use ‘We’ (Acknowledgements)
• Never start with ‘We’ and ‘I’ is a big NO

24. LIMIT: LIMIT USING OVER GENERALIZATION.
• Weight loss is more observed during summers.
• Weight loss is more observed in this piece of observations. Citied in more
species as well.

25. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• Must be made in hierarchy.
• Funding agency
• Each organisation each person, lab and courtesy should be addressed.
• Friends and family can be added.
• Parents is a must.

26. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS CONTD.
• Use appropriate tone and form
• To thank Professor for his expert advice and encouragement…….
• Start with most important persons for the work
• To Thank …for their extraordinary support
• List other helpers
• For the collaboration and support of my colleagues

27. REFERENCES
• Proves that substantial research has been done to support our analysis .
• Enables others to follow up on our work .
• Gives credit to other people's work .
• Avoids charges of plagiarism.
• Required to support all significant statements.
• Used to indicate the origin of material & source for research & further reading.

28. REFERENCE ELEMENTS
• Authors name
• Article title
• Journal name
• Year
• Volume
• Page numbers

29. TYPES OF REFERENCES
• Journal Reference
• Book Reference
• Internet Reference

30. REFERENCE STYLES
• Harvard style of referencing.
• American Psychological Association style (APA) .
• Vancouver style.
• MLA citation style (modern language association ).
• The Chicago manual of style .
• Royal society of chemistry style.

31. HARVARD STYLE OF REFERENCING.
• Example
• 1. Padda, J. (2003) ‘Creative writing in coventry'. Journal of writing studies
3 (2), 44-59.
• 2. Lennernas, H. (1995) ‘Experimental estimation of the effective unstirred
water layer thickness in the human jejunum & its importance in oral drug
absorption’. Eur. J. pharm sci (3), 247-253.

32. • AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION STYLE
(APA)
• Alibali, M. W., Phillips, K. M., & Fischer, A. D. (2009). Learning new
problem-solving strategies leads to changes in problem representation.
Cognitive Development, 24, 89-101.

33. VANCOUVER STYLE
• Haas AN, Susin C, Albandar JM, et al. Azithromycin as a adjunctive
treatment of aggressive periodontitis: 12-months randomized clinical trial.
N Engl J Med. 2008 Aug; 35(8):696-704.
• Vancouver Style does not use the full journal name, only the commonly
used abbreviation: “New England Journal of Medicine” is cited as “N Engl
J Med”.

34. MLA CITATION STYLE (MODERN LANGUAGE
ASSOCIATION ).
• Matarrita-Cascante, David. "Beyond Growth: Reaching Tourism-Led
Development." Annals of Tourism Research 37.4 (2010): 1141-63. Print

35. THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE .
• Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s ” Classical Philology, 104
(2009): 440.

36. ROYAL SOCIETY OF CHEMISTRY STYLE.
• H. Yano, K. Abe, M. Nogi, A. N. Nakagaito, J. Mater. Sci., 2010, 45, 1–33.

37. EDITING AND PROOF READING
• Removing or adding…
• Making clear and concise sentences
• Restructuring paragraphs or sections
• Making the ideas logically flow
• Enough background information
• Adding sub headings and sentences to clearly signpost the structure.

38. TOOLS AVAILABLE…
• Tools Are Available For
• Grammar, Spelling And Vocabulary
• Handling References
• Plagiarism Check

39. TOOLS AVAILABLE…
• Zotero.
• Mendeley.
• EndNote.
• RefWorks.
• Citavi.
• PaperPile.
• JabRef.
• Papers.
Dr. Nader has collected over 700 tools that enable researchers to follow the
correct path in research and to ultimately produce high-quality research
outputs with more accuracy and efficiency.

40. REFRENCES
• Available online at: http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1294772
• https://www.grammarly.com/plagiarism-checker
• sydney.edu.au/students/writing/types-of-academic-writing.html
• writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/sciences

41. Thank you