Digital image fundamentals lecture1

1. Digital Image Processing
Chapter 1:
Digital Image Fundamentals

2. One picture is worth more than ten thousand
words

3. Need of digital image processing
• Interest in DIP from two principle application
areas:
• Improvement of pictorial information for
human interpretation
• And processing of image data for storage,
transmission, and representation for
autonomous machine perception.

4. • Image:
– Two dimensional function, f(x,y) x,y are spatial
coordinates. Amplitude of f at any pair of
coordinates(x, y) is called intensity or gray level of
image at that point.
• Digital Image: When x,y, and intensity values
of f are all finite, discrete quantities image is
called digital image.
• Digital image processing: Processing of
digital image by means of digital computer
Digital Image

5. • The continuum from image processing to
computer vision can be broken up into low-,
mid- and high-level processes
Mid Level Process
Input: Image
Output: Attributes
Examples: Object
recognition,
segmentation
Low Level
Process
Input: Image
Output: Image
Examples: Noise
removal, image
sharpening
High Level
Process
Input: Attributes
Output:
Understanding
Examples: Scene
understanding,
autonomous
navigation

6. Digital Images in Early Era
Printing industrial
Textile industrial
1921 Telegraphing image
1922: image
from
Photographic
reproduction
Using punched
tape
These images are not computerized processed.

7. Origins of DIP
• One of the first application of digital images
was in the newspaper industry, when pictures
were sent by submarine cable between London
and New York.
• Introduction of Bartlane cable picture
transmission system in the early 1920s reduced
the time required to transport a picture across
the Atlantic from more than one week to less
than three hours.

8. • Specialized printing equipment coded pictures
for cable transmission and then reconstructed
them at the receiving end.
• Early Bartlane systems-capable of coding
images in five distinct levels of gray
• In 1929 this capability was increased to 15
levels.

9. • Advances may be summarized as
• 1) Invention of transistor at BELL lab. In 1948
• 2) development of high level programming language
COBOL(1950s&1960s)
• 3) Invention of ICs at Texas Instruments.
• 4) Development of Operating systems in 1960s.
• 5) Development of Microprocessor by Intel in 1970s
• 6) Introduction of Personal Computers by IBM.
• 7) Progressive miniatuarazation of components,
starting with LSI (1970s),then VLSI(1980s)to the
present use of ULSI.

10. Digital Images in Early Era
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

11. Digital Image Processing in Early Space Projects
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

12. Energy Sources for Images
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

13. Gamma Ray
External source
Radioactive
isotope decay
Internal Source
Positron emission
Star
Nuclear reaction
Bone scan PET
Cygnus loop Reactor valve
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

14. X-Ray
Source : X-Ray tube
Star
Nuclear reaction
Cygnus loop
PCB
Chest
X-Ray
Head CT
Angiogram
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

15. Ultraviolet
Fluorescence
phenomenon
Normal corn Smut corm
Cygnus Loop (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

16. Visible Light and Infrared
Taxol
Cholesterol
Microprocessor
Nickel oxide
Thin film
?
Organic
superconductor
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

17. Washington
D.C.
Visible Light and Infrared
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

18. Multispectral Imaging
Hurricane Andrew
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

19. Nighttime light of the world
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

20. Nighttime light of the world (cont.)
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

21. Automated Visual Inspection
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

22. Automated Visual Inspection (cont.)
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

23. Microwave
Spaceborne Radar image
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

24. Magnetic
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

25. Multispectral images
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

26. Seismic imaging
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

27. Ultrasound imaging
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

28. Electron Microscope Images
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

29. Synthesis Images
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

30. (Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

31. General Purpose Image Processing System
(Images from Rafael C. Gonzalez and Richard E.
Wood, Digital Image Processing, 2nd Edition.

32. Companies In this Field In India
• Sarnoff Corporation
• Kritikal Solutions
• National Instruments
• GE Laboratories
• Ittiam, Bangalore
• Interra Systems, Noida
• Yahoo India (Multimedia Searching)
• nVidia Graphics, Pune (have high requirements)
• Microsoft research
• DRDO labs
• ISRO labs
• …