Presented by – Sejuti Basu; Manager – Research & Advocacy; PRAGYA Presented at – Multi-Stakeholder Consultative Workshop - Accelerating Renewable Energy Deployment in Rural Himalayas - hosted by PRAGYA (www.pragya.org) 21 July 2015 | India International Centre, New Delhi

1. RENEWABLE
ENERGY
DEMAND
IN
THE
HIMALAYAS
A
PRAGYA
SURVEY
Presented by – Sejuti Basu; Manager – Research & Advocacy; PRAGYA
Presented at – Multi-Stakeholder Consultative Workshop - Accelerating Renewable Energy Deployment in Rural Himalayas
- hosted by PRAGYA (www.pragya.org)
21 July 2015 | India International Centre, New Delhi

2. INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR THE SURVEY
๏ Annual
per-­‐capita
energy
consump9on
in
India
is
low
(1010
kWh
as
compared
to
4,000
kWh
in
China,
15,000
kWh
in
USA).
Comparable
data
for
high
Himalayas
were
not
available.
๏ Energy-­‐poverty
and
depriva9on
are
extremely
high
in
the
Himalayan
states
of
India;
literature
research
reveals
that
fuelwood
accounts
for
60
-­‐
80%
of
energy
consumed
in
the
region;
penetra9on
of
RE
is
limited
๏ Although
RE
technologies
are
economically
viable,
socially
beneficial
and
environmentally
safe,
there
is
low
diffusion
due
to
financial,
poli9cal
and
technological
challenges
๏ No
detailed
study
on
energy
consump9on
and
demand
paUerns
of
Himalayan
districts
were
available
๏ Assessment
of
energy
demand
for
households
and
key
commercial
sectors
(Agriculture/Tourism)
can
help
es9mate
the
poten9al
uptake
of
renewables
in
the
region

3. ๏ With
help
from
a
survey,
energy
consump9on
and
demand
paUerns
were
assessed
554
units
(household/agriculture/tourism)
across
66
villages
in
2
Himalayan
districts
๏ Within
the
district
sample
selec9on
ensured
coverage
of
villages
with
different
al9tude
belts,
access
condi9ons,
and
infrastructure.
๏ Within
the
villages,
stra9fied
random
sampling
ensured
coverage
of
households
from
different
economic
strata
(BPL,
middle
&
high
income),
different
family
sizes
(<4,
4-­‐8,
>8
members).
๏ Farmer
households
with
marginal(<1ha),
small
(1-­‐2ha),
medium
(2-­‐10
ha)
agricultural
landholdings
were
interviewed
๏ Data
was
collected
on
tourism
enterprises
of
various
size
and
in
different
loca9ons.
METHODOLOGY
STUDY PROCESS & SAMPLE
310
Households
191
Farm
Households
53
Tourism
Units

4. District
Household
Agriculture
Tourism
Total
Kinnaur
196
135
40
371
Leh
112
56
13
181
METHODOLOGY
STUDY PROCESS & SAMPLE
SAMPLES
SURVEYED
LEH
IDSTRICT,
JAMMU
&
KASHMIR
KINNAUR
IDSTRICT,
HIMACHAL
PRADESH

5. SURVEY FUNDINGS
OVERVIEW OF RESULTS

6. SURVEY FUNDINGS
RE PREFERENCE
๏ 41.79%
of
the
households
surveyed
in
Leh
and
Kinnaur
accepted
RE
as
a
beUer
alterna9ve
to
fossil
fuels
๏ 32.04%
of
the
respondents
were
also
in
favour
of
sefng
up
or
expanding
business
if
they
had
access
to
renewables
to
meet
this
addi9onal
energy
requirements
๏ Among
the
58.21%
that
did
not
favour
RE
the
common
concerns
were:
difficulty
in
maintenance,
high
ini9al
setup
cost,
non-­‐
availability
of
RE
equipment
๏ High
preference
levels
suggest
high
awareness
of
RE
amongst
the
surveyed
popula9on;
especially
in
Kinnaur
๏ It
is
not
evident
whether
the
acceptance
is
high
due
to
concern
over
environment
or
inadequate
grid
based
supply
RENEWABLE
ENERGY
PREFERENCE

7. SURVEY FUNDINGS
RE PREFERENCE
๏ Preference
for
renewables
were
higher
in
household
and
tourism
sectors,
than
in
agricultural
sector
๏ Respondents
in
Kinnaur
district
showed
more
preference
to
renewables
than
Leh
district
irrespec9ve
of
the
sectors;
especially
tourism
sector
in
Kinnaur
(72.5%
of
the
respondents)
showed
a
significant
preference
towards
renewables
ALL
RESPONDENTS
RESPONDENTS
BY
DISTRICT

8. SURVEY FUNDINGS
RE AWARENESS
AVAILED
GOVT
SCHEME
๏ Awareness
on
govt
schemes
promo9ng
renewables
were
poor
in
both
districts
in
spite
of
efforts
of
LREDA
(Ladakh
Renewable
Energy
Development
Authority),
HimUrja
(Himachal
Pradesh
Energy
Development
Agency)
and
promo9on
under
Na9onal
Solar
Mission
๏ Although
respondents
from
household
sector
appeared
more
aware
of
schemes
on
renewables,
56%
respondent
households
have
never
availed
any
RE
subsidy/govt
scheme
on
renewables;
23%
were
not
aware
of
any
such
provisions
๏ 71%
respondent
farmers
have
never
availed
any
RE
subsidy/govt
scheme
on
renewables
๏ A
staggering
82%
respondent
entrepreneurs
from
tourism
sector
have
never
availed
any
RE
subsidy/govt
scheme
on
renewables

9. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR
ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR

10. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR
Electricity
Shortage
in
Summer
17.4
hrs
Electricity
Shortage
in
Winter
17.7
hrs
๏ Per
capita
electricity
consump9on
in
target
districts
were
found
to
be
much
lower
compared
to
global
and
na9onal
average
๏ While
per
capita
electricity
consump9on
in
developed
countries
is
about
15,000
kWh/year,
in
India
it
stands
at
1,010
kWh/year.
In
Himalayan
districts
it
was
a
abysmal
377
kWh/year,
depic9ng
the
inequi9es
and
poor
developmental
status
in
the
region.
๏ The
surveyed
districts
also
recorded
high
shortage
of
electricity
supply
throughout
the
year
(power
outage
of
17+
hours
per
day),
thus
highligh9ng
the
scope
of
RE
uptake
๏ To
reach
the
na9onal
average
per
capita
consump9on
levels,
there
is
poten9al
demand
of
3,165
kWh
/
year
per
household
(8.6
kWh
per
day)
which
can
be
met
through
RE
to
avoid
high
distribu9on
cost
and
transmission
losses
in
case
of
grid
based
solu9ons.
DAILY
SHORTAGE

11. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR
๏ Dependence
on
grid
based
electricity
is
rela9vely
low
in
the
surveyed
districts
(28.14%)
given
the
lack
of
access,
frequent
outages,
irregular
supplies.
๏ Much
of
the
popula9on
depend
on
LPG,
kerosene
and
fuelwood
to
meet
the
energy
demand.
71.75%
demand
is
met
by
these
sources
๏ Renewables
make
up
only
0.11%
in
current
consump9on
paUern.
There
is
significant
scope
to
enhance
RE
penetra9on
to
replace
inefficient
and
high
emission
sources
๏ The
surveyed
cold
desert
Himalayan
districts
had
similar
energy
use
paUerns
vis-­‐à-­‐vis
the
sources
with
high
dependence
on
LPG
/
Kerosene
/
Fuelwood
๏ Kinnaur
district
had
higher
energy
consump9on
compared
to
Leh
from
all
sources
CONSUMPTION
BY
SOURCE

12. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR
๏ 900.41
kWh
per
household
per
year
(14%
of
the
total)
consump9on
of
energy
were
from
ligh9ng
requirements
๏ Cooking
and
Hea9ng
together
form
the
largest
share
(83%)
of
energy
consump9on;
there
is
an
immense
poten9al
for
uptake
of
RE/EE
technologies
to
meet
the
energy
deficit
and
for
emission
reduc9on,
minimising
indoor
air
pollu9on
๏ Both
districts
depicted
similar
energy
consump9on
paUern
for
ligh9ng,
cooking,
hea9ng,
entertainment
and
miscellaneous
use1
๏ Kinnaur
district
had
compara9vely
higher
energy
usage
of
energy
for
cooking;
Leh
district
had
higher
consump9on
for
ligh9ng
1
miscellaneous:
includes
use
of
refrigerator,
washing
machine,
iron,
mixer
grinder,
water
pump
and
other
household
equipments

13. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR - LIGHTING
92.70%
6.22%
0.81%
0.28%
๏ Of
the
energy
consump9on
for
ligh9ng
in
the
surveyed
households,
92.7%
was
from
use
of
incandescent
bulbs.
Only
6.22%
energy
used
were
through
CFL
bulbs.
There
was
no
presence
of
LED
bulbs
in
surveyed
households.
๏ This
indicates
extremely
low
penetra9on
of
energy
efficient
technologies
in
the
surveyed
districts.
๏ Kerosene
lamps
are
widely
used
but
have
low
energy
footprint1
although
they
are
highly
fuel
inefficient
and
their
carbon
footprint
is
very
high.
Solar
lanterns
are
used
but
only
sporadically
(0.28%
of
total
consump9on).
๏ There
is
a
very
high
poten9al
of
RE
powered
home
ligh9ng
kit
and
solar
lanterns
to
meet
the
energy
demand
and
replace
inefficient
technologies.
1
generates
only
30-­‐40
lumens
and
consumes
only
~
1
kWh
energy
over
a
year

14. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR - COOKING
๏ Of
the
energy
consump9on
for
cooking
in
the
surveyed
households,
92.84%
was
from
use
of
LPG.
In
Leh
35%
households
used
LPG,
while
in
Kinnaur
96.4%
households
used
LPG
and
several
of
them
had
more
than
one
connec9on.
๏ Fuelwood
stoves
were
he
next
commonly
used
op9on
with
47.5%
households
across
the
region
op9ng
for
this.
Inefficient
fuel
burning
however
means
that
energy
output
from
this
source
is
limited
(3.97%).
๏ Kerosene
stoves
are
used
by
9.6%
of
the
households.
Due
to
poor
and
unreliable
supply
of
electricity,
use
of
electrical
appliances
for
cooking1
were
negligible.
๏ The
survey
found
no
use
of
solar
cookers
of
other
renewable
powered
solu9ons.
Fuel
efficient
stoves
and
switch
to
renewables
can
reduce
dependence
on
fuelwood
and
kerosene
for
cooking.
1
electric
heater,
electric
keUle,
toaster,
microwave
oven
etc
92.84%
3.97%
3.19%

15. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR - HEATING
๏ Assessment
of
energy
consump9on
paUern
for
hea9ng
in
the
surveyed
households
revealed
that
66.34%
was
from
use
of
wood
stoves.
33.66%
energy
consumed
for
hea9ng
was
through
electric
and
LPG
powered
heaters.
๏ On
an
average
the
households
used
340
kg
wood
per
month
during
winter
for
hea9ng
purpose.
Although
some
of
it
is
available
via
Public
Distribu9on
system,
this
cons9tutes
a
significant
burden
on
women
who
are
primary
collectors
of
fuel
wood.
It
also
contributes
to
significant
indoor
air
pollu9on
levels,
and
resul9ng
respiratory
diseases.
๏ Shiq
to
energy
efficient
housing,
use
of
clean
energy
is
essen9al
in
the
region
to
reduce
high
dependence
on
fuelwood
and
resul9ng
ecological
degrada9on
and
to
improve
health
condi9ons.
66.34%
33.66%
CONSUMPTION
BY
SOURCE

16. ๏ 7
villages
(41%
of
surveyed
villages)
in
Leh
district
did
not
have
electricity
for
15
hours
a
day
๏ About
25
villages
(51%
of
surveyed
villages)
in
Kinnaur
district
had
no
electricity
for
around
18
hours
a
day
in
winters
๏ Household
energy
usage
for
ligh9ng
faced
a
shortage
of
2.7
hours
per
day
in
summer
and
1.93
hours
per
day
in
winter
compared
to
the
desired
usage
of
the
respondents
in
Leh
๏ The
Leh
region
receives
320
days
of
clear
sunlight
with
a
DNI
of
5.36
to
5.5
kWh/m2/day
-­‐
amongst
the
highest
in
the
world;
the
highest
clarity
within
India;
experiences
an
average
wind
speed
of
6.3
m/s
–
much
of
this
RE
poten9al
has
remained
unu9lized
๏ The
household
level
addi9onal
energy
demands
translate
to
0.188
GWh
/
day
for
Leh
district
and
0.171
GWh
/
day
for
Kinnaur
district.
Apart
from
RE
based
homeligh9ng
kits,
solar
lanterns
etc
village
level
installa9ons
of
solar
array
/
solar
wind
hybrid
etc
need
to
be
set
up
to
meet
this
demand.
ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
HOUSEHOLD SECTOR

17. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
AGRICULTURE SECTOR

18. ๏ Although
agriculture
is
the
mainstay
of
the
popula9on
in
Leh
and
Kinnaur
districts,
RE
penetra9on
in
agriculture
sector
was
found
to
be
extremely
low.
๏ Maximum
usage
of
energy
by
farmers
is
for
water
pumps
for
irriga9on,
which
account
for
about
99.65%
of
the
total
energy
in
the
agriculture
sector
in
the
districts.
Use
of
mechanised
harvesters
and
spray
pumps
accounted
for
a
mere
0.16%
and
0.19%
respec9vely.
๏ Use
of
energy
in
land
prepara9on/9lling,
storage,
post
–
harvest
processing
were
absent
in
both
the
districts
except
for
presence
of
a
few
crop
driers
๏ Hence,
the
farmers
face
low
produc9vity
and
are
deprived
of
the
higher
revenues
that
can
be
derived
through
post
harvest
processing
and
value
addi9on
of
agri
and
hor9cultural
crops
ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
AGRICULTURE SECTOR

19. ๏ Although
energy
use
in
irriga9on
accounted
for
the
larger
most
share
of
energy
consump9on
in
agricultural
sector
in
Leh
and
Kinnaur,
the
consump9on
level
is
much
lower
than
rest
of
Indian
states,
especially
those
with
high
usage
of
energy
for
irriga9on1
๏ To
realise
the
agricultural
poten9al
of
the
region,
the
level
of
farm
mechanisa9on
in
cul9va9on
and
harves9ng
processes
needs
to
be
improved
along
with
adequate
emphasis
on
post
harvest
processing.
๏ Shared
agricultural
facili9es
at
village
level
for
Power
Tiller,
Harvester,
Thresher,
Water
pump,
Thresher,
Drier,
and
at
coopera9ve
/
cluster
of
village
level
for
Grinder,
Oil
extractor
would
require
addi9onal
8.33
GWh
energy
per
year
per
district
which
can
be
met
using
renewable
powered
facili9es
๏ The
poten9al
addi9onal
energy
requirement
for
agriculture
across
112
villages
in
Leh
is
es9mated
to
be
3.02
GWh
per
year
for
1
cropping
season
(with
op9mal
mechanisa9on
using
shared
facili9es)
๏ The
poten9al
addi9onal
energy
requirement
for
agriculture
across
234
villages
in
Kinnaur
is
es9mated
to
be
5.81
GWh
per
year
for
1
cropping
season
(with
op9mal
mechanisa9on
using
shared
facili9es)
ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
1
Includes
Andhra
Pradesh,
Karnataka,
Tamil
Nadu,
Gujarat,
Punjab
etc

20. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
TOURISM SECTOR

21. ๏ Hea9ng
(44%)
dominates
the
energy
requirement
for
tourism
sector.
Tourists
from
the
Indian
plains
are
less
accustomed
to
the
cold
environment,
thus
there
is
higher
demand
for
hea9ng
๏ Energy
requirement
for
Cooking
emerges
as
second
highest
(32%),
followed
by
the
energy
demand
for
entertainment
(TV
etc)
in
the
hotels
and
homestays
(22%)
๏ Kinnaur
displays
higher
demand
for
hea9ng
(as
most
construc9ons
are
modern
and
not
tuned
to
local
clima9c
requirements,
unlike
homestays
in
Leh)
and
also
for
entertainment
(having
more
influence
of
mainstream
development)
ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
TOURISM SECTOR

22. ENERGY NEEDS & CHALLENGES
TOURISM SECTOR
CONSUMPTION
BY
SOURCE
๏ Dependence
on
grid
based
electricity
is
rela9vely
low
in
Leh
and
considerably
higher
in
Kinnaur
district.
The
demand
for
ligh9ng,
hea9ng
and
entertainment
are
met
through
this
supply.
๏ There
is
high
dependence
on
LPG,
kerosene
and
fuelwood.
55%
demand
is
met
by
these
sources
๏ Renewables
account
for
only
0.009%
in
current
energy
usage
paUern
in
this
sector.
๏ There
is
significant
scope
to
enhance
RE
and
EE
penetra9on
to
replace
inefficient
energy
sources.
๏ The
study
es9mate
suggested
that
average
annual
energy
consump9on
by
the
tourism
units
can
be
reduced
from
0.044
GWh
per
year
to
0.039
GWh
per
year
while
enhancing
energy
access
to
24
hours/day
and
providing
for
all
requisite
ameni9es
including
entertainment
by
using
RE
and
EE
technologies

23. High
velocity
winds
are
available,
par9cularly
in
Himalayan
cold
deserts.
SOLAR
ENERGY
WIND
ENERGY
MICRO-­‐HYDRO
Himalayan
cold
deserts
have
among
the
highest
solar
insola9on
levels:
325
sun-­‐days/year
The
hydropower
poten9al
of
the
Himalayan
region
is
es9mated
at
130,000
MW
๏ Decentralised
renewables
are
cost
effec9ve
mostly
in
remote,
rural
areas
๏ Renewable
energy
poten9al
in
remote,
rural
areas
is
many
9mes
their
energy
consump9ons
๏ Renewables
and
energy
efficient
technologies
can
help
reduce
the
increasing
gulf
between
demand
and
supply
of
energy
in
the
Himalayan
region
and
provide
sustainable
development
solu9on
๏ Household,
Agriculture
and
Torism
sector
–
each
offer
significant
poten9al
for
uptake
of
RE
and
EE
technologies
SURVEY FUNDINGS
RE POTENTIAL IN HIMALAYAS

24. SURVEY FUNDINGS
RE POTENTIAL IN HIMALAYAS
Reducing
energy
demand
by
encouraging
switch
to
energy
efficient
technologies
(CFL,
LED,
improved
cook
stoves
etc)
and
EE
retrofits
(trombewalls
etc)
through
awareness,
incen9ves
Integrated
energy
resource
planning
at
village
and
district
level
to
map
demand
and
plan
customised
supply
based
on
local
resources
Decentralised
RE
powered
micro-­‐grids
can
reduce
dependence
on
grid
based
electricity;
such
installa9on
can
be
anchored
with
local
SMEs
Household
and
village
level
RE
installa9ons
can
integrate
livelihood
solu9ons
(e.g.
craqs
equipment,
food
processing
etc)
for
high
mul9plier
effects
to
beneficiaries
Community
engagement
and
investment
of
resources
is
essen9al
for
RE
and
EE
uptake;
fabrica9on
of
RE
equipment
by
local
MSMEs
can
bring
down
ini9al
costs
State
nodal
agencies
(HIMUrja,
LREDA
etc)
need
to
train
local
youth
for
servicing
/
maintenance
of
RE
structures;
one
stop
shop
to
be
set
up
for
local
contracts
Innova9on
(e.g.
ver9cal
axis
windmill,
etc)
need
to
be
disseminated
and
supported
by
low
cost
financing
models
for
wider
uptake
STRATEGIES
FOR
SUSTAINABLE
ENERGY
USE
IN
HIMALAYAS

25. Thank you!