2. CONTENT
• BRIEF HISTORY OF GHANA
• ENERGY DEMANDS OF GHANA
• WHERE WE ARE
• IMPACTS OF UNAVAILABLE POWER
• POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLES IN GHANA
• CURRENT STATUS OF RE POLICIES IN GHANA
• SOME SUCCESSES
• EXPECTED IMPACTS OF INVESTMENT IN RENEWABLE ENERGY
• REFERENCES
4. ENERGY DEMANDS OF GHANA
• Electricity in Ghana is a key determinant of the country’s continued
economic growth, but supply has recently struggled to keep up with
demand. Sustained demand growth of over 6 percent per year has
strained the already overburdened electricity system. A major power crisis
in 2006–7 is estimated to have reduced GDP growth by one percent.
• Over the last two decades the demand for electricity has been
growing by 10-15 percent annually. The expanding commercial
and industrial sectors are, together with the high population
growth, the main drivers of electricity demand. Current demand
forecasts project that electricity demand will continue to grow at
least seven percent per year.
7. IMPACTS OF UNAVAILABLE POWER
• Much like its neighbour Nigeria, Ghana is currently experiencing an energy
crisis, leaving the majority of its population without or with limited access to
power.
• This has approximately cost the economy of Ghana more than US$320
million annually as at 2008
• There is also considerable costs in terms of damage to appliances and the
waste of food, and compromises public safety in the delivery of health care
services, often with tragic consequences and the greater the technology
penetration into economic activities, the greater the economic losses. Direct
costs to utilities, among other things, include cost of repairing damaged
equipment, process restart costs; generation revenue losses, and reduced
equipment's life span.
8. AND IT ATTENDANT CITIZEN
DEMONSTRATIONS AND MEDIA SPACE
DISCUSSIONS
9. COSTING OF RE PARALLEL TO ECONOMIC
COSTS OF UNAVAILABLE POWER
Cost of Unavailable power : $2.2
million/day
i.e. $2.2m * 365 days = $803m
But Ghana needs $329 million a
year to bridge the gap of
electricity supply in terms of
Renewable energy in the short to
medium term
This contributes between 6 – 10
percent in generation capacity of
electricity as well as make Ghana
a net exporter of energy from
Renewables alone.
This is less than how much Ghana
pays to the West African Gas
Pipeline Limited for gas supply to
power our thermal plants.
10. POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLES IN GHANA
• Hydropower Potential
The prospect of harnessing
the hydropower potential of
small rivers in Ghana has been
investigated for many years, and
many potential mini-hydropower
sites have been identified.
As to when actual construction
and harnessing of this source will
happen is yet to be determined
11. SOLAR ENERGY POTENTIAL
• Ghana is endowed with important
solar energy potentials across the
country. The daily rates of solar
radiations vary from 4 to 6
kWh/m2. Areas with the highest
levels of radiation are widespread
throughout the northern region,
which represents over 60% of the
national area. The annual length of
sun presence varies between
1,800 and 3,000 hours.
• Relevant potentials for grid
connection for rural villages and
off-grid applications exist along
12. WIND ENERGY POTENTIAL
• Preliminary evaluations of wind
power took place and are exerted in
selected sites, especially along the
coasts. In particular, sites with
good wind speeds are located in
the eastern coast. The gross wind
potential is about 5,600 MW.
• Infrastructures in the country such
as streets, electric grids and
loading centres coincide with most
of the areas where these wind
platforms have been identified.
13. CURRENT STATUS OF RENEWABLE POLICIES
Ghana was a signatory of the Sustainable
Development Goals also called the Agenda
2030.
Goal 7 talks about Clean Energy
Ghana in itself also have laws passed and plans
adopted to guide our direction in the desire to
give affordable, reliable energy to its citizens.
They include:
The Strategic National Energy Plan (SNEP)
completed in 2006
The National Energy Policy (Completed in
2010)
The Energy Sector Strategy and Development
plan (Building on the SNEP, Completed in
2010)
The Renewable Energy Law (Adopted by Act
832 in 2011)
14. SOME SUCCESSES
• VRA 2.5MW Solar PV Plant
• Capacity of Plant: 2.5MW
• Energy production since April
2013 to Dec 2013 – 2,672MWh
• Ave. Daily Production – 9,500kWh
• Land Size: 3.4 hectares
• Installed cost US$3.99/Wp
• LCOE US$0.2413/kWh
• Module cost at contract award
(2012): US$1.4/Wp
• Current Module Cost (Dec 2013):
US$0.89/Wp
• Gazetted Feed-in-Tariff:
US$0.20/kWh
• 19 solar PV plants
(distributed generation)
net metering
• Current Feed-in-
Tariff:
US$0.20/KWh
• Non Res User tariff >
600KWh/month: GHs
0.83 (US$0.33/KWh)
• 50kWp solar park at
the Ministry of Energy
for instance accounts
for 12 - 15% energy
consumption
16. EXPECTED EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
• Recent conversion of six
Ghanaian Polytechnics into
Technical Universities (March,
2016)
• This can help in training human
resource for management and
professionals for the Renewable
energy through Curriculum
development and training.
• This reduces unemployment
among the youth (Green Jobs)
• YEA fund ($20 million) for young
entrepreneurs
• A commitment of part of fund
for entrepreneurs interested in
going into the Renewable Energy
sector
• Part of SADA fund being
invested into Renewable energy
for the Northern regions in
alleviating poverty
17.
18. REFERENCES
• Energy Commission (2014) Energy (Supply and Demand) Outlook for Ghana, April 2014. Foster, Vivien and Nataliya Pushak, Ghana’s
Infrastructure: Continental Perspective, Washington, DC: World Bank Policy Research Paper No. 5600, 2011.
• World Bank, (2011) Energizing Economic Growth in Ghana: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors Rise to the Challenge, Energy Group
Africa Region.
• Boateng, E. A. (1966) a Geography of Ghana 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
• Government of Ghana (GOG) (2010) Budget statement for the year 2008 Ghana Official Portal [Online] accessed at
http://Ghana.gov.gh/Ghana/budget_statements.jsp on 19th April 2016.
• Duku M, H. and Hagan E, B. (2011) A comprehensive review of biomass resources and bio fuels potential in Ghana. Renewable
Sustainable Energy Review (15) 404–15.
• Ghana Energy Commission (2011) Energy supply and demand outlook for Ghana: Ghana Energy Commission.
• USAID (1999) an energy roadmap of Ghana: from crisis to the fuel for economic freedom. A report by the US Government Interagency
Team.
• Brew-Hammond A, Kemausour F (2007) Energy crisis in Ghana: drought, technology or policy. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science
and Technology (KNUST), Ghana.
• Victor, L., (2008) Systematic reviewing. Social Science Update, 58: 1-4.
• Akobeng, A. K., (2005) Understanding systematic review and data analysis. Achieves of Disease in Childhood, 90(6), 845-848.
• Victor, L., (2008) Systematic reviewing. Social Science Update, 58: 1-4.
• Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., and Antes, D., (2003) Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the Royal Society of
Medicine,96(3), 118-121.
• World Economic Forum (2014) The Global Energy Architecture Performance Index Report.
• USG-GoG Technical Team, August (2011) World Bank, Energizing Economic Growth in Ghana: Making the Power and Petroleum Sectors
