SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 19
Deep Learning
情報メディア学科
三戸智浩
今、Deep Learning熱い!
• 機械学習屋の怖い人たちを賑わせているHotなキーワー
ド
なぜ注目されているのか
• Deep Learningが各分野のコンテストで優勝している
– 画像認識
– 音声とテキスト
– 確率言語モデル
– 化合物の活性予想コンテスト
– etc.
• いろいろ応用できそう
– セキュリティ分野
• マルウェア解析
• データマイニングによる異常検知システムとか?
特に画像認識では
• ILSVRC 2012(大規模画像認識コンテスト)で驚異的な結果
を叩き出す
• 生の画像データだけで1位になった
Deep Learning
Deep Learningとは何か
• 7層、8層と深いニューラルネットワーク
– ニューラルネットとは脳の神経系を計算機上で模したもの
– ひとつひとつのレイヤー間で学習を行うのが特徴
• 生の入力信号から特徴抽出と識別を行える機械学習
– Hand-craftedな特徴量用いず、統計的に特徴量を学習する
– 今までの手法(SIFT、HOG)では特徴量の抽出はまさに職人芸だっ
た
Input層 Hidden層 Output層
ニューラルネットワークの例
Deep Learningの大枠
http://deeplearningworkshopnips2010.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/nips10-workshop-tutorial-final.pdf
カラー画像
First Layer
入力ベクトル
Second Layer
特徴選択
Third Layer
正規化
&
普遍化
Objects
Object
Parts
Edges
Deep Learningの定義
• 私が知る限りでは以下を満足する機械学習システム
1. 高位の問題の解決が目的であること
2. 多層構造であること
3. 階層的処理であること
• 実装には様々なアルゴリズムがある
– Deep Belief Network
– Deep Boltzmann Machine
– Deep Neural Network
– Stacked (Denoising) Auto-Encoder
※ただし,これらが本当に正しい定義なのかはわからない
従来のニューラルネットワーク
• Backpropagation(誤差逆伝播法)
– 誤差を後方へと伝播させていく
– レイヤー(層)が多いほど表現力が高くなる
– これでDeep Learningを実現できるのか?
Input層 Hidden層 Output層
・・・
このレイヤーが多いほど表現力が高い
従来のニューラルネットワーク
• 実は,この方法だとうまくいかない
– 誤差項が浅い層まで遡っていくと次第に弱まっていき,十分な
学習ができない(Vanishing Gradient Problem)
– 効率が悪くて遅い
– 過学習に陥りやすい
新しい手法では
RBM
・ RBM,またはAuto-Encoderと呼ばれるものをレイヤーとして使
・ これらを何層も繋げると,Deep Architectureとなる
可視層 隠れ層 可視層 隠れ層 可視層 隠れ層
“Deep Learning”, http://www.slideshare.net/kazoo04/deep-learning-15097274
RBM RBM
レイヤーの種類
• Auto-Encoder
– Sparse Auto-Encoder
– Denoising Auto-Encoder
– Contractive Auto-Encoder
– Predictive Sparse Decomposition
• Restricted Boltzmann Machine(RBM)
レイヤーの種類
• Auto-Encoder
– 恒等写像を学習する教師なし学習器の一種
– Encoder,Decoder,Representationの3つで構成される
– EncoderとDecoderの合成写像を再現するような学習を行う
• 入力と出力の誤差が最小になるように学習する
• すると,入力データを適切な表現に写像するAuto-Encoderが得られる
Input OutputRepresentation
encoder decoder
error
¢xnxn
レイヤーの種類
• Denoising Auto-Encoder
– Auto-Encoderに対して正規化を行った亜種
– 入力情報を意図的に損傷(ノイズを加える)させ、それを復元させ
るような訓練をする
– 実験結果は非常によい
“Stacked Denoising Autoencoders”, Learning Useful Representations in a Deep Network with a Local Denoising Criterion
レイヤーの種類
• RBM(制約付きボルツマンマシン)
– 入力情報をほぼ可逆圧縮し,それを復元させるような訓練をす
る
– 隠れ層ノード同士,可視層ノード同士の接続を許さない
– 勾配法で導出されるnegative phase項の計算が難しいため,
Contrastive Divergence法が使われる
可視層 隠れ層
Deep Architectures
• Deep Belief Networks
– Deep Learningの最初のモデル
– Greedy layre-wise学習
– Pre-training時は,各層をRBMと見なして学習する
• Deep Boltzmann Machine
– DBNから変換できる
– RBMを複数積み上げたネットワーク
• Stacked Auto-Encoder
– DBNの後に考案される
– 各層にAuto-Encoderを用いる
– DBNには性能で劣る
• Stacked Denoising Auto-Encoder
– Stacked Auto-Encoderの改良版
– 各層にDenoising Auto-Encoderを用いる
レイヤーに
RBMを用いる
レイヤーに
Auto-Encoder系を用いる
DBNの構造
可視層
隠れ層
RBM
Direct
Belief nets
X
h1
h2
h3
間の可視層は省略
DBNの学習
1. 最初に初期層のRBMを更新
2. 学習したら荷重を固定し,
1層ずつ確定させる
3. 学習済みのデータを上位層
に入力データとして渡す
4. 次に出力層を教師あり学習
モデルに繋いで,学習する
5. 最後に全ての荷重を自由に
して,教師あり学習でネット
ワーク全体を微調整する X
h1
h2
h3
P(h2
,h3
)〜RBM
Q(h2
| h1
)
Q(h1
| x)
P(h1
| h2
)
P(x | h1
)
DBNのFine-Training
• ロジスティック回帰による教師あり微調整
• RBM多層の上にロジスティック回帰の層を出力層として
くっつける
• 確率的勾配降下法によりネットワーク全体を微調整する
• DBNのモデルをほぼシグモイド関数だけで構築すること
ができるので,実装が楽
• SVM(Support Vector Machine)やBP法でも代用できる
まとめ
• Deep Learningすごい! 一番好きな機械学習です!
• 技術のポイント
– 恒等写像を作り,情報をほぼ可逆圧縮させる
– 階層構造を作り,教師無し学習(Pre-training)を繰り返す
– 1層ずつ学習を確定させていく
– 最後に教師あり学習(Fine-training)でネットワーク全体を微調
整する
• 課題点
– ネットワークが巨大なため遅い
– 層・ノード数の決定が勘と経験と試行錯誤しかない
• これのノウハウがないから,あまり普及していない?
• 遺伝的アルゴリズムとかで決定してみると面白いかも
– まだまだ謎が多い

More Related Content

Featured

Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)contently
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024Albert Qian
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsKurio // The Social Media Age(ncy)
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Tessa Mero
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentLily Ray
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...RachelPearson36
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at WorkGetSmarter
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationErica Santiago
 
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellGood Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellSaba Software
 

Featured (20)

Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
Content Methodology: A Best Practices Report (Webinar)
 
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
How to Prepare For a Successful Job Search for 2024
 
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie InsightsSocial Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
Social Media Marketing Trends 2024 // The Global Indie Insights
 
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024
 
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summary
 
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd
 
Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next Getting into the tech field. what next
Getting into the tech field. what next
 
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search IntentGoogle's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
Google's Just Not That Into You: Understanding Core Updates & Search Intent
 
How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations How to have difficult conversations
How to have difficult conversations
 
Introduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data ScienceIntroduction to Data Science
Introduction to Data Science
 
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity -  Best PracticesTime Management & Productivity -  Best Practices
Time Management & Productivity - Best Practices
 
The six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project managementThe six step guide to practical project management
The six step guide to practical project management
 
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
Beginners Guide to TikTok for Search - Rachel Pearson - We are Tilt __ Bright...
 
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...
 
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
12 Ways to Increase Your Influence at Work
 
ChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slidesChatGPT webinar slides
ChatGPT webinar slides
 
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike RoutesMore than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
 
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...
 
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy PresentationBarbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
Barbie - Brand Strategy Presentation
 
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellGood Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them well
 

Deep learning