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2019年開催「くらしの足をみんなで考える全国フォーラム」のセッション「基本討議」のスライドです。
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This video by Simplilearn will explain to you Introduction to C Programming Language. Introduction to C Programming Language Tutorial For Beginners will explain to you the C language's history, C's importance, its features, real-world applications, and some of its advantages and disadvantages. 00:00 Introduction to C 1:42-History of C language Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, could identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid. Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry. 2:48-Importance and unraveling the powerful capabilities of C, The widespread use of C started to take over the IT industry. Unraveling the potential of C, the designers began to discover new possibilities that led them to focus on the big picture. 3:56-C's cutting-edge features The designers at Bell Laboratories ensured that their programming language solved the issues with B and BCPL and the ones they had foreseen. 6:35-The popular real-world applications of C -UNIX operating system -google file system -Mozilla -Graphical user interface 8:30-The advantages and disadvantages of C 10:34-The popular IT companies and their domains that employ C · MasterCard · IBM · Flipkart · Dell · Twitter · GitHub and twitch 11:09-First c program. 🔥 Explore our FREE courses with completion certificates: https://www.simplilearn.com/skillup-f... ✅Subscribe to our Channel to learn more about the top Technologies: https://bit.ly/2VT4WtH ⏩ Check out the C++ Programming training videos: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list... #IntroductiontoCProgrammingLanguage #CLanguage #CProgramming #CProgram #CProgrammingLanguage #LearnCProgramming #HowToCodeInCForBeginners #CTutorialForBeginners #LearnCProgramming #Simplilearn Dennis Ritchie, a computer scientist, was able to identify the gaps and tap out the best features from both B and BCPL languages to invent a new hybrid. Hence, C was born in 1972 at Bell Laboratories. A remarkably simple and highly readable programming language resulted in groundbreaking advancements in the IT industry. ✅What is C++ Programming? C++ is an enhanced and extended version of C programming language, developed by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as part of his Ph.D. project. Bjarne developed what he called ‘C with Classes’ (later renamed C++) because he felt limited by the existing programming languages that were not ideal for large scale projects. He used C to build what he wanted because C was already a general-purpose language that was efficient and fast in its operations. ✅C++ Career Prospects: With just C++ programming expertise, you will have excellent job opportunities, salaries, and career prospects. However, for a career based on programming languages such as Java and Python (which are in more demand than C++) or for careers based on front-end, back-end, and full-stack
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地方バス事業者の 独り言
1.
0 地方のバス事業者の ひとりごと 2019年10月27日 長電バス株式会社 鈴木 立彦 独り言
2.
1 1.キーワード I. 高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 II. 持続可能な公共交通 III.
今は乗らないけど、年取ったらバスは必要 IV. バス会社は補助金で経営している 路線バスをめぐる皆さんの認識は、私たちバス事業者の思うこととは、ちょっと違う場合があ ります。そんなことを、よく聞く4つのキーワードからご説明します。 こんな言葉をよく聞きませんか?
3.
2 2.バス運転士が全国的に不足・高齢化している ① バス運転士は、全国的に不足している。 ② 運転士の平均年齢も年々上昇しており、定年退職を新規採用で補うことが出来なくなって いる。 ③
バス運転士がいなければ、バス路線を増やすことは不可能。 高齢者の運転操作ミスによる交通事故の多発は、大きな社会問題です。免許返納を促すことも 必要です。しかし、バス運転士も年々高齢化し、人手不足に苦慮しています。 ◆ほぼ100%のバス会社が運転士不足 ◆バス運転士の平均年齢の推移 Ⅰ.高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 出典:国土交通省2014年調査
4.
3 ① 収支構造の悪化により、人件費の削減を続けた結果、 バス運転士の給与水準が大幅に低くなってしまった。 ② 大型二種免許を取得するには、40~50万円ほどかかり、 若い人が取得するには負担が大きすぎる。 ③
若い人の自動車離れも進み、免許人口減という不安も。 バス運転士不足は全国的な問題です。人命を預かる責任の重い業務であり、かつ大型二種免許 という資格が必要な仕事ながら、給与水準が低いという矛盾があるのです。 ◆バス事業の給与の推移 ◆バス運転士が改善希望する点 3.バス運転士は、責任が重い業務だが、給与水準が低い Ⅰ.高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 出展:国土交通省2014年調査
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4 ① 運転士不足でも、運行本数の決まっている路線バスは、欠便なく運行する義務がある。 ② 本来利益の出る高速バスの続行便や貸切バスは、運行義務があるわけではないので、最 初の削減対象になる。その結果、企業としては大幅に利益を削る結果となる。 ③
会社を維持するためには、利益の薄い路線バスの削減を急ぐ必要がある。 運転士不足のため、路線バスの減便を進めざるを得ない状況になっています。 改定日 対象路線 減便内容 減便効果 2018年10月1日 高山村内1路線 幹線・支線系統に整理 1仕業削減 2018年12月22 日 長野市内11路線 計30往復の削減 3仕業削減 2019年4月22日 長野市内1路線 土休日運休 土休日1仕業削減 2019年10月1日 中野市、飯山市など3路線 計6往復の削減 3仕業削減 飯山市内1路線 日中デマンドタクシー化 1仕業の小型免許所有者 への切り替え 4.運転士不足のため、路線の削減が進んでいる Ⅰ.高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 ◆長電バスの1年間の減便等の内容 長電バスの取組 1
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5 ① 中途採用が当たり前になっていたが、新卒の採用も再開した。 ② 大型二種免許の取得費用が大きな負担になるため、取得費用を会社で負担する。 ③
転居や転職期間中の資金を補うために、支度金制度を新設した。 ④ 短時間勤務や定年延長、タクシー運転士の出向受入れ、女性運転士登用なども。 運転士不足の解決手段としては、各社で様々な工夫をしています。長電バスでも、新たな制度 を構築するなど、門戸を広げているのですが。 5.もちろん運転士募集のために知恵を絞っている Ⅰ.高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 長電バスWebサイト 長電バスの取組 2
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6 夏 運転士不足の解決手段のひとつとして、バス事業者間で運転士の融通を図ることも可能です。 この考え方を広げれば、バス以外の業種とも相互補完ができるでしょう。 長電バス 志賀高原、スノーモン キーパークなどで、仕 事量が増加する。 長野市内の2仕業を、 アルピコ交通から長 電バスに2ヵ月間、移 管する。 長野市内の2仕業を、 長電バスからアルピ コ交通に2ヵ月間、移 管する。 ① 長野市内で競合、協業の関係にあるアルピコ交通と、仕業の持ち替えを行っている。 ② ただし、最繁忙期に違いのある会社同士でないと実現は難しい。 6.運転士不足には、業界内、業界間で人材の融通も必要 Ⅰ.高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 アルピコ交通 上高地や乗鞍などで、仕 事量が増加する。 冬 長電バスの取組
3 上高地や乗鞍などで、仕 事量が増加する。
8.
7 バスだけでなく自動車ドライバーは全国的に不足していますし、業界業種関係なく、人手不足 はひっ迫しています。貨客混載など、業界業種の外に目を向けることも大切です。 ① 貨客混載は、飯綱町、ヤマト運輸との協力により、長野 県内で最初に実施した。 ② ただし、貨客両業種の完全なマッチングは容易ではな い。 7.業界をまたいだ協力体制も必要 Ⅰ.高齢者の免許返納を進めるためにも、公共交通の充実が必要 長電バスの取組
4
9.
8 8.「持続可能な公共交通」をだれが維持するのか 2013年に公布・施行された「交通政策基本法」に基づく「交通政策基本計画」では、「豊かな国民生活 に資する使いやすい交通の実現」、「成長と繁栄の基盤となる国際・地域間の旅客交通・物流ネット ワークの構築」、「持続可能で安心・安全な交通に向けた基盤づくり」を3つの柱としています。 国土交通省資料 Ⅱ.持続可能な公共交通
10.
9 9.自治体が補助し続ける状態が「持続可能」か? 利益を享受する利用者はもちろん、地域の関係者も含めて総合的に作り上げることで、誰もが利 用しやすい交通機関になるはずです。しかし、利用しやすい交通機関を全員が利用するとは限り ませんし、商業的に成功するとは限りません。 ① 多くの場合、元々は民間事業者が運行していたバス路線を、不採算のため廃止した結果、 協議会によって再生を図るという経緯を辿ったものである。 ② 利便を増すために、多便化(=人件費の増加)、低運賃化(=売上の低下)を行えば、収 益性は低下してしまう。 ③
結局は、自治体が補助金を拠出することでバス路線は維持されている。 本来は、利用者の運賃収入が経費 を上回ることが、「持続」するために は必要 自治体が永遠に補助金を拠出し 続けることで、持続は可能なの か? Ⅱ.持続可能な公共交通 補助金 経費 人件費 諸経費 償却費 等 運賃収入 事業者負担 バス事業者が経費を負担せざるを得ないケース もある(一例) 自治体の補助金予算が満額確保されない 予備車両はバス事業者の責任で維持、確保 回送経費は補助金算定に含まれない
11.
スクールバス (1便) 10 10.民間と行政が合同で効率のいい輸送を確立 上高井郡高山村では、2018年に、それまで複数の運行形態が入り混じってロスの大きかった村内交通を 再編し、新たな公共交通を作りました。 Ⅱ.持続可能な公共交通 路線バス (4系統15.5便) 路線バス (7系統41便) 村内循環バス (毎日4便+曜日限定3便) エリア・時間を重複して運行 幹線・支線に分離 デマンドタクシー YOU游 ランド 支線交通 自家用有償乗継拠点 スクール混乗 ① 重複する区間や時間の無駄 を解消し、役割分担を明確に した。 ②
運行サービスを適正化すれ ば、補助金も削減できる。 ③ 同時にICカード「KURURU」も 村内初導入した。 長電バスの取組 5
12.
11 11.運行責任は民間、側面支援は行政 長野県では、公共交通の利用促進を行政機関が様々な方策で側面支援しています。ICカードや、バスロ ケーションシステムも、民間単独での導入は困難ですが、行政の支援で大きく進展しました。 Ⅱ.持続可能な公共交通 ICカード「くるる」バスロケーションシステム(信州ナビ) 長電バスの取組 6 公有民営補助 「くるる」は、周辺自治体へ拡大 須坂市、飯綱町、高山村、小川村 県内共通ICカードの検討 長野県 長野市 バス乗り方教室 信州の観光地への経路検索 などができるスマホアプリを開 発。 2019年度からは、長野市、松 本市でのバスロケーションシス テムもスタート。 ICカードの運営主体は長野市公共交通活性化・再生 協議会。 ICカードの普及やバス利用の促進のため、長野市で は積極的な取り組みを行っている。 長野県では、地域間幹線の 補助金車両の購入に、公有 民営の制度を活用。
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12 12.「今」必要のないものを、「今」誰が維持するのか 「今は乗ってないけど、そのうち必要だからバスを廃止しないで」 地域の住民の方と話をして いるとよく聞く言葉です。 それでは、乗って頂けない「今」は誰が維持するのでしょう。 ①
一般的に、作っても売れない物、売れても利益を確保できないものは、やがて作られなくな ります。 ② バスも、今利用していただけないなら、段々と減って行き、最終的には廃止になります。 Ⅲ.今は乗らないけど、年取ったらバスは必要 OHP フロッピーディスク レコード針ビデオテープ 黄色電話 路線バスは? ポケベル 2019年終了 2011年生産終了
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13 13.補助金にはどのようなものがあるか 補助金をもらっているのに、値上げしたり、減便したり、サービス低下させるなんておかし い・・・そんな指摘を受けることがあります。それでは、補助金とは何なんでしょう。 「地域間幹線系統確保維持補助金」 「地域内フィーダー系統補助」
自治体からの「運行委託」も、広い意味では運行費補助 車両購入補助 赤字路線に使用する車両に対しては、ほぼ満額が補助される仕 組みもある。 バリアフリーや低公害などの車両購入補助金は、その機能追加 部分のみが補助対象。 バスターミナルや営業所などで、インバウンドやバリアフリー対策 を施す場合の補助金も、金額の1/2または1/3などの比率で補助 される仕組みがある。 Ⅳ.バス会社は補助金で経営している 1.運行費補助 2.購入費補助 施設整備補助 バスを運行することで生じた欠損分に対する補助金 車両の購入や、営業設備の改修に対する補助金
15.
14 14.補助金は「企業」ではなく「路線系統」に対して支払われるもの バス会社は補助金で経営しているのでしょうか。そんなことはありません。補助金は赤字路線に しか拠出されません。 B.補助金路線の収支構造 経 費 売 上 赤字分 補 助 金 経 費 売 上 利益 A.本来の営利事業 経 費 経 費 売 上 売 上 補 助 金 単純にA+Bにしてみる 利益 + = ① 本来はAだけで企業は利益を出して、成立している。 ②
Bの補助金路線は、営利事業には不要。ただし、損になるわけではない。 ③ 2002年の規制緩和で、参入・退出が自由化されたが、相変わらず乗合事業者は補助金路 線を運行し続けているのも、事実。 普通の民間企業は、こうして利 益を得ている。 補助金をもらっても、利益は出 ない。 Ⅳ.バス会社は補助金で経営している
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15 15.補助金は事業開始の1年半後にならないと入金されない 補助金は欠損補助なので、営利企業の利益追求には全く寄与していません。そればかりか、入金 は事業が終了して半年以上先です。零細企業だったら資金繰りに行き詰まっているかもしれませ ん。 1.地域間幹線系統確保維持費補助金 2.車両購入補助(地域間幹線用車両) 10月 4月 9月
4月 いわゆる「補助金年度」 補助金入金 事業開始から入金まで1年半(欠損分は事業者が立替) 事業終了から半年 1年目 2年目 3年目 4年目 5年目 6年目 全額補填されるまで5年 購 入 費 は 事 業 者 が 全 額 支 払 い 済 み 公有民営方式を用いれば、この問題は回避される。(長野県では、地域間幹線車両に対して導入) Ⅳ.バス会社は補助金で経営している 補助金入金 補助金入金 補助金入金 補助金入金 車 両 購 入 費 事業期間
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16 16.最後に 利用者だけでなく、行政機関からも「バス会社が利益出す必要あるの?」と問われたことがあり ます。 経費 売上 利益 A.利益は、企業の成長に使います B.利益は、新たなサービス創出のために使います C.利益は、従業員の待遇改善に使います D.利益は、設備投資に使います E.利益は、将来のための内部留保にも使います ① 利益を出すことで、企業の維持が可能になり、サービス提供(バス会社の場合、バスの運 行)ができる。 ② 利益を出すことで、従業員の待遇改善が行えるため、運転士の確保なども可能になる。 もし利益がなかったら A.企業は成長どころか衰退します B.サービス低下→利用者減少の悪循環に陥ります C.従業員の待遇が改善されず、人が集まりません D.設備投資ができず、老朽化が進みます E.最終的には企業を維持できなくなります
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17 ご清聴ありがとうございました。
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