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Programiranje računara
uvod
Gabrijela Milenković
Program i programiranje
Podaci, informacije, znanje
Podaci su činjenice, pojmovi ili događaji predstavljeni
(zapisani, registrovani) na unapred dogovoren, formalizovan
(standarizovan, dogovoren, uobičajen) način.
primer: 20.06.2016. je uobičajen način pisanja datuma
Informacija su podaci obrađeni u oblik koji za primaoca ima
neko značenje, i ima stvarnu ili potencijalnu vrednost u
tekućem ili budućim odlučivanjima.
Primer: Obaveštenje o terminu odigravanja neke fudbalske utakmice je
informacija za sve one koji planiraju da je gledaju.
Znanje predstavlja proveren u praksi rezultatspoznaje i
razumevanja stvarnosti
Predstavljanje podataka
Predstavljeni podaci imaju dva osnovna oblika:
1) analogni podaci
2) diskretni podaci
1. Podatak je predstavljen u analognom obliku ako je zadat
pomoću fizičke veličine koja se menja neprekidno
(kontinualno), a čija vrednost funkcionalno zavisi od
podatka.
Primer: U automobilu čitanje na skali brzinomera sa kazaljkom predstavlja podatke sa
kontinualnom promenom
1.
2. Podatak je predstavljen u diskretnom obliku ako je zadat
pomoću prekidnih fizičkih veličina koje imaju samo
određene, oštro odvojene vrednosti.
Primer: Reči napisane u obliku teksta:npr ime i prezime, adresa ili broj napisan ciframa
Podaci se u računaru predstavljaju u diskretnom obliku. Zbog
toga se usvaja dogovoreni skup znakova ili apstraktna azbuka.
Skup znakova (engl.character set) ili apstraktna azbuka predstavlja
konačan neprazan skup različitih elemenata namenjen
predstavljanju podataka (mala i velika slova engleske abecede, znaci decimalnih
cifara, znaci interpunkcije i drugi specijalni znaci).
Konačan broj redom napisanih znakova iz skupa znakova naziva se
niska (znakovni niz, engl.string) ili reč (engl.word) nad tim skupom znakova.
Broj znakova niske naziva se dužina niske.
Primer: Neke niske nad azbukom B= {0,1}su : 0, 1, 00, 11, 10, 01, 000, 001, 100....
Za predstavljanje konačnog broja elemenata nekog skupa ili konačnog
broja različitih vrednosti neke veličine radi obrade, nad usvojenim
skupom znakova formira se potreban broj reči (niski) i primenjuje se
postupak kodiranja .
Kodiranje je uspostavljanje jednoznačne veze između elemenata
polaznog skupa i reči (niski) nad usvojenim skupom znakova.
Svaka korišćena niska nazivse kodna reč.
Skup pravila kojima se opisuje način predstavljanja naziva se kod.
Primer: Skup od četiri boje {crvena, zelena, plava, crna} može se kodirati azbukom
A={a,b}na sledeći način:
crvena – aa, zelena – ab, plava – ba, crna – bb.
Za predstavljanje podataka i informacija u računaru koristi se binarna
azbuka , a njeni elementi se najčešće označavaju sa 0 i 1.
Prethodni primer prikazan binarnom azbukom je:
crvena – 00, zelena – 01, plava – 10, crna – 11.
Kraj

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Podaci informacije znanje

  • 2. Program i programiranje Podaci, informacije, znanje Podaci su činjenice, pojmovi ili događaji predstavljeni (zapisani, registrovani) na unapred dogovoren, formalizovan (standarizovan, dogovoren, uobičajen) način. primer: 20.06.2016. je uobičajen način pisanja datuma Informacija su podaci obrađeni u oblik koji za primaoca ima neko značenje, i ima stvarnu ili potencijalnu vrednost u tekućem ili budućim odlučivanjima. Primer: Obaveštenje o terminu odigravanja neke fudbalske utakmice je informacija za sve one koji planiraju da je gledaju. Znanje predstavlja proveren u praksi rezultatspoznaje i razumevanja stvarnosti
  • 3. Predstavljanje podataka Predstavljeni podaci imaju dva osnovna oblika: 1) analogni podaci 2) diskretni podaci 1. Podatak je predstavljen u analognom obliku ako je zadat pomoću fizičke veličine koja se menja neprekidno (kontinualno), a čija vrednost funkcionalno zavisi od podatka. Primer: U automobilu čitanje na skali brzinomera sa kazaljkom predstavlja podatke sa kontinualnom promenom 1. 2. Podatak je predstavljen u diskretnom obliku ako je zadat pomoću prekidnih fizičkih veličina koje imaju samo određene, oštro odvojene vrednosti. Primer: Reči napisane u obliku teksta:npr ime i prezime, adresa ili broj napisan ciframa
  • 4. Podaci se u računaru predstavljaju u diskretnom obliku. Zbog toga se usvaja dogovoreni skup znakova ili apstraktna azbuka. Skup znakova (engl.character set) ili apstraktna azbuka predstavlja konačan neprazan skup različitih elemenata namenjen predstavljanju podataka (mala i velika slova engleske abecede, znaci decimalnih cifara, znaci interpunkcije i drugi specijalni znaci). Konačan broj redom napisanih znakova iz skupa znakova naziva se niska (znakovni niz, engl.string) ili reč (engl.word) nad tim skupom znakova. Broj znakova niske naziva se dužina niske. Primer: Neke niske nad azbukom B= {0,1}su : 0, 1, 00, 11, 10, 01, 000, 001, 100.... Za predstavljanje konačnog broja elemenata nekog skupa ili konačnog broja različitih vrednosti neke veličine radi obrade, nad usvojenim skupom znakova formira se potreban broj reči (niski) i primenjuje se postupak kodiranja . Kodiranje je uspostavljanje jednoznačne veze između elemenata polaznog skupa i reči (niski) nad usvojenim skupom znakova.
  • 5. Svaka korišćena niska nazivse kodna reč. Skup pravila kojima se opisuje način predstavljanja naziva se kod. Primer: Skup od četiri boje {crvena, zelena, plava, crna} može se kodirati azbukom A={a,b}na sledeći način: crvena – aa, zelena – ab, plava – ba, crna – bb. Za predstavljanje podataka i informacija u računaru koristi se binarna azbuka , a njeni elementi se najčešće označavaju sa 0 i 1. Prethodni primer prikazan binarnom azbukom je: crvena – 00, zelena – 01, plava – 10, crna – 11.