www.scientificmind.com.np Scientific Mind: Nov. 2016.-Feb. 2017 1
Nobel Prize, considered as the most prestigious award in the
world was announced in the six different categories in the
year 2016 too. It is awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Medicine,
Peace,EconomicsandLiterature.Thewinnerreceivesamedal
with 1.2 million US dollars (approximately 13 crore Nepalese
Rupees) which is provided for the extraordinary work.
The people behind the modern world are the researchers
who work untiringly to produce something new. These
people often called scientists investigate the nature and
its phenomena and various technological applications are
introduced.Torewardthesepeople,variousawardsandprize
are given periodically. Nobel Prize is regarded as the highest
form of prize given yearly to the organization or person/s
(maximumthree)torecognizethehighestcontributiontothe
mankind.The prestigious award like Nobel Prize encourages
and motivates the researchers to work even harder. The
ultimategoalofthehumancivilizationistobetterthehuman
life and march towards the advancement. All the works for
advancement is for the sake of the mankind.
The Nobel Prize recipient gains the worldwide recognition
and is highly respected all over the globe. Countries and
institutions take immense pride to be associated with
the Nobel Prize receiver. Basically, the researchers in the
countries with high research facilities are the frequent
winners of this prize. The Nobel Prize not only inspires the
receivers but all other people involved in research. Moreover,
young generation gets motivated to be engaged into research
works which will eventually lead to further development.
Nobel Prize signifies the excellence. The winner is someone
who has attended the height very few on the planet have
achieved. To be among those few, continuous hard work with
strongdeterminationisthe fundamentalrequirement.There
are many areas left to be explored. It is said that human have
known very little of the nature. There is whole universe for
us to dig into. There are many domains whose discovery
deserves the award like The Nobel Prize.
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Nobel Prize
Editor

Scientific Mind: Nov. 2016.-Feb. 2017 www.scientificmind.com.np2
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articles of different fields of science.
Laxmi Odari
Jhapa
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Gulmi
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Feedback

Nobel Prize Winners 2016
Contents
16
High Energy Physics,
Nuclear
Fusion and Plasma
State
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7
15

Articles in magazine do not necessarily reflect view of the
magazine.
Contents
Transmission Electron Microscope 5
Scientific Fun Facts 9
Science Experiment 10
Quotes 11
Do You Know? 11
Food Quiz 14
The Big Bang Cosmology and Cosmic
Inflation 22
Pharmaceutical and Personal Care
Products 24
Rabies: Dark Side of Bhairahawa 25
Gyroscopes 26
Numbers 27
Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions
and Answers 31
Important Science Question for SEE 34
Compass 35
Charles Darwin 36
Mathematical Tricks 38
Light: The Barrier of Reality 41
Math Test 42
Due to technical problem, Nov.-Dec. 2016 and Jan.-Feb. 2017 is combined
in this issue. – Editor
37
Wave Nature of Light
19
InternationalMaterialScience
ConferenceinPokhara
29
Nobel Prize Winner visited Nepal

Transmission Electron Microscope
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) is a device
in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through
a very thin specimen where transmitting electrons
interact with the molecules of specimen as they pass
through. An image is obtained from the interaction
of the electrons transmitted through the specimen.
The image formed is magnified and focused onto
the either fluorescent screen or a photographic film
or to be detected by a sensor such as a CCD camera.
Schematic diagram of TEM is shown in Figure 1 (a),
in which highly accelerated electrons are produced
from the electron gun by applying a potential of
a few tens of kilovolts. These electrons are focused
onto the ultra-thin sample through condenser lens.
These highly energetic electrons interact with the
atoms and molecules of the sample and penetrate
out the sample. These transmitted electrons from
the sample are again allowed to pass through
objective lens and projector lens which finally form
the image of atoms or molecules of the sample with
which electron beam interacted while penetrating
the sample.Typical image of TEM equipment from
JEOL Company is shown in Figure 1 (b).
TEM is capable of imaging at a significantly higher
resolution than optical microscopes and atomic
force microscope, owing to the small de Broglie
wavelength of electrons. This enables researcher or
user to examine samples atomic order which is 104
times smaller than the smallest resolvable object
in anoptical microscope. Generally at smaller
magnifications, contrast of TEM image is due to
absorption of electrons into the material owing
to the thickness and composition of the material
whereas at higher magnifications,the intensity
of the image is modulated by complex wave
interactions which requires expert for analysing
the observed images.
History
The first TEM was designed by Max Knoll and Ernst
Dr. Vinaya Kumar Jha
Figure 1: (a) Schematic diagram of Transmission Electron Microscope
and (b) Typical TEM device (Model-JEM-3200FS) from JEOL Company.
Source: www.jeolusa.com
Ruska in 1931 A.D., with this
group developing the first TEM
with resolving power greater
than that of light in 1933
A.D.and the first commercial
TEM in 1939 A.D. Physicist Ernst
Ruska and German engineer
Max Knoll are also credited
with designing the first electron
microscope. After this invention
they worked together to improve
the resolution and designed
TEM. Ernst Ruska was awarded
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986
for developing electron optics
and designing the first SEM
along with Gerd Binnig and
Dr Heinrich Rohrer, the
inventor of Scanning Tunnelling
Microscope (STM).

Figure 2: An image of a structurally perfect
graphene sheet in atomic-resolution,synthesized
by the substrate-free gas-phase method. Individual
carbon atoms appear white in the image. (Source:
www.emsdiasum.com/microscopy/products/grids/
graphene_tem.aspx)
Resolution
In a TEM, generally monochromatic beam of
electrons is accelerated by a potential of 40 to
300 kilovolts (kV) and passed through a strong
magnetic lens. The resolution of a TEM is about
0.2 nanometers (nm). This is the typical separation
between two atoms in a solid. Typical TEM image
of a Graphene sheet in atomic resolution is shown
in Figure 2.
Applications of TEM
TEM is one of major tool of nanotechnology.
It is a part of a major analysis technique in a
range of scientific fields, in both physical and
biological sciences. TEMs have also applications
in cancer research, virology, materials science. It
also proves application in microfabrication and
nanofabrication in semiconductor research as well
as in pollution analysis. The TEM is used frequently
in both material science/metallurgy and the
biological sciences. In these cases, the specimens
must be very thin and should be able to withstand
the high vacuum present inside the TEM system. In
case of biological samples, the maximum thickness
of sample to be examined should be roughly 1
micrometre order. To withstand the instrument
vacuum, biological samples are typically held at
liquid nitrogen temperatures after embedding in
vitreous ice, or fixated using a negative staining
material such as plastic embedding.
In material science/metallurgy, the specimens
(sample) are generally resistant to vacuum, but
must be prepared as a thin foil, or wisely etched so
that some portion of the specimen is thin enough for
the electron beam to penetrate. Ion beam milling
and wedge polishing techniques are used to make
such specimen thin. The focused ion beam (FIB) is
a modern technique to prepare thin samples for
TEM inspection from larger specimens. In case of
materials which have dimensions small enough
electron to be transparent, such as powders or
nanotubes,canbeeasilyproducedbythedeposition
of a dilute sample containing the specimen onto
support grids. The solvent is generally a volatile
solvent, such as ethanol, ensuring that the solvent
rapidly evaporates allowing a sample that can be
promptly analyzed.
The imaging techniques explained above are
particularly important in materials science. Faults
in crystals affect both the mechanical and the
electronic properties of materials, so understanding
how they behave gives a powerful insight. Selecting
the orientation of the sample carefully and
precisely, it is possible to determine the position
of defects as well as defect type. Furthermore, the
high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
(HRTEM) uses both transmitted and scattered
beams to produce an interference image, allows
the direct observation of crystal structure and
hence it has an advantage over other techniques
in that there is no displacement between the site
of a defect and the contrast variation present
in the image. However, it is not always easy to
interpret the lattice images directly in terms of
sample structure. This is because the image quality
depends on number of factors (sample thickness
and orientation; objective lens defocus; spherical
and chromatic aberration etc.), and although
quantitative interpretation of the contrast shown
in lattice images is possible, it is fundamentally
complicated and may need extensive processing of
the images. Computer modelling and processing of
images have provided anew level of understanding
in the study of crystalline materials.

The field of high energy physics deals with the
elementary constituents of matter and energy,
interaction between the particles and nature of
space-time. The primary focus of this field is the
study of heavy ions collision to get the minute mass
particles from the gigantic particle accelerators.
Particle accelerator uses electromagnetic field to
propel charged particles nearly in to the speed
of light and confined them in well defined beam.
These accelerators are called collider. CERN's
Large Hadrons Collider (LHC), the world’s largest
collider, is one of the several particle accelerators
around the world. LHC operates one month a year
in the nuclear collision mode with Pb(lead)-nuclei
colliding at very high temperature and energy by
which very strongly interacting particles can be
generated.
High energy physics will provides a better
understanding of how the universe works?,
potentially answering the questions like why the
Higgs(particle assumed to give all the mass of the
universe)mass is so light?, what is the dark matter
madeupof?,Arealltheforcesunifiedintooneforce
at high energy?, etc. The study of the elementary
particles of astronomical origin and their relation
to astrophysics and cosmology is also associated
with high energy physics or particle physics. This
study is termed as astroparticle physics. Proton-
Proton collision at the Large Hadrons Collider-LHC
at CERN occurs at energy of 1012
eV where a
cosmic ray spectrum which is found freely in space
contain particles with energies as high as 1020
eV, due to this reason astroparticle physics is very
necessary for the study of high energy. It is difficult
to producing a particle with energy comparable to
those found in space.
Fusion process is a nuclear reaction which powers
the sun and stars as hydrogen atoms fuse together
to form helium, and matter is converted into energy.
Hydrogen, heated to very high temperatures
changes from a gas to plasma in which the
negatively-charged electrons are separated
High Energy Physics, Nuclear Fusion and
Plasma State
Subhash Sharma
Fusion Process
from the positively-charged atomic nuclei (ions).
Normally, fusion process is not easily possible
because the strongly repulsive electrostatic forces
between the positively charged nuclei prevent them
from getting close enough together to collide and
for fusion to occur. when the temperature increases,
causing the ions to move faster and eventually
reach speeds high enough to bring the ions close
enough together. The nuclei can then fuse, causing
a release of high energy. In the Sun, massive
gravitational forces create the right conditions
for fusion, but on earth they are much harder to
achieve.
Nuclear fusion has the potential to produce nearly
Nuclear Fusion: high energy lasers
(Image http://uonray.blogspot.com/)

Higgs Boson, also called god particle or quark –gluon plasma (QGP), widely
considered being the fundamental particle for all the mass of the universe. This
computer simulation showing particle tracks inside the LHC's detector after
Higgs boson decay. (Image: CERN)
unlimited supplies of clean, safe, carbon free
energy. Like sun and stars it can be realized in
reactors that simulates the condition of ultra hot
diminutive "Stars" of plasma. May all we know that,
99% of mass of the universe is made by matter
composed of quarks and gluons.Most of this matter
is found at the core of atoms, the same atom that
embrace all we see around us (including ourselves).
We have seek to understand how the universe
evolved just after the big bang from super hot
plasma of quarks and gluons, how the different
elements of the universe were formed, and how
a nucleus is made up of individual protons and
neutrons interacting with each other with the
strongest force in nature. At the core of the sun,
nuclear fusion reaction takes place at very high
temperature which is possible by plasma state
only. Nuclear fusion reaction that occurs in sun and
star creates heavier elements from lighter one. If
such kind of energy source that can be created
from fusion process can be harnessed at the human
scale it has the advantage of inexhaustible fuel
resources and greatly reduced proliferation and
environmental concerns. Till now, fusion reaction
takes place only at temperature comparable to
the center of sun so implementing the fusion reactor
involves the development of techniques to creates
and confine the tremendous hot ionized, "Plasma"
state of matter. To make fusion feasible on the
earth surface, the plasma must be very hot (More
than 50 million degree) it must be stable under the
intense pressure and it must be contained in a fixed
volume. Successful fusion also requires that the
product of three factor- plasma's particle density,
its confinement time, and its temperature.
In June 2015, an international team of physicist
produced quark –gluon plasma (QGP) at LHC,
CERN by colliding proton with lead nuclei at very
high energy. This quark –gluon plasma (QGP) is
hypothesizedtoexistatextremelyhightemperature
and density. Physicist discovered that this new
state of matter behaves like a fluids. It is believed
that up to a few milliseconds after the big bang
the universe was in a quark –gluon plasma state.
The properties of this quark –gluon plasma state
and high energy nuclear physics experiment are
currently investigated at
the Brookhaven National
Laboratory's Relativistic
Heavy –Ion Collider
(RHIC) and in CERN's
Large Hadrons Collider
(LHC). Thus the study of
charged particles and
fluids interacting with
self –consistent electric
and magnetic field is
plasma physics. It is
basic research discipline
that has many different
areas of application –
space and astrophysics,
controlled fusion,
accelerator or particle
physics and beam
storage.
References:
http://web.mit.edu/nse/research/fusion.html
https://home.cern
http://perimeterinstitute.ca/
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/
http://www.pppl.gov/about/fusion-basics

Scientific Fun Facts
Acronym
• The human eye blinks an average of
4,200,000 times a year.
• The first coast-to-coast telephone line was
established in 1914.
• The largest man-made lake in the U.S. is Lake
Mead, created by Hoover Dam.
• 2.5 centimeters of rain water is equivalent
38.1 centimeters of dry, powdery snow.
• A car traveling at 80 km/h uses half its fuel to
overcome wind resistance.
• No matter its size or thickness, no piece of
paper can be folded in half more than 7
times.
• Lake Baikal is the deepest lake in the world.
• The surface speed record on the moon is
10.56 miles per hour. It was set with the lunar
rover.
• The rocket engine has to supply its own oxygen
so it can burn its fuel in outer space.
• The North Atlantic gets 1 inch wider every
year.
• Snakes are true carnivorous because they eat
nothing but other animals. They do not eat any
type of plant material.
• Males produce one thousand sperm cells each
second – 86 million each day.
• Neutron stars are so dense that a teaspoonful
would weigh more than all the people on
Earth.
• Every hour the Universe expands by a billion
miles in all directions.
• Somewhere in the flicker of a badly tuned TV
set is the background radiation from the Big
Bang.
• Even travelling at the speed of light it would
take 2 million years to reach the nearest large
galaxy, Andromeda.
• The temperature in Antarctica plummets as
low as -35 degrees celsius.
• A thimbleful of a neutron star would weigh
over 100 million tons.
• The driest inhabited place in the world is
Aswan, Egypt where the annual average
rainfall is .02 inches.
• The deepest part of ocean in the world is the
Mariana trench in the Pacific with a depth of
35,797 feet.
• The largest meteorite craters in the world are
in Sudbury, Ontario, canada and in Vredefort,
South Africa.
CGPA - Cumulative Grade Point Average
DDT - Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane
HTC - High Tech Computer
IOE - Intitute of engineering
IMEI - International Mobile Equipment
Identity
MODEM - Modulator-DEModulator
NMAT - Narsee Monjee Management
Aptitude Test
PCO - Public Call Office
PUSET - Purbanchal University School of
Engineering & Technology
SOS - Save Our Souls
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
XML - EXtensible Markup Language
ATP - Adenosine Triphosphate

Science Experiment:
You will need
1. PVC pipe: - 2 feet in length and 1 inch (2.54
cm) in diameter.
2. Plastic Mylar Tinsel: - 1mm wide
3. Scissors
What to do?
1. Take six strands of Mylar tinsel together.
2. Tie two knots 6 inches (15cm) apart.
3. Cut extra strands beyond each knot and the
orb is complete.
4. Charge the PVC pipe with static charge by
rubbing with clean, dry hair or woolen sweater.
5. Drop the Mylar orb over the charged pipe.
Make sure orb touches the pipe.
6. Pipe starts to repel the orb causing it to float.
How does it work?
When you rub the pipe with dry hair, it becomes
negatively charged. And when we drop the orb
over the pipe, orb is attracted towards the pipe
due to its positive charge. After touching the pipe,
orb gets negatively charged. Since both pipes and
orb are now negatively charged, they start to
repel each other due to law of electrostatic
“same charge repels each other”. Due to this
Mylar Tinsel
used in Christmas
tree, marriage,
decoration etc
Orb with six strands
Rubbing the
pipe with dry
hair
Levita ting
orb
A Levitating Orb
mechanism, orb starts to levitate.
This levitating orb takes the appearance like “ball”
because strands themselves are also repelling each
other due to negative charges in each strand.
Orb might be trying to attract to other objects
around because other objects are positively
charged.
Reference: www.sciencebob.com

Quotes Do You Know?
Bright Lightning: A spectacular photo capturing bright lightning in action as it surges from the sky to the
ground, illuminating the sky and creating this beautiful image.
• It is very simple to be happy, but it is very difficult
to be simple.
-Rabindranath Tagore
• My friends, no matter how rough the road may
be, we can and we will, never, never surrender to
what is right.
-Dan Quayle
• You will never do anything in the world without
courage. It is the greatest quality of the mind
next to honor.
-Aristotle
• Good people do not need laws to tell them to
act responsibly, while bad people will find a way
around the laws.
- Plato
• To know that we know what we know, and to
know that we do not know what we do not know
that is the true knowledge.
-Nicolaus Copernicus
• In space, astronauts cannot cry because there
is no gravity and tears can't flow.
• Most lipstick contains fish scales.
• Scissors were invented by Leonardo Da Vinci
• The cigarette lighter was invented before the
match.
• There is enough fuel in full jumbo jet tank to
drive an average car four times around the
world.
• The only continent without reptiles or snakes is
Antarctica.
• Lightning strikes the Earth 100 times every
second.
• It is physically impossible to lick your elbow.
• Like fingerprints, everyone's tongue print is
different.
• Your heart beats over 100,000 times a day.

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Food Quiz !
Food is basic need. We eat different types of food. Let’s test our knowledge on food we eat.
Check your answers in page 42.
1. Fruit preserves made from citrus fruits, sugar and water are known as
2. Are human omnivore, herbivore or carnivore?
3. What is another name for maize?
4. The ‘Pizza Hut’ franchise began in which country?
5. The range of vegetables, meats, nuts, grains, and spices used in cooking are known as
6. What is the scientific name for cucumber?.
7. What is the sweet material made by bees?
8. Lures, reels, rods, hooks, baits and nets are common equipment used for which food gathering
method?
9. True or false? McDonald's has restaurants in over 100 countries around the world.
10. What food is used as the base of guacamole?
11. Foods rich in starch such as pasta and bread are often known by which word starting with the
letter C?
12. True or false? Trans fats are good for your health.
13. Deer meat is known by what name?
14. The rice dish ‘paella’ comes from which country?
15. True or false? ‘Beefsteak’ is a variety of tomato.
16. Dairy products are generally made from what common liquid?
17. Do coconut trees grow better in cold or warm climates?
18. True or false? Cooking food often transforms its chemical make up.
19. Chiffon, marble and bundt are types of what?
20. What is the average calorie for an adult per day?
It can take a photon 40,000 years to travel from the core of the sun to its surface, but only 8
minutes to travel the rest of the way to Earth
A photon travels, on average, a particular distance, d, before being briefly absorbed and released
by an atom, which scatters it in a new random direction. From the core to the sun’s surface (696,000
kilometers) where it can escape into space, a photon needs to make a huge number of drunken jumps.
The calculation is a little tricky, but the conclusion is that a photon takes between many thousands and
many millions of years to drunkenly wander to the surface of the Sun. In a way, the light that reaches
us today is energy produced maybe millions of years ago. Amazing!

"An apple a day keeps the doctor away" is an old Welsh
proverb that most of us are familiar with, but what makes
this fruit so special.
Here are some reasons what health benefits are associated
with eating apples.
Control your weight
Many health problems are associated with being
overweight, among them heart disease, stroke,
high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes and sleep
apnea. To manage your weight and improve your
overall health, doctors recommend a diet rich in
fibre. Foods high in fibre will fill you
up without costing you too many
calories.
Boost your immune
system
Red apples contain
an antioxidant
called quercetin.
Recent studies have
found that quercetin
can help boost and
fortify your immune
system, especially
when you’re stressed out.
Beat diarrhea and constipation
Whether you can’t go to the bathroom or you just
can’t stop, fibre found in apples can help. Fibre can
either pull water out of your colon to keep things
moving along when you’re backed up, or absorb
excess water from your stool to slow your bowels
down.
Warding off breast cancer
There is growing evidence suggesting that an apple
a day may help prevent breast cancer, according
to a series of studies conducted by prominent
Cornell researcher Rui Hai Liu.
Liu said her research adds to "the growing
Food and Health: Apple
evidence that increased consumption of fruits
and vegetables, including apples, would provide
consumers with more phenolics, which are proving
to have important health benefits. Expertes
encourage consumers to eat more and a wide
variety of fruits and vegetables daily."
Avoid Alzheimer’s
A new study performed on mice shows that
drinking apple juice could keep Alzheimer’s away
and fight the effects of aging on the brain. Mice
in the study that were fed an apple-enhanced diet
showed higher levels of the neurotransmitter
acetylcholine and did better in
maze tests than those on a
regular diet.
Get whiter, healthier teeth
An apple won’t replace
your toothbrush, but biting
and chewing an apple
stimulates the production
of saliva in your mouth,
reducing tooth decay
by lowering the levels of
bacteria.
Reducing your risk of diabetes
Apples could also help lower your risk of diabetes.
A study involving 187,382 people found that
people who ate three servings per week of
apples, grapes, raisins, blueberries or pears had
a 7% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes
compared to those who did not.
Lowering levels of bad cholesterol
A group of researchers at The Florida State
University stated that apples are a "miracle fruit".
They found that older women who ate apples
everyday had 23% less bad cholesterol (LDL)
and 4% more good cholesterol (HDL) after just six
months.

Nobel Prize Winners 2016
Cover Story
The Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to
Yoshinori Ohsumi for the discoveries related to
the mechanisms for autophagy. Autophagy is the
process which denotes the degrading and recycling
of cellular components. He experimented the
yeast cells and demonstrated the similar process
in the human cells which have led to discovery of
mechanisms of autophagy. Scientists believe that
this understanding can prove crucial for the fight
against cancer, brain diseases and neurological
diseases. In a press conference, the cell biologist
Ohsumi said, “As a boy, the Nobel Prize was a
dream, but after starting my research, it was out
of my picture.” He told that the joy of finding
something is his inspiration.
The experiment that he carried out deeply studied
the genes in the yeast cells, resembling behavior
of recycling process in the human cells. “Thanks
to Ohsumi and others following his footsteps, we
now know that autophagy controls important
physiological functions where cellular components
need to be degraded and recycled.” the Nobel
Nobel Prize Award Ceremony Image: Nobel Foundation
By Nischal Shrestha
The greatest achievements in theworld are rewarded Nobel Prize every year. Nobel Prize started in the year of 1901
AD,isnamedaftertheinventorAlfredNobel.Accordingtothewillof theAlfredNobel,NobelPrizeisprovidedtothe
person who has done the greatest work for the benefit of mankind. Up to now, Nobel Prize is provided 579 times to
911 people and organizations.The Nobel Prize is given in the field of physics, chemistry, medicine, peace, economics
and literature. In the year 2016, the prize was announced in the month of October. The winner receives the medal,
a diplomaand 1.2 million US dollars (2012 data). The award is not awarded posthumously. The prize is awarded
in Stockholm, Sweden with the exception of Peace Prize awarded in Oslo, Norway. In this piece of writing, short
description of the areas forwhich Nobel Prize 2016 were awarded will be discussed.
Yoshinori Ohsumi Image: Daily Mail

From left: David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz. Image- physics world
Foundation statement reads.
Nobel Prize in Physics was provided in the field
of condensed matter physics to David J. Thouless,
F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz
for theoretical discoveries of topological phase
transitions and topological phases of matter
(Topology is the branch of mathematics related to
the properties preserved during deformation). The
David J. Thouless receives award from the king of Sweden.
Image: Nobel Foundation
discovery is thought to play a significant role for
the development of new and advanced materials
having the wide range of applications in the future
world. Quantum computers, superconductors and
new generations of electronics are some, among
many vital uses that the discovery can bring."Thanks
to their pioneering work, the hunt is now on for new
and exotic phases of matter. Many people are
hopeful of future applications in both materials
science and electronics," a statement by the Nobel
Foundation reads.
The theoretical discovery with complex mathematics
has opened the possibility of the utmost bizarre
world where we can find exotic states of matter
which can be really strange. The superconducting
behavior of the material where there is no
resistance at all and the superfluidity in which there
is possibly no viscosity, the liquid can flow without
any friction.
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was given toJean-
Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and
Bernard L. Feringa for their development of
molecular machines. Molecular machines are the
Nano-machines which are thousands times smaller
than the single strand of a human
hair. The world’s smallest smart
machines can operate without the
human help. These machines can
acclimatize with the environment.
For an instance in a human body,
they would contract during the
heat and expand to the target
area of the body to deliver the
medicines. Richard Feynman,
renowned physicist and one of
the pioneer of Nanotechnology
predicted that in future the
machines in the scale of Nano
can be made which will be of
many applications in the daily

From left: Jean-Pierre Sauvage, Sir J. Fraser Stoddart and Bernard
L. Feringa Image: Science Magazine
use. ‘There’s plenty of room at the bottom’ is a very
famous quote by the scientist. Experts predict the
discovery will play a vital role to develop a self-
healing systemin the diverse areas of the modern
world.
The Nobel Prize in Economics was given to Oliver
Hart and BengtHolmstrom for their contributions
to contract theory. Modern economies are held
together by innumerable contracts. “The new
theoretical tools created by Hart
and Holmstrom are valuable to the
understanding for real-life contracts
and institutions, as well as potential
pitfalls in contract design.” states the
Nobel Foundation.
The Nobel Prize in Peace was
provided to the president of Colombia
for the major role to maintain peace
in the country by bring the tussling two
parties to the dialogue and finding
the way to settlement and peace. It
was provided to President Juan Manuel Santos
for “his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more
than 50 year long civil war to an end.”
The Nobel Prize for literature was given to the Bob
Dylan. The singer-songwriter has been awarded
the prized for “having created new poetic expres-
sions within the great American song tradition.”
For his overwhelming lyrical ability, he is globally
respected. His career has spanned more than five
decades and has wide range of influence.
Highest number of Nobel Laureates by country of birth:
• 49 times Nobel Prize was not given.
• Average age of the Nobel laureates for all categories is
59
• Youngest is MalalaYousafzai awarded Peace Prize at the
age of 17 years, Oldest is Leonid Hurwicz awarded Nobel
Prize in economics at 90.
• China has won 11 times and India 7 times.
• 49 times women have won the prize.
(Data from Nobleprize.org)
Sources: Nobelprize.org, Wikipedia, Guardian, Live Science

A
wave is a disturbance that travels through
some material called a medium or space
usually transferring energy. The disturbance
produced at one end of string permeated through
whole of string in form of wave. When we speak,
the air molecules in front of us are disturbed and
the disturbance is carried by other air molecules
around it. This propagates as sound wave. Similar
are the waves in water. It’s crucial to recognize is
that the medium itself in each case, the string, the
air, the water is not moving from one end to other.
They’re simply being displaced momentarily by the
energy that’s passing through and the disturbance
is passed onto succeeding particles of medium
while the preceding particle comes to its original
place.
At the end of nineteenth century, the major
Wave Nature of Light
Anand Deo
branches of physics prevailing were Mechanics,
Thermodynamics and Electromagnetism. In the
early 1860’s James Clerk Maxwell produced a set
of equations that summarized electromagnetism.
Before Maxwell, electricity and magnetism were
considered to be separate forces but as nineteenth
century progressed, it became more and more
clear that these two fundamental inter actions
were more and more related. As it turned out, they
were both product of charge. Charge is inherent
property of matter like mass. While mass produces
gravitational field that interact with other masses
and attracts them, charge produces electric field
which interact with other charges by causing them
to attract or repel. Opposite charges are attracted
to each other and like charges are repelled due to
the direction of lines of their field forces.
Ampere put forward that when electric charges
move, they generate magnetic field. Faraday put
forth a moving magnet will produce an electric
filed. Taken together, this suggests electricity and
magnetism are different aspect of same force. The
theory of electromagnetism involved many difficult
derivations and meticulous experiments but when
the dust finally settled it became clear to all that
not only magnetic and electric phenomenon are
fundamentally the same force but that electric and
magnetic fields could together produce a wave.
When an electric charge is shaken back and
forth like a string, the electric field surrounding
the charge begins to oscillate and as a result
of the oscillating electric filed a magnetic field
will be generated which in turn will generate an
oscillating electric field and so on and on it will
go. The result is an electromagnetic wave. The
peculiarity is that the direction of electric field,
the magnetic field and propagation of wave are
all mutually perpendicular and the wave does not
need any medium to propagate since it is basically
a disturbance in the fields.
According to Maxwell equations, the speed with
which an electromagnetic wave travels is equal
to speed of light. This led him to conclude that
light is an electromagnetic wave; a disturbance in
electric and magnetic fields. As it turns out there
are many forms of electromagnetic wave and
they fundamentally differ in the wavelengths and
frequency.
Long before any of these concepts of
electromagnetism or light being an electromagnetic
wave, there were people and there was light. Light
has existed since the beginning of universe. People
from ancient times to the date have noticed a

shiny surface reflects light. They knew the fish is not
exactly at the point where it seems under the water
and everyone has seen a rainbow. But none knew
why all these were happening.
Dutch astronomer Christian Huygens in mid
seventeenth century put forth the wave theory of
light. Huygens believed that light was a longitudinal
wave, and that this wave was propagated through
a material called the 'ether'. Since light can pass
through vacuum and travels very fast he had to
propose some rather strange properties for the
ether: for example; it must fill all space, have zero
inertia and be weightless and invisible. For this
reason scientists were skeptical of his theory.
Also known as Huygens’ theory of secondary
wavelets, he proposed that a point source (S)
sends out waves in all directions. In time 't', the
waves of light would reach a distance of 'ct' in all
directions in space, where 'c' is speed of light. All
the points where the waves have reached in same
time are on surface of sphere with source 'S' as
center and 'ct' as radius. Since all the points on the
surface of sphere have received the wave in same
time, they’re all in same phase and this surface is
called a wavefront. The wavefront would appear
spherical in 3D and as circle in 2D. In order to
explain how a wavefront is propagated forward
through a homogeneous isotropic medium, Huygens
made two assumptions: 1) Each point on wavefront
acts as a fresh source of disturbance called as
secondary wavelets. These wavelets spread out in
the medium with the velocity of the light in the very
medium. 2) The new wavefront at any time later is
obtained by taking the forward envelope of the
secondary wavelets at that time.
Huygens successfully explained the phenomenon
like reflection, refraction exhibited by light based
on his wave theory.Many scientists even believed in
the existence of ether. The theory was a promising
one but it had some drawbacks that led Newton
and others to reject it. The secondary waves are
propagated in the forward direction only and they
are assumed to destroy each other except where
they form the new wavefront. Newton argued
against wave theory of light saying light cannot be
wave because although we can hear sound from
behind the obstacle we cannot see light on the other
side of obstacle i.e. light does not show diffraction.
Newton did not know that in fact light does do this,
but the effects are exceedingly small due to the
very short wavelength of light. Huygens' theory also
failed to explain the rectilinear propagation of
light. Furthermore Huygens’ wave theory could not
explain polarization of light because he believed
light to be a longitudinal wave and polarization is
a property of transverse wave.
Along came Newton’s radical approach around
1690 to explain the observed behavior of light
like reflection and refraction. He developed
Corpuscular theory of light, arguably put forward

for the first time by Pierre Gassendi which had to
say that every source of light emit large number
of tiny particles known as corpuscles in the medium
surrounding the source and also these corpuscles
were perfectly elastic and weightless. He also
assumed the various colors of light were due to
difference in size of the corpuscles of various colors
of light; corpuscles of red light being larger than
corpuscles of violet light.
With his corpuscles of light he tried to explain
reflection akin to a bill striking a wall and bouncing
back. If the ball hit the wall perpendicular to the
later, the ball would bounce back the same way
it traversed while going towards the wall but if it
hit the wall at some other angles, the ball would
bounce back traversing a different path than the
original one. Light behaved the same way. The
corpuscles of light were the ball and the shiny
surface reflecting off the corpuscles was the wall.
Corpuscular theory also intended to explain
refraction of light by speculating that the corpuscles
velocity varied with the medium and therefore it
changed the direction while traversing from one
medium to other.Newton assumed that there is an
attraction between the molecules of a solid and
the particles of light, and that this attraction acts
only perpendicularly to the surface and only at
very short distances from the surface. This has the
effect of increasing the velocity of the light in the
material. It would mean the denser the medium is,
the higher the velocity of the corpuscles would be.
Also, based on this attraction between particles of
medium and corpuscles at shirt distances, Newton
explained total internal reflection of light by saying
that the perpendicular component of velocity was
too small to overcome the molecular attraction.
Newton in his 44th trial successfully set up two
prisms at such an angle that white light when
passed through first got separated into seven
colors and when it emerged from the second
reconstituted as a white light. He tried to explain
this in reference to differences in change in velocity
of various sized corpuscles and hence change in
path of the corpuscles combined with geometry of
prism leading to splitting into different colors.
Corpuscular theory and Wave theory were
contemporary but scientific community seemed to
prefer former over later for the Newton’s eminence
associated with the former one. But with time, it
was more than obvious that corpuscular theory was
neither satisfactorily explaining various observed
phenomenon exhibited by light like diffraction,
interference, polarization. Newton was unable
to prove that the corpuscles had higher velocity
in denser medium. Various colors of light due to
difference in size of corpuscles also didn’t seem
to have a solid ground. Another problem of the
corpuscular theory was that temperature has no
effect on the velocity of light, although on the basis
of this theory we would expect the particles to be
shot out at greater velocities as the temperature
rises. Despite having greatest of minds working
and two great theories on stand, the picture was
incomplete. Both the theories had its drawbacks.
Something was missing.
Then in 1801, Thomas Young did a crucial
experiment with light that came through two slits
and hit a white screen. One would expect he
saw two bright lines on screen in the line of slit.
Common sense as well as corpuscular theory would
indicate the same. Instead he saw a row of bright
and dark lines on the screen. Young decided
that Huygens’ wave theory of light was the only
plausible explanation for this interference pattern.
Since then, other properties of light like diffraction,
dispersion which happen to be property exclusively
of waves were also experimented with and results
seemed fit to wave nature of light. Light was
established as wave beyond any shadow of doubt.
Thanks to Maxwell, the wave nature of light was
established in later half of nineteenth century as an
electromagnetic and not longitudinal as Huygens’
had assumed. Polarisation was explainable now
with this new piece of information. It was just the
lack of insight and technology during Huygens’
time that his wave theory was less regarded. But at
the end of the day,light was electromagnetic wave
and that remained the story for nineteenth century.

The Big Bang Cosmology and Cosmic Inflation
Dr. Binod Adhikari
Nirakar Sapkota
The Big Bang Cosmology is one
of the great achievements of the
20th century. Since the Universe
was discovered to be expanding,
the reversal of the process would
be a contraction. If we played the
video of the expanding Universe
in reverse, a point in time would
arrive when the entire Universe
was in a single place, billions of
times smaller than the width of
an atomic nuclei. Even though
the reasons remain unclear
about the very beginning of the
Universe, the subsequent events
are very clear- especially after
few seconds of the Big Bang.
The creation of various elements,
the abundance of Hydrogen
and Helium, and the Cosmic
Microwave Background (CMB)
are very effectively explained
by the Big Bang Cosmology.
However, it has some problems:
three problems to be precise.
The first problem of the Big
Bang Cosmology is known as the
‘Horizon Problem’. When distant
points on the CMB are observed,
they seem to be thermalized
despite the fact that light couldn’t
have connected these points. For
instance, when we look on the
CMB from two opposite sides of
the sky, we are looking at places
which are about 28 billion years
apart (given that the Universe
is about 13.7 billion years).
There is no way light could
have travelled 28 billion light
years in just 13.7 billion years.
However, these points seem to be
in thermal equilibrium such that
the temperature doesn’t vary
more than a thousandth of a
degree. If the Hubble expansion
is considered, these two points
are never too close for light to
thermalize them. Even when the
Universe was very small, the
rate of expansion was higher
than the speed of light which
prevented these points from
being thermalized anytime in the
history of the Universe [1].
The second problem of the Big
Bang Cosmology is known as
the ‘Flatness Problem’. When
the CMB is observed, the
observations correspond to a flat
Universe. If the Universe had a
positive curvature, the patches
on the CMB had to be bigger
than what we observe and if
the Universe had a negative
curvature, the patches would have
to be smaller than the observed
ones. However, the observations
reveal that the Universe is nearly
flat with its density parameter
(Ω0)=1±0.01. This is problematic
because in the past, the early
Universe had to be finely tuned
to have such a perfectly crafted
nearly zero curvature that
even after 13 billion years, the
curvature is still zero. This would
require the density parameter
to be equal to 1 within one in
hundred trillion.[1] Physicists
have a problem with such
“fine-tuning” as it is against the
Copernican Principle. It is due to
this reason that they’ve found the
Big Bang Theory to be somewhat
problematic in this aspect as the

theory doesn’t explain the reason
behind such fine-tuning.
The third problem of the Big
Bang Cosmology is known as the
‘Monopole Problem’. Decades
of observations haven’t been
successful to detect even a single
magnetic monopole, whereas
the Grand Unified Theory (GUT)
requires relic abundances (like
magnetic monopoles) to be an
intrinsic feature of the Universe.
Provided that their density is
inversely proportional to the cube
of scale factor, they dilute away
at the same rate as ordinary
matter. The theories predict that
such relic abundances should
be dominant in the Universe [2].
However, the lack of detection
of such predicted abundances
indicate that something must
be wrong with the Big Bang
Cosmology or that something
needs to be modified.
However, these problems
are effectively solved by the
Inflationary Cosmology which
was first introduced by Alan Guth
in 1981. [3] Inflation is a rapid
and exponential expansion of
the Universe after 10-36 seconds
of the Big Bang up to 10-33
seconds. Even though inflation
took place for a short period
of time, it increased the scale
factor of the Universe at least
by 1026 times [4].After that, the
normal expansion continued. This
very theory solves the ‘Horizon
Problem’ by explaining that the
Universe was very small than
predicted by the extrapolation
of the Hubble expansion in its
early age and had enough time
to be thermalized. Later, the
expansion became exponential
and increased the size of the
Universe just enough to arrive to
nearly the current size after 13.7
billion years of Hubble expansion
(even though the acceleration in
expansion isn’t considered in this
scenario).
Moreover, the ‘Flatness Problem’
is easily solved by relating
simply to an inflated balloon.
As a balloon is inflated, its
surface appears to be flat. The
exponential expansion stretched
the Universe to give it a nearly
zero curvature which is why it
has flat geometry even in the
current era. In addition, the
relic abundances got diluted
rapidly compared to the energy
density at the time of cosmic
inflation which is why they
became negligible very quickly.
However, this scenario works
only if the energy density during
the end of inflation is enough to
be converted into conventional
matter without recreating the
relic abundances [5].
In this way, the introduction of
inflationary cosmology solved the
major problems of the Big Bang
Cosmology; thus providing a
foundation of modern cosmology.
However, some different types
of theories may very well be
published in the future which
might be even more promising
than cosmic inflation and able to
solve not only the problems of
the Big Bang Cosmology but also
other problems of the modern
Cosmology like dark matter and
dark energy.
References
[1] M. Kaku (2004). “Parallel Worlds”
[2] J. Preskill(1979). "Cosmological production of superheavy magnetic monopoles". Physical Review
Letters. 43(19): 1365–1368.
[3] A. H. Guth(1981) “The Inflationary Universe: A Possible Solution To The Horizon And FlatnessProblems,”
Phys. Rev. D 23, 347
[4] A. R. Liddle, D.H. Lyth (2000). “Cosmological Inflation and large-Scale Structure”
[5] A. R. Liddle (1999). “An Introduction to Cosmological Inflation”arXiv:astro-ph/9901124

Pharmaceutical and Personal Care
Products (PPCPs)
Susmina Gajurel
M.Sc. Environment and Natural
Resources, Kathmandu University
Pharmaceutical and personal care products
(PPCPs) are products intended to groom our
body to promote attractiveness or to prevent
disease. Products intended to beautify are
categorized as cosmetics while those used to
treat or prevent disease are drugs. However,
compounds predominantly associated with
disinfectants, detergents have been excluded from
the list.Several compound have been synthesized
in the form of beauty care products like UV filters,
Triclosan, medicines (antibiotics), steroids, hormones
among others used in everyday urban activities
in the form of pharmaceutical and personal care
products are now considered as an emerging
pollutant. Although, they typically occur at very low
concentrations (ng/l to µg/l), these chemicals may
pose a risk because they are developed to trigger
specific biological effects even at low doses in
humans. PPCPs are continuously released into the
environment as we are using them in one or another
form in our day to day life causing potential
bioaccumulation and persistence. Consequently,
aquatic organisms will be exposed to many of
these substances throughout their lifetime. Hence,
PPCPs are also considered pseudo-persistent as
the input of these compounds tends to be constant
affecting non-target organisms in the aquatic and
terrestrial environment. Pharmaceuticals released
into the environment as mixtures can potentially act
as synergy or antagonism, at large. Another major
concern is that these compounds has potential to
cause androgenic and estrogenic activity inhibiting,
inhibit growth and spread drug resistance for
example: antibiotics. Despite these ecological
burden several such compounds do not have any
guidelines established either. The ultimate source
of PPCP in surface water is through waste water
treatment plant or domestic septic tank which
are not often designed to remove them from the
effluent which could be in the form of parent
compounds, metabolites, conjugated compounds
and through bathing, washing or
direct disposal. Because of the
chemical properties (polarity,
water solubility and persistence)
of the individual PPCPs as
compounds and their metabolites
are not eliminated from the
waste water treatment plant
(WWTP) and hence, may enter
surface waters through domestic,
industrial and hospital effluents.
Demographic and socio-
economic factors contribute to
seasonal variability in the types and amounts of
PPCPs in the receiving water. The concentrations
of cold- or flu-associated medications increase
in surface waters during winter months. Similarly,
sunscreen agents are found in summer months in
recreational areas like pools and beaches. Hence,
the pathways for PPCP input to aquatic ecosystems
vary spatially and temporally complicating studies
of PPCP fate and transport.
Image: www.istc.illinois.edu

Rabies: Dark Side of Bhairahawa
Dr. Kush Kumar Yadav
Dogs, better to be known as man’s best
friend has been suffering to survive
a normal healthy life in Bhairahawa,
Nepal. Although the literacy percentage
in Bhairahawa is 72%(District education
office, Rupandehi, 2011), people
still have the perception as dogs are
responsible for rabies and they need
to be killed for prevention. According
to the WHO, Rabies is responsible for
the 30% of total death in all over the
world (WHO Media center, fact sheet,
March 2016). In Nepal, more than 100 people die
annually due to Rabies. In Bhairahawa itself, 12
people have died due to rabies in a year (DLSO,
Rupandehi, Bhairhawa, Oral conversation, 2015).
Yes, we all know that Rabies day is on September
28 but how many of us know the details about
rabies. You may have question as “Is Rabies
Preventable? Who is the culprit if not dogs? Is
there any cure of it?...”. The answer is “Yes, Rabies
is 100% preventable”. Vaccination is the one and
only method to eradicate this disease. Dogs are
not the generator of this disease, even the dogs
obtain it from other sources. Fox, Bats are known
to be the actual carrier of this deadly virus called
Lyssa virus or Rabies virus. Once, suffered from
the disease, there is no cure of it, the prognosis is
grave.
Bhairahawa is at the west of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Being facilitated by the DLSO, there are still the
victims of rabid dogs. The reason may be the
lack of awareness, lack of responsibility from the
people, ignorance that they have towards street
dogs. Whatever the reason may be, this virus has
maintained its continuity to sustain in this region.
There is the veterinary university in the bhairahawa
The most popular name for dog is Max.
Dogs can see in dark due to a special
membrane called tapetum lucidum.
Puppies have 28 teeth and adult dogs have 42.
Dogs sense of smell is 10,000 times greater
than humans.
Dogs hear 4 times the distance a human can
hear.
and the students do conduct some vaccination
campaign but only owner dogs get vaccinated but
what about the homeless dogs!!
This is the matter of animal right and welfare, an
issue of getting disease free society, a discussion
for the coming future and the awareness to the
unknown. Being a veterinarian, I did gave my free
service at the DLSO and still try to initiate the
camps but the situation persists as the eradication
goal can only be achieved through team effort.
It’s not about who will be the next victim of virus
but the act to be practical about the preventable
measures.

Gyroscopes
Have you ever wondered why you don’t tip off
a running bicycle but fall off very easily on a
stationary one? There is a force that keeps your
bicycle from falling when it is in motion. The same
principle governs the mechanics of a gyroscope.
A gyroscope (gr. guros= wheel; lat. scopium =
scope) is a device consisting of a disc (rotor)that
can spin about an axis which is itself free to alter in
direction. The orientation of the axis is not affected
by tilting of the mounting thus making gyroscopes
ideal for use in stable balancing operations.
We study the motion of a gyroscope by a simple
example. Consider a wheel and axle being
supported from its end by a cord hung from the
ceiling as shown in the figure. At rest, if we let go
of it, it will rotate downward and stay in a vertical
orientation. This is due to the fact that gravity
exerts a torque on it and causes it to rotate about
the point of contact with the cord. On the other
hand, if the wheel and axle is rotating, it will not
rotate downward when we let go. In contrast, it
will rotate in a horizontal plane about the point
of contact. This is because the rotating wheel has
angular momentum whose direction is along the
axis of the wheel. The moment of gravity on the
wheel has a direction perpendicular to that of
the angular momentum vector. This torque tries to
changes the angular momentum of the wheel and
Fig: (i) Parts of a gyroscope
Fig: (ii) Working of a gyroscope
axle. (This is analogical to force tending to change
linear momentum.) But, being perpendicular to each
other, the torque can only change then direction of
the angular momentum. Thus the axis of the wheel
rotates due to the torque, and this motion is called
precession.
Gyroscopes have found their use in many fields
ranging from aeronautics to motion sensors in
mobile phones. The gyroscopes used in mobile
phones, called MEMS (Micro Electro Mechanical
System) gyroscopes, sense the angular rotation
of the device. It consists of a tiny mass, which is
constantly moving, surrounded by plates, attached
to springs. These are manufactured by Nano-
manufacturing techniques such as nanolithography.
When the device experiences angular motion,
a force (called the Coriolis force) displaces the
mass in a direction perpendicular to both angular
velocity and linear velocity. This motion of the mass
changes the distance between the plates and the
mass which in turn changes the capacitance and
thus angular rate is sensed. In aircrafts, gyroscopes
and accelerometers are the main components
of the autopilot system. In the past, mechanical
gyroscopes were used in airplanes, but they are
today completely replaced bylaser gyroscopes or
solid state gyroscopes.
Fig:Gyroscope used as flight turn coordinator
Fig:Schematic of a MEMS gyroscope
Purak Adhikari
B.E. Mechanical Engineering 3rd
Year

Numbers
As much as the ‘words’ have revolutionised mankind,
the ‘numbers’ have played equally significant role.
Numbers have an edge over words in a sense, both
scientifically and psychologically speaking, that
numbers are believed to determine everything that
lies at the present and in the future. Numbers are
fun too; you can add every numbers up to infinity
and still get -1/12 as the final result (check for
Ramanujan Summantion over internet). So, here’s a
list some unique numbers just for the sake of fun
and information.
1. The singularity. The very first. You and no
other. ‘1’ is a concept before it is a number.
Give it a thousand names, but after all, when
you have to start the journey to infinity, you
always start with one single idea – the idea
of ‘just one’.
0. As much as the existence of something buzzes
our mind, the concept of nothingness is equally
perplexing. As a matter of fact, ancient
Greek mathematicians and scholars were in
dilemma if ‘nil’ could be counted as a number.
They asked themselves “how can ‘nothing’ be
something?”.
The use of zero as a number can be found
as back as in Mesopotamian and Egyptian
civilisation. But, it was in the Sanskrit
language where ‘sunya’ was defined more
clearly, referring to the concept of void. The
documented mathematical use of zero dates
back to628 AD by Brahmagupta. Later, the
idea of using zero as a number spread to
China and Middle East, and then to the whole
world.
2. Fibonacci number is a quite popular sequence
of number when it comes to unique numbers.
This sequence comprises the numbers starting
from 1 and adding previous two numbers,
except for the second ‘one’ which is only
repeated.
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 …
3. Perfect number
A perfect number is the sum of all of its proper
positive divisors, excluding itself.
It is believed to be first documented by famous
Swiss mathematician and physicist Leonhard
Euler.
Examples:
Madhu Lamichhane
B.E. Mechanical Engineering

6 = 1 + 2 + 3
28 = 1+ 2+ 3+ 4 +5 + 6+ 7
496 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5+ … + 29 + 30
+31
8128 = 1 + 2+ 3+ 4 + 5+ … + 125 +126
+127
33550336 = 1 +2 +3+ 4 +5 + … +8189
+ 8190+ 8191
4. Hardy-Ramanujan number
One time British mathematician G. H. Hardy
went to visit his friend Srinivasa Ramanujan.
Hardy told Ramanujan that the taxi number,
which was 1729, seemed dull to him.
Ramanujan told Hardy that it was quite an
interesting number. It was the smallest number
expressible in as the sum of two cubes of
positive numbers in two different way.
1729 = 13 + 123 = 93 + 103
But, if negative cubes are also to include, the
smallest such number reduces to 91, which
surprisingly is one of the factors of 1729.
91 = 63 + (-5)3= 33 + 43
Now, here’s what’s more interesting:
1 + 7 + 2 + 9 = 19
19*91 = 1729
5. Kaprekar’s constant
Kaprekar’s constant gets its name from Indian
mathematician D. R. Kaprekar. It gets its
popularity from its unique feature which is
explained in few steps:
i. Take any four digit number, excluding 1111,
2222, 3333, … 9999
ii. Arrange the number once in ascending order
and again in descending order.
iii. Subtract the smaller number from the larger
number.
iv. Repeat these steps for few times. In at most 7
iterations, you’ll get the number 6174.
Do it for yourself for the proof!
6. 12 + 3 - 4 + 5 + 67 + 8 + 9 = 100
7. Okay, a game at last. What’s the largest
number you can make using only three digits?
999? No, it’s not.
The largest number you can make using 3
digits is 9^9^9.

International Conference on Material Science,
Kathmandu Symposia on Advanced Materials
(KaSAM) was organized by Nepal Polymer Institute
(NPl) in Pokhara. The conference attended by more
than 150 participants, was held from October
17 to 20, 2016. NPI organized the conference
in association with Nepal Academy of Science
and Technology (NAST), Pokhara University and
Institut fur Polymerwerkstoffe (IPW), Germany. The
convener of the program, Professor Rameshwar
Adhikari invited, Vice
Chancellor of the Pokhara
University, Professor
Chiranjibi Sharma for the
welcome speech at the
beginning of the program.
Renowned scientists from
more than 15 countries like
Germany, Japan, South
Africa, India and many
others presented their talk
InternationalMaterialScienceConferenceinPokhara
in the conference. The conference was conducted
aiming to connect the South Asian scientists with the
global scientists.
The conference started after the program called
No-Border Educational Program Applied to Science
(NEPAS). NEPAS was part of the conference held
in Pokhara University targeted to undergraduate
and graduate students. The event is organized
in every two years and in this third international
conference, it was held in Pokhara to promote

science and technology outside the capital. In the
program, foreign scientists and Nepalese scientists
gave their talk on science, nanomaterial etc. After
the program in Pokhara University, the event shifted
to Mount Kailash Resort in Lakeside Pokhara,
where the official inauguration of the conference
was done. There were lectures and talks on the
wide range of topics like structure and properties
of nanomaterial, technology and innovations for
Nepal, biomaterials, synthesis and application of
new materials, natural products etc. The conference
was addressed by many eminent scientists including
Prof. Bernhard Blümich (Aachen University,
Germany), Prof. Jean Marc Saiter (University
of Rouen, France), Prof. Valerio Causin (Padova
University, Italy), Likewise, Dr. Peter R. Makwabe
and Dr. David E. Motaung (Council for Scientific
and Industrial Research, South Africa), Prof. Shigeru
Okamoto (Nagoya Institute of Technology, Japan),
Prof. Abu Bin Hasan Susan (University of Dhaka,
Bangladesh), Dr. Suresh Kumar Dhungel (Nepal
Academy of Science and Technology, Nepal),
Dr. Bhim Kafle (Kathmandu University, Nepal),
Dr. Sheila Maskey (Tribhuvan University, Nepal), Dr.
Bhanu Bhakta Neupane (Kathmandu Institute for
Applied Sciences, Nepal) and many others were
the part of the conference.
The conference also witnessed some presentations
from the students of pharmaceutical sciences of
Pokhara University. The presentation on the use
of the local, natural materials for the treatment
of gallstones, kidney stones was highlighted. The
conference also had the poster presentations
highlighting the different avenues of the material
science and engineering from different countries.

Medical/Engineering Entrance Questions and Answers
Physics
1. Light travels in an optical fibre in
a. Jacket
b. cladding
c. Core
d. core cladding interface
2. 50% of a radioactive substance decomposes
in 5 years. What is the time for the 99.99%
decomposition?
a. 10 years b. 50 years
c. 10 to 50 years d. none
3. In a most stable elements the number of proton
and neutron is
a. Even-even b. even-odd
c. Odd-even d. odd-odd
4. The dimension of current is
a. M0
L 0
T Q-1
b. M0
L0
T-1
Q
c. M0
LT-1
Q-
d. M0 L0
T-1
Q-1
5. At 0 K, semiconductor behaves like
a. Conductor b. superconductor
c. Insulator
d. diamagnetic substance
Chemistry
1. Which of the following is a radioactive
element?
a. uranium b. sodium
c. cobalt d. nickel
2. Ionic product of water is
a. 107
moles/litre b. 10-14
gm/litre
c. 10-7
moles/litre
d. 10-1
4moles/litre
3. Atomic number 27 belong to which block
a. s c. p
c. d d. f
4. The α-scattering experiment of Rutherford
proved the presence of
a. Atom b. proton
c. Nucleus d. neutron
5. The rate of reaction doesn’t depend on
a. Concentration of reactant
b. Suitable catalyst
c. Temperature
d. Concentration of product
Zoology
1. The spiral valve is present in
a. Conus arteriosus
b. Bulbus arteriosus
c. In between right and left auricle
d. Auricle and ventricle
2. Dwarfism is caused due to hypo secretion of
a. Pituitary b. thyroid
c. Parathyroid d. adrenal
3. The skeleton and muscle is derived from
a. Ectoderm and mesoderm
b. ectoderm only c. Endoderm only
d. mesoderm only
4. Insulin was discovered from pancreas of Dog
by
a. Sanger b. ecology
c. Entomology d. trophology
5. the study of interaction of organism is called
a. Taxonomy b. ecology
c. Entomology d. trophology
Botany
1. The study of fossils are called
a. Taxonomy b. Physiology
c. Anatomy d. Palaeontology

2. The link between glycolysis and Kreb’s cycle is
a. Citric acid b. acetyl Co. A
c. Succinic acid d. fumaric acid
3. RNA is concerned with
a. Osmosis b. incipient nucleus
c. Mitochondrion d. centrioles
4. Light energy is converted into chemical energy
in
a. Respiration c. golgi body
c. Both d. none
5. Which one is biofertilizer?
a. Nostoc b. Bacilli
c. Caccus d. None
ANSWERS:
Physics
1. c 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. c
Chemistry
1. a 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. d
Botany
1. d 2. b 3. b 4. b 5. a
Zoology
1. a 2. a 3. d 4. c 5. b
Learn some interesting facts about sound that
you might not have known.
• Sound comes from vibrations. These vibrations
create sound waves which move through
mediums such as air and water before reaching
our ears.
• Our ears vibrate in a similar way to the original
source of the vibration, allowing us to hear
many different sounds.
• Dogs can hear sound at a higher frequency
than humans, allowing them to hear sound that
we can’t.
• Sound is used by many animals to detect
danger, warning them of possible attacks
before they happen.
• Sound can’t travel through a vacuum (an area
empty of matter).
• The speed of sound is around 767 miles per
hour (1,230 kilometres per hour).
• The loud noise you create by cracking a whip
occurs because the tip is moving so fast it
breaks the speed of sound!
• When traveling through water, sound moves
around four times faster than when it travels
through air.
• Although music can be hard to define, it is
often described as a pleasing or meaningful
arrangement of sounds.
• The sound of thunder is produced by rapidly
heated air surrounding lightning which expands
faster than the speed of sound.
Sound
Sudoku
Image: www.livescience.com

Reader'sQuestions
1. How much does the earth weigh?
Ans: By using the law of gravitation the mass
of earth is found to be 5.97219 × 1024
kilograms.
It is calculated by using the expression of
acceleration due to gravity,
i.e. g = GM/R2
where,
g = 9.8m/s2
G = gravitational constant
= 6.67408 × 10-11
m3
kg-1
s-2
R = radius of Earth
= 6 378.1 kilometers.
Manjil Gautum
Galkot English Secondary Boarding School
Baglung
2. Why is sunset red?
Ans: As we all know,visible light consist of seven
different color which are VIBGYOR ordered by
descending wavelength. When the light from
sun reaches earth ;Within the visible range of
light, red light waves are scattered the least by
atmospheric gas molecules.
So at sunrise and sunset, when the sunlight
travels a long path through the atmosphere to
reach our eyes, the blue light has been mostly
removed, leaving mostly red and yellow light
remaining.That's the reason we see the sunsine
and sunset mostly red.
Prabhat Kiran Kobdar
Kathmandu
3. What makes diamond shine?
Ans: Diamond has a very high refractive index
(about 2.42 compared to about 1.5 for glass).
The amount of light reflected at an air/
whatever interface is related to the refractive
index change at the interface, and generally
speaking the bigger the refractive index
change the more light is reflected.
So, if you compare a diamond to a piece of
glass cut into the same shape, the diamond will
reflect more light and therefore it will sparkle
more.The sparkling isn't just the high refractive
index - the shape matters too.
Diamonds are cut so that a light ray falling on
the diamond is reflected multiple times inside
the diamond and therefore sends light out in all
directions.
Arju Baiju
Kathmandu
4. What is space made of?
Ans: As we all know the space of the earth is covered
by atmosphere,dust particles,etc.But if we think
of the space beyond earth,the Solar system
and cluster of galaxy it is made up of Dark
matter and Dark energy.
1. Radiation, from the CMBR, starlight, cosmic
x-rays ,etc.
2. Space dust
3. Neutrinos
4. Gravitational fields
Binod Bhattari
Buddha Shanti Higher Secondary School
Chitwan
Scientific Mind requests the readers to
send their questions related to science and
mathematics. The answers will be given by
consulting with the exports of the relevant
subject. Questions can be send
at articles.scimind@gmail.com
Notice

Important Science Questions for SEE
• What is meant by weightlessness? In which
condition the weight of the object is nearly
zero? The mass of the earth is 6×1024
kg
and its radius is 6400 km. Calculate the
acceleration of a meteor located at the height
of 925 km from the earth surface?
• What is energy crisis? Write two reasons why
hydroelectricity should be given higher priority
for the generation of electricity in Nepal.
• Prove the pressure exerted by the liquid P=
hdg. Speed of flow of water from the tap of
upper floor is less than that from the tap of
down floor. Give reason.
• On which principle lactometer is constructed?
For which purpose is it used? Hydrometer sinks
deeper in kerosene oil than in mercury. Why?
• What is specific heat capacity of a substance?
To raise the temperature of iron ball of mass
20 kg from 20° Celsius to 35° Celsius it needs
2350 joule of heat energy. Calculate the
specific heat capacity of iron.
• Which lens is called converging lens? A
doctor after examining the eye of the student
suggested him to use spectacle of power -1.5
D. Then answer these questions:
(a) Which type of defect is there in his eyes?
(b) Show by the diagram the image formation
in the defected eye.
• What is electric circuit? Which type of
electric circuit is domestic use? Write any
two differences between parallel and series
connection of electric loads.
• Draw a labelled diagram of step-down
transformer. A transformer is made to light the
bulb of 6 V. If the transformer is connected
to 220 V mains and the number of turns of
primary coil is 880. What number of turns
should be in secondary coil?
• What are transition metals? On which factor
does its valency depend? Give the balanced
formula equation for the following word
equation. Which type of chemical equation is
it. Give reason.
Calcium chloride + silver nitrate calcium
nitrate + silver chloride
• Write any two uses of carbon dioxide gas.
Answer the following questions on the basis of
the following structural formula

(a) Why the given hydrocarbon is said to
unsaturated hydrocarbon?
(b) Write down the name and molecular
formula of the saturated hydrocarbon
formed when the given hydrocarbon
reacts with hydrogen.
• Which metal is extracted from magnetite ore?
Write down balanced formula for the chemical
reaction between the extracted metal and the
concentrated/hot sulphuric acid. All alkalis
are bases but all bases are not alkalis. How?
What is the PH value of neutral salt?
• Which virus causes common cold? Name the
fluid which is found in the brain. Write down
the main function of spinal cord.
• What is the effect of decrease in the number
of red blood cells in the body? Left ventricle
of the heart has more muscles than the right
ventricle. Why?
• Describe in brief about the evolution of life in
Eocene period and Oligocene period. What is
industrial smog?
• Name the nearest and farthest planet from
the earth. Write any two differences between
planet and satellite?
H
C
H
H
C
H

COMPASS
Compass is one of the oldest scientific inventions,
containing a magnetic pointer to determine the
direction on the surface of Earth. It has its own
place in the history of human civilization and it was
a notable discovery from mankind. The invention
of compass has been one of the greatest scientific
instruments. Compasses may operate on magnetic
or gyroscopic principles or by determining the
direction of the Sun or a star
Ancient Chinese found that if loadstone (first
natural magnet) was suspended to turn freely, it
would always pointed in a same direction, that of
the magnetic pole. The invention of first compass
“South Pointing Spoon” credited to Han Dynasty
(300-200 BC) of China, made up of loadstone on
polished board, when rotated freely, always point
North-South. The first floating needle compass was
invented in Song Dynasty (11th century), China.
They used a needle and when magnetized by
rubbing against loadstone, it swung around and
pointed south. Similarly, Ancient Chinese people
invented “South Pointing Fish”, in which loadstone
chips were kept into a block of wood and
decorated as a fish. As fish dipped in a water or
liquid, it bobbled around to point south. Later, Dry
compass invented in 1300 in Medieval Europe and
liquid filled magnetic compass in 20th Century.
Generally, Compass consist of a needle, the dial,
housing and other parts like lids, covers or cases to
protect the compass, and a transparent base plate
marked with a scale of inches or millimeters so that
the compass can be used directly on maps. The
needle of a magnetic compass must be made of
metallic substance, which can be magnetized for the
longer period of time. Steel is common substance
used in needles, which is an alloy of iron and some
amount of Carbon. A dial is a circular card printed
Image: A magnetic compass lying on a nautical
chart Getty Images
with directions and housing is something that holds
the other parts in a place.
The oldest and most familiar type of compass is
the magnetic compass, which is used in different
forms in aircraft, ships, and land vehicles and by
surveyors. Magnetic Compass doesn’t point to a
geographic pole, but to the magnetic pole. The
earth, itself behave as a huge magnet and interact
with Compass magnet in such a way that its north
end draws to align with Earth’s Magnetic Field.
The deflection of a compass needle due to local
magnetic influences is called deviation. The needle
of magnetic compass will be parallel with Earth’s
surface at the magnetic equator and the point will
be increasing downward as it is moved closer to the
magnetic pole i.e. any movement from horizontal
plane introduces dip error.
Compasses were used for divination for centuries,
and navigation today. Solid State compasses and
Gyroscope, and other compasses are still used
today in some of our sophisticated technology.

Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist who
changed the way humans viewed themselves and
the world around them through his amazing ideas
on evolution and natural selection.
Read on for interesting facts, quotes and science
information about Charles Darwin.
• Charles Darwin was born in England on the
12th of February 1809, he died on the 19th
of April 1882.
• He is most famous for his work on natural
selection, the idea that all species of life have
evolved over time from common ancestors. This
process involves favorable traits becoming
more common in successive generations of
living things while at the same time unfavorable
traits become less common.
• Not only did Darwin develop the idea of
natural selection, he also presented compelling
evidence from his detailed research which
included a five year trip on the HMS Beagle.
On this trip, Darwin visited ecologically diverse
regions such as Brazil, Chile, Australia, the
Falkland Islands and the Galapagos Islands.
• His 1859 book ‘On the Origin of Species’,
detailed much of his research on natural
selection, it contained a large amount of
evidence to back up his ideas and became
a landmark work in the field of evolutionary
biology.
• Darwin’s ideas created a lot of discussion
regarding the impact on various scientific,
religious and philosophical viewpoints.
Although most of those in educated society
accepted the theory of evolution, many still
challenge its existence despite the wealth of
evidence supporting it.
• Although in later life Darwin suffered from
a range of illnesses, he continued with his
research and undertook new experiments to
help support his ideas while at the same time
forming new ones in other fields.
• Other famous work by Charles Darwin includes:
‘The Expression of Emotions in Man and
Animals’, ‘The Descent of Man, and Selection
in Relation to Sex’, ‘The Power of Movement
in Plants’ and ‘The Formation of Vegetable
Mould through the Action of Worms’.
• Famous Charles Darwin quotes include: “Owing
to this struggle for life, any variation, however
slight and from whatever cause proceeding, if
it be in any degree profitable to an individual
of any species, in its infinitely complex
relationship to other organic beings and to
external nature, will tend to the preservation of
that individual, and will generally be inherited
by its offspring.”
• “We can allow satellites, planets, suns, universe,
nay whole systems of universe, to be governed
by laws, but the smallest insect, we wish to be
created at once by special act.”

Image credit: Professor Binil Aryal, Tribhuvan University
Image Credit: Hem Raj Sharma, University of Liverpool
2011 Nobel laureate Dan Shecthman visited
Nepal in the month of September, 2016.
Shecthman received Nobel Prize in Chemistry for
the discovery of Quasicrystals. He visited Nepal
for the international conference on quasi crystals
(quasi crystals are the crystals having a peculiar
type of crystalline behavior which shows definite
order but do not the periodicity). He arrived
in the morning of September 18 at Tribhuvan
International Airport, Kathmandu. The conference
held in Dhulikhel, Kavre was hosted by many
scientists and universities. The inspiring scientist
paid visit to the Kathmandu University, Kavre and
Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu. The scientist
stressed on entrepreneurship for the development
of the country.
International Conference on QuasiCrystals
International Conference on Quasicrystals was
held in Dhulikhel Lodge Resort, Dhulikhel, Kavre.
The conference witnessed scientists from more than
40 countries. Conference started in September
18 and ended in September 23. The conference
Nobel Prize Winner visited Nepal
invited Vice-Chancellor of Kathmandu University,
Vice-Chancellor of National Academy of Science
and Technology and many other distinguished
personalities as guest. Scientists presented their
work ranging from the fields of formation and
growth, structure and modeling, properties like
magnetic, electronic etc.of quasicrystals and
many others. “The scientists gathered here in this
conference will show the research work they have
done which will further broaden the understanding
of the subject,” Professor Narayan Adhikari from
local organizing committee spoke to Scientific
Mind. The conference also discussed on the future
directions of the quasicrystals research.

Squaring Numbers between 40 and 60
Example 1
(42)2
= ??
The rule for N = 41 through 49 is similar.
Step 1: Write N as (40 + R) for R between 1 and 9
Step 2: Then N2
will have first two digits =(15+R)
and
last two digits =(10-R)2
Here, R= 2
Therefore, (42)2
= 1764.
Example 2
522
= ??
The rule for N=51 through 59 is similar.
Step 1: Write N as (50+R) for R between 1 and 9
Step 2: Then N2
will have first two digits =(25+R)
and last two digits =(R)2
Here, R= 2
Therefore, (42)2
= 2704.
Birthday trick
This math trick will determine your birthday. Just
follow the steps with a calculator.
• add 18 to your birth month
• multiply by 25
• subtract 333
• multiply by 8
• subtract 554
• divide by 2
• add your birth date
• multiply by 5
• add 692
• multiply by 20
• add only the last two digits of your birth year
• subtract 32940 to get your birthday !
The answer's format: month/ day/ year. For eg.
31692 03/ 16/ 1992
OR,
20501 02/ 05/ 2001.
Mathematical Tricks
• If you have a pizza with radius Z
and thickness A, its volume is =
Pi*Z*Z*A
• 2,520 is the smallest number that
can be exactly divided by all the
numbers from 1 to 10.
• 69 is the only number whose square
and cube between them use all of
the digits 0 to 9 once each:
692 = 4761 and 693 = 328,509.
• 10! seconds is exactly 6 weeks
• The birthday paradox says that in
a group of just 23 people, there's
a 50% chance that at least two will
have the same birthday.
• Multiplying 21978 by 4 reverses the
order of the numbers: 87912.
Amazing Facts
about Math !!
Math Fun Table
1 × 1 = 1
11 × 11 = 121
111 × 111 = 12321
1111 × 1111 = 1234321
11111 × 11111 = 123454321
111111 × 111111 = 12345654321
1111111 × 1111111 = 1234567654321
11111111 × 11111111 = 123456787654321
111111111 × 111111111=12345678987654321

Ecosystem
Alisha Khadkha
Class: 9
Ever Young English Academy, Kathmandu
For the next issue, we request our readers
to send an essay in the topic
‘Computer’
in not more than 500 words before
28th
February 2017 A.D.
The essay can be send in the email address
articles.scimind@gmail.com
The best essay will be published in the
March-April 2017 issue and next three issues of
the magazine will be provided.
An ecosystem is the complex of living organisms,
their physical environment, and all their
interrelationships in a particular unit of space.
The principles underlying the study of ecosystems
are based on the view that all the elements of a
life-supporting environment of any size, whether
natural or man-made, are parts of an integral
network in which each element interacts directly
or indirectly with all others and affects the function
of the whole.
All ecosystems are contained within the largest of
them, the ecosphere, which encompasses the entire
physical Earth (geosphere) and all of its biological
components(biosphere). An ecosystem can be
categorized into its abiotic constituents, including
minerals, climate, soil, water, sunlight, and all
other nonliving elements, and its biotic constituents,
consisting of all its living members. Linking these
constituents together are two major forces: the flow
of energy through the ecosystem, and the cycling
of nutrients within the ecosystem.
The fundamental source of energy in almost all
ecosystems is radiant energy from the sun. The
energy of sunlight is used by the ecosystem's
autotrophic, or self-sustaining, organisms.
Consisting largely of green vegetation, these
organisms are capable of photosynthesis i.e.,
they can use the energy of sunlight to convert
carbon dioxide and water into simple, energy-
rich carbohydrates. The autotrophs use the energy
stored within the simple carbohydrates to produce
the more complex organic compounds, such as
proteins, lipids, and starches, that maintain the
organisms' life processes. The autotrophic segment
of the ecosystem is commonly referred to as the
producer level.
Organic matter generated by autotrophs directly
or indirectly sustains heterotrophic organisms.
Heterotrophs are the consumers of the ecosystem;
they can not make their own food. They use,
rearrange, and ultimately decompose the complex
organic materials built up by the autotrophs.
All animals and fungi are heterotrophs, as are
most bacteria and many other micro organisms.
Together, the autotrophs and heterotrophs form
various trophic (feeding) levels in the ecosystem:
the producer level, composed of those organisms
that make their own food; the primary-consumer
level, composed of those organisms that feed
on producers; the secondary-consumer level,
composed of those organisms that feed on primary
consumers; and so on.
The movement of organic matter and energy from
the producer level through various consumer levels
makes up a food chain. For example, a typical food
chain in a grassland might be grass (producer)
mouse (primary consumer) snake (secondary
consumer) hawk (tertiary consumer). Actually,
in many cases the food chains of the ecosystem
overlap and inter connect, forming what ecologists
call a food web. The final link in all food chains is
made up of decomposers, those heterotrophs that
break down dead organisms and organic wastes.
A food chain in which the primary consumer feeds
on living plants is called a grazing pathway; that
in which the primary consumer feeds on dead
plant matter is known as a detritus pathway. Both
pathways are important in accounting for the
energy budget of the ecosystem.

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UofF;nfO{ hkmt u/]/ hldgdf ebf{ ;f] CO2
UofF;
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9'ªufdf (Volcanic rock) CO2
ebf{ ;f] 9'ªuf b'O{ aif{d} kl/jt{g ePsf] / jftfj/0fdf k]m/L gkms]{sf]
b]lvPsf] 5 . ;of}+ xhf/f}+ jif{ nfUg] o:tf] kl/jt{gsf] sfd dfq @ jif{df x'g] / o;f] ubf{ jftfj/0f k|b'if0f klg
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5 .
j}1flgsx¿n] Pp6f s0f hL= s]= lk= cfO= l8= (GK-PID) sf sf/0fn] ;–;fgf hLj (Single cell organs)
7'nf hLj (Multicellular organ) df ljsl;t x'g k'u]sf] xf] eGg]s'/f kQf nufPsf x'g . GK-PID o:tf]
s0f xf] h;n] s0f s0fnfO{ hf]8g] sfd ub{5 / To;}n] ubf{ u'0f;'q (Stromosome) ;+u} hf]l8P/ sf]ifsf]
lelq leQfdf k'U5  . of] k|lqmof j++zh ljefhgsf] j]nfdf x'g] ub{5 . o;n] ubf{ sf]ifn] /fd|/L skL u5{ /
sf]ifnfO{ SofG;/ x'gaf6 arfpFb5 . clxn]sf] s0f (GK –PID) / klxn]sf] s0fdf s]xL leGgtf /x]sf] / sfd
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pTkl/jt{g (Mutation) xf] .
*)) ldlnog jif{cl3 ePsf] ;fgf] Genetic mutation -cfg'j+lzs pTkl/jt{g_ n]
clxn]sf] 7'nf tyf ;fgf hLjhGt'x¿sf] pTklt ePsf] xf] .
sfa{g 8fO{cS;fO8 (CO2
) hldgdf ebf{, Tof] 9'ªufdf kl/jt{g x'G5 .
When Helium is cooled to almost absolute zero (-460°F or -273°C), the lowest temperature
possible, it becomes a liquid with surprising properties: it flows against gravity and will start
running up and over the lip of a glass container!
We all know helium as a gas for blowing up
balloons and making people talk like chipmunks,
but what most people don’t know is that it comes in
two distinct liquid states, one of which is borderline
creepy. When helium is just a few degrees below
its boiling point of –452 degree Fahrenheit (–269
degree Celsius) it will suddenly be able to do things
that other fluids can’t, like dribble through molecule-
thin cracks, climb up and over the sides of a dish,
and remain motionless when its container is spun. No longer a mere liquid, the helium has become a
superfluid—a liquid that flows without friction.
“If you set [down] a cup with a liquid circulating around and you come back 10 minutes later, of
course it’s stopped moving,” says John Beamish, an experimental physicist at the University of Alberta
in Edmonton. Atoms in the liquid will collide with one another and slow down. “But if you did that with
helium at low temperature and came back a million years later,” he says, “it would still be moving.

Light: The Barrier of Reality
Sujan Dahal
Light, a basic component of life, determines past,
present and future. We generally think light shows
us reality that is happening out here. In fact, Light is
the barrier of reality. Let us start from a theoretical
imagination. Suppose, I am 20 years old and I have
been kept in a cubical box (without door) since my
birth. Now, an Alien which is 20 light years away
from me, sees me as a year old baby instead of 20
years old, because light takes 20 years to reach
from me to that Alien. And, an Alien which is 21
light years away, what would it see? It won’t see
me, but only a box (assuming a box is 25years
manufactured). Collectively, an alien, which is 21
light years away, won’t see me even I am in a box.
This is the barrier of reality. Light is summarizing
us within its limit of 3×108m/sec. The speed of
light, that is barrier which doesn’t allow to perceive
us reality, even two persons, a meter apart, one
perceives other a bit later time i.e. t = 1meter/c.
Astronomers find new habitable planets (Super-
Earths) like CoRoT-7b, Kepler-10b (560ly away),
Gliese 581c (23.6ly away) etc. Recently, NASA’s
Spitzer Space Telescope co-discovered an Alien
planet more than 13,000 light-year away from
Earth. This means, the light left that planet 13,000
years ago. A lot of changes may have happened
in these 13,000 years of interval, and no surety
about the presence of life today at that planet.
And, let us take any deep region of universe
(which is billions light-year away) where we find
“nothing”, but as light takes billions years to reach
here, there may be new planet passing through
same region by now. This confusion of “happening”
and “not-happening” constructed by the light is
the main conclusion of the article. The reality isn’t
flashed unless light reaches us, therefore light is the
barrier of reality. This would give a new interest in
the field of Astronomy and also encourage young
astronomers to find new astronomical measurement
like Gravitational wave.
References:
http://www.space.com/29120-alien-planet-
among-farthest-known.html,
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super-Earth.
Fig: Comparision between Earth(left), CoRoT (middle) and Neptune.

Maths Test
Food Quiz Answers
1. Marmalade
2. Omnivore
3. Corn
4. USA
5. Ingredients
6. Cucumissativus
7. Honey
8. Fishing
9. True
10. Avocado
11. Carbohydrates
12. False
13. Venison
14. Spain
15. True
16. Milk
17. Warm
18. True
19. Cake
20. 2000
Ig
Answer:1.12.410 3. 194.H 5.2,3and86. 11 7. 30
2. Which number replaces the question mark?
If
5 + 3 = 28
9 + 1 = 810
8 + 6 = 214
5 + 4 = 19
then,
7 + 3 = ??
50
40
10
?
30
20
5
7
13
11
17
?
3. Which number Completes the puzzle?
4. Which letter replaces the questions mark?
5.
1. Solve
6. What is the missing number?
7. Which number replaces the question mark?
9 – 3 +1 = ?1
3
VIRAL MATH PROBLEM
F
R
N
OO
P Z ?
= 10 =
=
=+
+
+
= 6
= 5
25 49 121
5 7 ?
15 13 9
20 20 20

TEM: Revealing the NanoworldThe Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) uses a beam of electrons to image the inside of ultra-thin materials. It allows viewing structures as small as individual atoms, much smaller than possible with an optical microscope. TEMs have revolutionized fields like materials science, biology and nanotechnology by enabling imaging and analysis at the nanoscale. Invented in the 1930s, TEMs have undergone continuous improvements, achieving resolutions below 0.1nm today. They have become indispensable tools for understanding and advancing science and technology at the atomic level

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