2. COURSE INCHARGE
Dr. M. Paratpararao
Assistant professor
College of Horticulture
PRESENTED BY
M.SIVA
VHD/16-06
Dept. of Vegetable Science
CHAIRMAN
Dr. K. UMA JYOTHI
Associate Dean
College of Horticulture
3. INTRODUCTION
The growth of plants is regulated by certain chemical substances, which
are synthesized by the plant in very small quantities.
These substances are formed in one tissue or organ of the plant and are
then transported to other sites. They are referred to as plant hormones
Plant hormones are organic compounds which are capable of
promotion, inhibition or modification of growth.
The plant hormones are also known as growth factors, growth
hormones, growth substances, growth regulators or phytohormones.
4. Plant growth regulators
Certain substances affect the growth quite miraculously. These were
referred to Hormones. Hormone means to urge or to stimulate (Greek word).
Hormones of plants are referred as Phyto Hormones (plant hormones).
Plant hormones are produced naturally by plants and are essential for regulating
their own growth. They are synthesized in particular cells and are transferred to
other cells where in extremely small quantities, control or modify plant growth
processes, such as formation of leaves and flowers, elongation of stems,
development and ripening of fruits.
A plant growth regulator is an organic compound occurring naturally as
well as synthetic, other than nutrients which in small amount promote, inhibit or
modify any physiological process in the plants.
5. Traditionally five major classes of growth substances are listed.
1. Auxins
2. Gibberellins
3. Cytokinin
4. Abscissic Acid
5. Ethylene
Now different categories of substance affecting plant growth are known which
can be broadly classified as.
a. Naturally occurring growth substances
b. Synthetic Growth Substances
Classification of plant growth substances
6. Auxins IAA
Gibberellins GA3
Cytokinins Kinetin and Zeatin
Ethylene Ethophon
Dormins Abscissic Acid (ABA) and Phaseic Acid
Flowering Hormones Florigin, Anthesin and Vernalin
Phenolic Substances Coumarin
Growth Retardants Batasins and Brassinosteroids
Growth Inhibitors Morphactins, CCC, Amo-1618 and Phosphin - D
Synthetic Auxins NAA, IBA, 2-4D and 4-CPA
Synthetic Cytokinins 6 Benzyl amino purine
8. Hormone Scientist Year Synthesis Location Target Tissue
Auxins F.W.Went 1928 Stem apex, developing fruits Primary cell wall
Giberelline Kurosawa 1938 Immature seeds Internodes, seeds and
fruits
Cytokinin Skoog and
Millar
1965 Actively growing regions Roots, stem, phloem
and xylem
Abscisic acid F.T. Addicott 1963 Leaves Stomata
Ethylene Dimitry
Neljubow
1934 Fruits, flowers, leaves and
roots
Buds, seeds and fruits
Om prakash meena. 2015
Groups of phytohormones, Synthesis location and Target tissue
9.
10. Types of Auxins
Natural : Indole 3 acetic acid (IAA).
Synthetic : IBA, NAA and 2,4-D.
Fig : IBA powder
Fig: NAA
11. 1. Apical dominance: Phenomenon
in which the apical bud dominates
over the lateral buds and does not
allow the lateral buds to growth.
2. Rooting: Applied on cuttings to
stimulate root growth and
development.
12. 3. Parthenocarpy :
Auxin can induce the formation of
parthenocarpic fruits (fruit formation
without pollination and fertilization).
4. Prevention of abscission :
Natural auxin prevent the formation of
abscission layer which may otherwise
result in the fall of leaves, flowers and
fruits.
13. 5. Flowering:
Foliar spray of NAA, 2,4-D induces
flowering in many crop plants.
6. Storage :
Auxins such as NAA is used to
prevent the sprouting of potato tubers.
Hence, increases the storage life of the
produce.
7. Eradication of weeds – eg. 2,4-D,
2,4,5-T.
14. GA
Functions
Stimulate cell
division and
elongation
Stimulate germination of
seeds
Increase flower, fruit size
and induces maleness in
dioecious flowers
Stimulates
bolting/flowering in
long day conditions
Break the seed
dormancy and
possesses pollencide
effect
extending self life
of fruits
15. Functions of Cytokinins
1. Cell division :The most important biological effect of
kinetin on plants is to induce cell division especially in
carrot root tissue, pea callus etc.
2. Cell enlargement : Like auxins and gibberellins, the
kinetin may also induces cell enlargement in the leaves of
Phaseolus vulgaris, pumpkin cotyledons etc.
3. Flower induction: Cytokinins can be employed
successfully to induce flowering in short day plants.
4. Dormancy of seeds: Like gibberellins, the dormancy of
certain light sensitive seeds such as lettuce can also be
broken by kinetin treatment.
5. It delays leaf senescence.
Fig : Kinetin
16. Functions of Abscisic acid
Act as plant stress hormone
Induces bud dormancy and seed dormancy
stomata closing.
Induces senescence of leaves , abscission of leaves,
flowers and fruits
Induces tuberisation.
18. Novel plant/ New Generation growth regulators
Novel growth regulators Functions
Florigen (flowering harmone) Initiation of flowering in plants
Anthesin Flower formation
Vernalin Vernalisation effect
Morphactins Flower stimulation , inhibits seed germination , stem elongation
and increase number of branches
Tricontinal Increases yield
Xanthoxins Phototropism
Brassins Abated stem growth of plants
Jasmonic Acid Inhibits growth and promotes senescence
Lunularic acid Prevents germination
Batasins Dormancy of bulbils
Benzyladenine promote branching and increase flower set
Dikegulac sodium promoting lateral branches
19. Growth inhibitors
Functions:
(i) It accelerates degreening
(ii) It induces abscission
(iii) It suppresses the vegetative growth and induce flowering
(iv) It induces sterility
(v) It increases diseases resistance, salt tolerance and resistance to low temperature.
Growth inhibitors are substances which suppress the growth of plants.
Phenolic Inhibitors: Benzoic acid, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, caffeic acid,
ferulic acid, coumarin, juglone, scopoletin, naringenin, chologenic acid.
Synthetic Inhibitors: Malic hydrazide, TIBA.
20. Growth Retardants
Growth retardants are organic chemicals which slow down the growth of
the plants. Plants showing dwarfing nature of stem growth without
malformation of leaves, flowers and fruits.
Different classes of growth retardants:
Nicotinums Eg :2,4 DNC (2,4 Dichloro benzyl nicotinum chloride)
Quartenary Ammonium carbomates Eg : AMO-1618
Phosphoniums Eg. Phosphon D
Hydrazides Eg. SADH (Succinic Acid 2, 2 Dimethyl Hydrazide)
Others:
Substituted chlorines : Eg. CCC (Cycocel)
Substituted Malic acid : Eg. B9 (Diaminazole): PBZ (Palcobutrazole)
21. Functions
Retard the cell division and cell elongation
Maintenance of high population density
Alleviation of stress
Increase female sex expression
Promote flowering and reduce alternate bearing
Induce dwarf stem growth
22. Fruit set is defined as the transition of a quiescent ovary to a
rapidly growing young fruit.
After pollination, the development of fruits begins which is
followed by wilting or abscission of petals , stamens etc., these
transitional changes from flower into young fruits are called
fruit set. the various stages of fruit set are follows.
23. Flower fading:
After pollination most flowers close their corolla or petals rapidly fall and
collapse
Receptivity:
The capacity of flower to set a fruit often depends upon the receptivity of
the female parts to the pollen. The receptivity may last long for only a few
hours or over week.
Growth relations:
As soon as successful pollination occurs, the growth in ovary shows abrupt
changes and thus pollen often acts as a catalyst for ovary growth at this
stage. In cucumber such increase in ovary growth alter pollination is very
evident.
24. Fruit set affects the productivity of the crops
It may due to limited pollination
It may due to limited nutrition
It may be due to lower insect population.
It may be due to inconsiderable environmental factors
May be due to abscission of flowers and young fruits
25. Seed development
Seed development is the process by which seeds are formed
from the end of fertilization to the production of a
mature seed body.
29. Growth regulator Concentra
tion (mg/l)
Mode of
application
Stage of
application
Crops Attributes
affected
Cycocel (CCC) 250-500 Foliar spray 20-30 DAT Cucurbits,
tomato,
Okra
Flowering, sex
expression, fruit
yield
Para chlorophenoxy
acetic acid (PCPA)
50 Foliar spray 30-40 DAT Tomato Fruit set, fruiting
and yield
2,4-diurophenoxy
acetic Acid
0.5 Foliar spray Flower
initiation
Tomato Fruit set, fruiting
and yield
Ethephon (CEPA) 100-500 Foliar spray 2-4 leaf stage Cucurbits,
tomato,
okra
Flowering, fruiting,
sex expression
and yield
GA 10 Foliar spray Flower
initiation
Watermelon,
tomato
Sex expression,
fruiting and yield
MH 50-100 Foliar spray 2-4 leaf stage Cucurbits Flowering, sex
expression and yield
Mixtalol 2 Foliar spray Flower
initiation
Tomato, chilli,
brinjal
Flowering, fruit set
and yield
NAA 10-20 Foliar spray 30- 40 DAT Tomato, chilli fruit set and yield
Tricantanol 2 Foliar spray 30- 40 DAT Chilli, peas Fruit set and yield
30.
31. Fruit Set and Yield Enhancement in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) Using Gibberellic Acid and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid
Spray ( Luitel et al., 2015)
Treatments Fruit set
(%)
Total no. of
fruits /plant
Fruit weight
(g)
Fruit yield
/plant (g)
GA3@ 0 ppm 39.8 10.9 47.3 434.7
GA3@ 5 ppm 53.4 14.2 47.6 497.7
GA3@ 10 ppm 54.0 14.7 47.6 506.2
GA3@15 ppm 53.8 14.2 50.9 574.3
2,4-D@ 0 ppm 43.7 12.2 45.6 436.2
2,4-D@ 5 ppm 55.0 17.2 51.4 587.9
2,4-D@10 ppm 52.1 14.8 53.2 515.6
Ga3 ** ** * *
2, 4-D ** ** * *
32. fruit setting in tomato after the
spray of 2,4 D @ 5ppm
fruit set in unsprayed (control)
plant
33. Effect of GA3 and NAA on growth and yield of tomato
(Prasad et al., 2013)
Treatments Percent
fruit
set
No. of
fruits/
plant
Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit width
(cm)
Rind
thickness
(cm)
Fruit yield
(q/ha)
Control 30.6 13.2 80.5 4.3 4.4 0.40 380.7
GA3 20 ppm 35.4 18.7 85.1 4.8 4.92 0.45 396.2
GA3 40 ppm 40.2 22.7 120.2 5.06 5.21 0.48 418.6
GA3 60 ppm 47.3 26.2 125.7 5.92 6.20 0.52 446.5
GA3 80 ppm 51.6 30.2 130.8 6.46 6.86 0.56 483.6
NAA 25
ppm
32.1 18.5 84.1 4.6 4.72 0.44 390.5
NAA 50
ppm
37.7 21.7 118.2 4.82 4.90 0.45 402.7
NAA 75
ppm
44.5 23.4 121.8 5.78 6.11 0.50 433.6
NAA 100
ppm
49.1 24.7 128.6 6.08 6.38 0.55 474.2
CD (0.05) 3.42 9.50 6.48 1.01 NS 1.23 12.6
34. Effect of bio-regulators on performance of tomato under naturally
ventilated polyhouse during off- season (Brahma and Phukan , 2011)
Treatments
Plant height
(cm)
Days to 50%
flowering
Days to 50%
fruiting
Fruit setting (%)
July August July August July August July August
GA310 ppm 120.19 108.38 46.50 49.50 53.00 54.50 65.72 58.70
GA325 ppm 127.25 120.13 47.25 50.00 48.25 49.30 69.80 60.26
PCPA 50
ppm
113.50 80.38 41.75 44.50 51.00 52.40 61.74 54.87
NAA 10
ppm+ 1ppm
Boron
107.50 74.13 37.67 39.40 55.75 57.75 50.34 47.25
Control 70.67 54.13 35.65 37.60 68.40 70.20 29.24 20.92
CD (5%) 2.90 3.16 1.91 1.74 3.62 3.13 3.94 3.66
35. Contd….
Treatments
Number of
fruits per plant
Average fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit yield
(g/plant)
Fruit yield
(kg/m2)
July August July August July August July August
GA310 ppm 21.50 18.50 58.00 49.82 1247.09 679.66 4.61 2.51
GA325 ppm 23.67 21.00 68.00 62.27 1563.23 1307.36 5.79 4.84
PCPA 50
ppm
23.00 20.72 60.00 57.48 1421.64 1191.49 5.26 4.41
NAA 10
ppm+ 1ppm
Boron
20.54 16.00 51.00 43.96 1045.98 703.17 3.87 2.60
Control 11.25 10.00 45.00 39.72 507.57 397.32 1.88 1.47
CD (5%) 2.32 2.65 3.70 2.61 152.74 292.34 0.56 1.08
36. EFFECT OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON SUMMER TOMATO
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) (Mehta, 2004)
Treatments Days to first
set of fruit
Percentage of
fruit set
Days to
first
harvest
Weight of
fruit (g)
No. of fruits
per plant
GA3@10 ppm 39.89 56.84 59.66 35.26 41.05
GA3@ 25 ppm 38.00 51.87 57.55 44.15 51.32
2,4-D @ 1 ppm 41.44 54.35 62.55 35.20 43.99
2,4-D @ 5 ppm 40.67 65.05 61.44 33.40 42.91
NAA @ 0.1 ppm 42.89 58.38 63.67 36.37 44.67
NAA @ 0.2 ppm 42.00 60.21 62.55 37.54 46.32
Control 42.89 50.18 63.67 32.52 35.67
CD at 5% 0.590 1.68 0.612 1.045 0.846
37. Effect of plant growth regulators on yield contributing
characters of tomato (Choudhury et al., 2013)
Plant growth
regulators
No. of flower
cluster/plant
No. of
flowers/plant
No. of
fruits/plant
Single fruit
weight (g)
PGRO 6.10 c 18.16 c 14.55 d 55.84 d
PGR1 8.38 b 30.14 b 25.54 c 62.15 c
PGR2 10.26 a 39.12 a 32.43 b 70.08 b
PGR3 10.60 a 39.69 a 36.54 a 74.01 a
CV (%) 5.28 7.22 9.42 7.11
Bangladesh
PGR0 = Control
PGR1= 4-CPA @ 20 ppm
PGR2 = GA @ 20 ppm
PGR3= 4-CPA + GA3 @ 20 ppm
38. Effect of different concentrations of 4-CPA on growth, yield contributing
characters and yield of summer tomato
Treatment Days required
to 50%
flowering
Number
of flowers
plant1
Number
of fruits
plant1
Fruit
set
plant1
Fruit
yield (kg)
plant1
Fruit
yield
(t/ha)
T0 44.23 21.53 9.10 42.27 0.66 12.53
T1 43.56 34.76 18.43 53.02 1.10 24.48
T2 42.38 38.61 20.91 54.15 1.25 25.64
T3 41.42 44.89 24.97 55.62 1.32 27.78
LSD (0.01) 0.133 0.763 0.334 2.56 0.054 0.548
Level of
significance
** ** ** ** ** **
Karim et al, 2015
Four concentrations of 4-CPA were
(i) 0 ppm (without 4-CPA)
(ii) 20 ppm
(iii) 40 ppm
(iv) 60 ppm
39.
40. Effect of growth regulators on seed yield per plant, germination
percentage and root length in brinjal hybrid seed production
Treatment
Seed yield (g) per
plant
Germination (%) Root length (cm)
Growth
regulators (G)
2003 2004 Mean 2003 2004 Mean 2003 2004 Mean
G1 34.72 33.20 33.96 76.28 74.76 75.52 7.97 7.66 7.81
G2 32.75 31.90 32.33 74.07 72.96 73.51 7.69 7.49 7.59
G3 31.06 30.87 30.97 72.12 71.66 71.89 7.49 7.27 7.38
SEm± 0.81 1.00 0.65 1.10 0.58 0.62 0.12 0.05 0.06
CD @ 5% 2.37 2.94 1.90 3.22 1.70 1.82 0.35
0.15
0.18
Shivashankargouda et al ., 2008
G1- GA3 @ 50 ppm
G2- NAA @ 40 ppm
G3- Control (water spray)
41. Effect of NAA levels on number of seeds per fruit in brinjal genotypes
V N0 N1 N2 N3 V-MEAN
V1 597.23 604.83 647.80 602.23 613.02
V2 454.66 459.40 472.13 461.93 462.03
V3 1254.43 1235.80 1231.46 1220.63 1235.58
V4 666.30 670.43 642 642.33 655.265
V5 1211.8 1245.30 1276.13 1243.66 1236.72
V6 632 645.36 625.03 646 637.09
N-MEAN 802.73 639.48 809.42 802.79
V N Interaction of V x N
S.Em± 16.51 13.48 33.03
CD at 5% 47.37 38.68 94.75
V = Genotypes; V1 = Punjab Barsati; V2 = ABH-1; V3 = Pant Samrat; V4 = ABSR-2; V5 = Pant Rituraj; V6 = K S-235
N0 = Without NAA; N1 = 30 ppm NAA; N2 = 50 ppm NAA; N3 = 70 ppm NAA
Abhishek Singh ,2010
42. Effect of NAA levels on weight of 100 seeds in brinjal genotypes
V N0 N1 N2 N3 V-MEAN
V1 0.47 0.47 0.49 0.50 0.48
V2 0.45 0.49 0.45 0.46 0.45
V3 0.45 0.43 0.49 0.47 0.46
V4 0.55 0.55 0.57 0.59 0.56
V5 0.56 0.58 0.55 0.57 0.55
V6 0.46 0.49 0.48 0.47 0.47
N-MEAN 0.48 0.49 0.52 0.51
V N Interaction of VxN
S.Em± 0.52 0.41 0.15
CD at 5% 0.51 0.12 NS
Abhishek Singh 2010
43.
44. Effect of plant bioregulators on chilli (Joshi et al., 2001)
Plant bioregulators
(ppm)
Shoot dry
wt.(g)
No. of seeds per
fruit
Weight of seed
(mg)
Fruit yield per
plant
NAA 20 61.00 40.66 194.66 232.73
NAA 40 63.26 43.13 196.66 274.03
NAA 60 72.86 45.00 200.66 246.46
GA3 10 47.40 36.60 160.33 231.80
GA3 20 52.13 30.46 150.00 234.53
GA3 30 57.13 25.80 123.33 240.73
Ethepon 50 42.26 35.73 176.66 229.26
Ethepon 100 45.20 34.13 153.33 233.73
Ethepon 150 65.60 33.20 160.00 240.80
2 ,4- D 2 44.66 41.46 173.33 276.80
2, 4- D 4 52.80 39.86 168.33 240.93
2 ,4 -D 6 67.46 36.13 165.66 228.66
PP333 100 43.13 41.53 200.00 265.20
PP333 200 35.13 43.46 203.33 271.13
PP333 300 27.46 43.86 208.33 282.20
Control 42.43 32.93 156.66 209.73
CD at 5% 8.49 3.67 7.01 10.023
45. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Yield Contributing Characters and Yield of Bell
Pepper (Capsicum annum) Varieties
VARIETIES
TREATM
ENTS
Days to 1st
flowering
No. of flowers
/plant
Days to 1st
harvest
No. of fruits
plant 1
BARI Misti
morich-1
Control 57.33 29.67 122.33 5.33d
GA3 at
100 ppm
53.67 30.33 113.67 7.00c
4-CPA at
2000 ppm
49.67 32.67 101.67 8.00ab
Litosen at
1000 ppm
50.33 31.33 109.67 7.33bc
Lamuyo
Control 52.67 31.67 119.33 5.67d
GA3 at 100
ppm
51.67 32.67 109.33 7.67bc
4-CPA at
2000 ppm
48.67 33.33 103.67 8.67a
Litosen at
1000 ppm
50.00 32.67 107.00 8.00a
CD at 5% 2.623 1.838 0.896 9.976 0.896
Das et al.,2015
47. Effect of Plant bio regulators on growth and yield
attributing characters in chilli (Capsicum annum L.) cv.
Jawahar Mirch 283
Shrivastava, 2007
48. Number of flowers per plant as affected by different treatments
Treatments at 45 DAT At 60 DAT
Triacontanol-5ppm 61.050 65.875
Triacontanol-10ppm 50.050 62.950
Triacontanol-15ppm 48.000 64.250
NAA-20PPM 47.950 58.500
NAA-30PPM 46.450 56.000
NAA-40PPM 58.100 63.35
Water 43.150 47.50
SEm (±) 1.49 1.70
CD at 5% 4.14 4.71
Shrivastava, 2007
49. Number of seeds per fruit as affected by different treatments
Treatments at 45 DAT At 60 DAT
Triacontanol-5ppm 52.00 80.00
Triacontanol-10ppm 50.75 73.78
Triacontanol-15ppm 46.85 51.50
NAA-20PPM 46.00 54.00
NAA-30PPM 42.25 57.75
NAA-40PPM 35.00 62.75
Water 29.05 48.25
SEm (±) 5.07 2.98
CD at 5% 14.08 8.27
Shrivastava, 2007
50. Effect of different plant growth regulators on number of days to first flowering,
50 % flowering and number of flowers per plant, days to first fruit set, 50%
fruit set and number of fruits per plant of sweet pepper Cv.Pusa Deepti
Treatments Days for
first
Flowering
Days for 50
percent
Flowering
Number of
flowers per
plant
Days to
first
Fruit set
Days to
50%
fruit set
Number of
fruits per
plant
Percent
fruit set
T1-GA3 10 ppm 46.37 46.13 17.83 56.59 64.51 12.32 57.01
T2-GA3 50 ppm 40.57 43.40 18.77 53.73 63.57 12.74 54.45
T3-NAA 10 ppm 41.40 45.60 19.56 57.01 61.81 13.97 56.59
T4-NAA 50 ppm 41.37 44.70 17.68 54.45 61.10 14.21 53.73
T5-CCC 5ppm 42.00 46.00 22.85 54.97 60.12 17.88 54.97
T6-CCC 10ppm 40.60 48.00 23.89 53.61 59.43 17.98 53.61
T7-Triacontanol 5ppm 47.20 51.43 26.22 53.24 59.58 22.43 59.24
T8-Triacontanol 10ppm 43.20 47.31 27.49 57.91 63.26 22.27 57.91
T9-Control 41.33 46.84 17.40 57.82 64.18 13.14 57.82
SE ± 0.38 1.92 0.87 1.90 0.71 2.17 1.90
CD (P=0.05) 0.82 4.11 1.86 4.04 1.51 4.62 4.04
Sahu et al., 2017
51. Effect of different plant growth regulators on fruit and fruit yield parameters of sweet
pepper Cv.Pusa Deepti
Treatments Fruit length
(cm)
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Seed weight
per fruit(g)
Yield
(q/ha)
Yield/plot
(kg)
Yield/plan
t (kg)
T1-GA3 10 ppm 9.19 4.57 1.43 47.31 14.47 0.73
T2-GA3 50 ppm 8.70 4.40 1.60 50.07 15.85 0.80
T3-NAA 10 ppm 7.70 4.33 1.62 53.84 16.10 0.84
T4-NAA 50 ppm 10.40 4.30 2.04 55.06 17.95 0.87
T5-CCC 5ppm 8.66 4.65 1.59 61.42 19.22 0.96
T6-CCC 10ppm 9.09 4.53 1.81 71.48 23.51 1.10
T7-Triacontanol 5ppm 10.17 4.69 2.01 79.86 24.39 1.28
T8-Triacontanol 10ppm 9.43 4.38 2.17 77.91 24.36 1.27
T9-Control 10.21 4.58 1.86 48.45 15.26 0.76
SE ± 0.56 0.23 0.17 1.87 19.84 0.04
CD (P=0.05) 1.18 NS 0.36 3.99 12.16 0.10
Sahu et al ., 2017
52.
53. Influence of plant growth regulators on yield and yield components
in okra
Treatments Total number of
flowers / plant
Total number
of fruits
/plant
Fruit yield
t/ha
Seed
number/ fruit
Seed
weight/fruit
(g)
T1-NAA (20ppm) 19.2 14.4 13.90 47.0 3.85
T2- NAA (40ppm) 20.2 15.5 14.00 49.0 4.22
T3-GA3 (25ppm) 23.2 18.4 15.81 51.0 4.55
T 4 -GA3 (50ppm) 26.8 22.1 18.69 55.0 6.15
T5 -Miraculan (1000ppm) 18.2 13.4 12.28 49.0 3.55
T6 -Miraculan (2000ppm) 19.7 14.8 13.65 50.0 4.12
T 7-Control 14.3 9.6 10.34 45.0 2.46
Mean 19.3 14.5 13.04 49.0 3.83
S.Em± 1.1 0.8 1.09 1.50 0.35
CD (5%) 3.3 2.2 3.17 4.30 1.02
Surendra et al., 2006
55. Effect of Plant Growth Regulators and Fruit Picking on Seed
Yield and Seed Quality Attributes of Okra in Coastal
Karnataka
Sanganagoud (2014)
56. Effect of plant growth regulators and number of pickings on number
of dry fruits per plant at seed maturity.
Picking T1
(GA3 )
T2
(CCC)
T3
(GA3 CCC)
(Control) Mean
P0 19.32 20.98 19.91 19.11 19.83
P1 21.28 21.90 22.25 20.15 21.39
P2 22.16 22.85 23.16 21.78 22.24
P3 19.00 19.42 19.87 18.17 19.11
Mean 20.44 21.29 21.30 19.55 20.64
PGR Picking
(T) (P) G x P
SE± 0.107 0.107 0.214
CD at 5% 0.308 0.308 0.615
Sanganagoud (2014)
57. Effect of plant growth regulators and number of pickings on
number of seeds per fruit.
Growth regulator
Picking
T1
(GA3 )
T2
(CCC)
T3
( GA3+ CCC)
(Control) Mean
P0 43.40 45.42 45.98 42.14 44.23
P1 42.30 44.91 45.02 41.51 43.43
P2 41.92 43.71 43.78 40.72 42.53
P3 41.05 41.91 42.68 40.26 41.48
Mean 42.17 43.99 44.36 41.16 42.92
PGR Picking
(T) (P) G x P
SE± 0.265 0.265 0.530
CD at 5% 0.764 0.764 NS
Sanganagoud (2014)
58. Effect of plant growth regulators and number of pickings on seed yield per
plant (g).
Picking Growth regulator Mean
T1
(GA3 )
T2
(CCC)
T3
(GA3+ CCC)
(Control)
P0 36.30 43.08 42.40 34.61 39.10
P1 40.27 46.04 47.05 36.03 42.35
P2 41.07 46.83 47.55 36.82 43.07
P3 33.23 36.50 37.81 31.44 34.74
Mean 37.72 43.11 43.70 34.72 39.81
PGR Picking
(T) (P) G x P
SE± 0.127 0.127 0.254
CD at
5%
0.366 0.366 0.732
Sanganagoud (2014)
59. Effect of plant growth regulators and number of pickings on seed yield per
hectare (q).
Picking Growth regulator (Control) Mean
T3
(GA3 )
T2
(CCC)
T3
(GA3+CCC)
P0 21.27 21.89 22.71 17.42 20.82
P1 21.71 23.27 24.22 17.53 21.68
P2 22.25 24.11 25.05 18.00 22.35
P3 19.21 22.23 21.13 16.15 19.68
Mean 21.11 22.87 23.28 17.27 21.13
PGR Picking
(T) (P) G x P
SE ± 0.185 0.185 0.370
CD at
5%
0.533 0.533 1.067
Sanganagoud (2014)
60. Effect of plant growth regulators and number of pickings on germination
per cent.
Picking Growth regulator Mean
T1
(GA3)
T2
(CCC)
T3
(GA3+ CCC)
(Control)
P0 83.50 85.00 84.50 78.50 82.88
P1 82.50 84.50 83.50 76.00 81.63
P2 78.50 83.50 80.00 75.50 79.38
P3 77.50 83.25 78.50 72.50 77.94
Mean 80.50 84.06 81.63 75.63 80.45
PGR Picking
(T) (P) G x P
SE ± 0.351 0.351 0.702
CD at 5% 1.012 1.012 2.024
Sanganagoud (2014)
61. Effect of Gibberellic Acid and Harvesting Time on the Seed
Quality of Four Okra Cultivars
Mohammad et al., 2014
62. The effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on flower induction and pod set in Okra
Cultivar (C ) Gibberellic acid rate
(mg L-1)(GA3)
Total flower induction
(flowers/plant)
Pod set
(pods/plant)
GA3(1) 13.0a 11.2a
'Boyiatiou' GA3 (2) 13.2a 11.4a
GA3 (0) 11.8a 9.9a
Mean 12.6 10.8
LSD 2.7 2.8
GA3 (1) 11.5a 10.2a
'Veloudo' GA3 (2) 15.5a 13.8a
GA3 (0) 14.8a 13.1a
Mean 13.9 12.3
LSD 4.2 4.3
GA3 (1) 12.0a 10.9a
'Pylaias' GA3 (2) 13.5a 12.1a
GA3 (0) 12.1a 10.6a
Mean 12.5 11.2
LSD 3.9 3.8
GA3 (1) 20.1a 19.1a
'Clemson' GA3 (2) 20.0a 18.5a
GA3 (0) 18.9a 17.6a
Mean 19.6 18.4
LSD C x G 3.7 3.8
(C x GA3 (1)) * *
(C x GA3 (2) * *
(C x GA3 (0)) * *
63. Effect of foliar spray of growth regulators on different growth, yield and
seed parameters in Okra cv. Utkal Gaurav
Treatment
Days to
first
flowering
Days to 50
per cent
flowering
First
harvesting
Days require
to fruit
maturity
Fruit yield/
plot (kg)
Yield
(q/ha)
Test
Weight(g)
T1- GA3 @ 50 ppm at 20 DAS 33.11 43.91 40.27 68.51 4.43 88.62 7.00
T2- GA3 @ 50 ppm at 40 DAS 35.87 45.15 42.24 71.30 4.58 91.52 7.17
T3- GA3 @ 50 ppm at 60 DAS 38.58 47.94 44.16 72.47 4.33 86.56 6.67
T4-NAA @ 50 ppm at 20 DAS 31.47 40.40 37.02 66.02 4.32 86.44 6.33
T5-NAA @ 50 ppm at 40 DAS 36.04 45.36 43.08 71.13 4.83 96.63 8.03
T6-NAA @ 50 ppm at 60 DAS 38.17 47.87 44.23 70.90 4.35 87.12 6.93
T7-GA3 @ 20 ppm at 20 DAS +
NAA @ 50 ppm at 40 DAS
33.08 42.05 39.72 68.14 4.63 92.60 7.67
T8-NAA @ 40 ppm at 20 DAS +
GA3 @ 50 ppm at 40 DAS
33.96 44.24 40.87 70.23 4.42 88.40 6.33
T9-Control 39.04 49.33 45.14 76.34 3.97 79.37 5.33
Mean 34.59 45.14 41.86 70.56 4.42 88.58 6.83
SEm (±) 0.92 1.12 0.86 0.72 0.13 2.01 0.11
CD 5% 2.77 3.35 2.57 2.15 0.40 6.02 -
Sanodiya et al., 2017
64.
65. Altered sex expression by plant growth regulators: An overview in medicinal
vegetable bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) (Mia et al ., 2014)
(Source : Mia et al.,2014)
Treatments Days to flower Node no. of first
flower
Flowers per plant Sex ratio
male:
female
Male Female Male Female Male Female
Control 38 53 10.50 12.20 310 27.42 11.31
GA3@ 50
ppm
35 49 9.55 11.80 383 29.42 13.02
NAA@ 50
ppm
37 41 8.45 7.00 250 35.14 7.48
NAA@100
ppm
36 46 10.75 8.90 285 33.43 8.11
CEPA@100
ppm
40 42 8.50 6.50 210 38.33 5.48
CEPA@300
ppm
33 43 6.25 9.70 342 31.43 10.88
CD at 5% 0.95 0.75 0.35 0.85 12.45 1.65 0.55
66. Effect of Plant growth regulators on sex expression, fruit
setting, seed yield and quality in the parental lines for
hybrid seed production in bitter gourd (Momordica
charantia)
Nagamani et al., 2015
67. Effect of growth regulators on seed traits in the parental lines of bitter gourd
Treatment Total number of
seeds/fruit
Total number of
seeds/plant
Number of filled seeds Weight of filled seeds
SS Rainy Mean SS Rainy Mean SS Rainy Mean SS Rainy Mean
Female of PH 1
GA3 @ 50 ppm 24.5 29.5 27.0 269.5 398.3 333.9 24.5 29.5 27.0 2.8 4.7 3.8
NAA @ 200 ppm 20.0 28.0 24.0 200 280 240 20.0 28.0 25.3 2.2 4.7 3.5
MH @ 100 ppm 18.0 25.5 21.8 180 293.3 236.7 17.0 20.0 18.5 2.5 3.4 2.9
Etherel @50 ppm 24.0 28.5 26.3 228 356.3 292.2 29.0 29.0 29.0 3.3 3.0 3.2
Control 19.0 23.0 21.0 142.5 218.5 180.5 18.5 21.0 19.8 2.5 3.3 2.9
Mean 21.1 26.9 24.0 204 309.3 256.7 21.8 25.5 23.9 2.7 3.8 3.3
Female of PH 2
GA3 @ 50 ppm 23.0 28.0 25.5 230 392 311 22.5 27.5 25.0 2.6 3.6 3.2
NAA @ 200 ppm 22.0 26.0 24.0 231 325 278 22.0 27.0 24.5 2.6 3.4 3.0
MH @ 100 ppm 19.5 24.5 22.0 156 294 225 19.0 22.0 20.5 2.6 3.8 3.0
Etherel @ 50 ppm 21.5 26.5 24.0 215 331.3 273.2 21.5 25.5 23.5 2.9 2.8 2.9
Control 18.5 23.5 21.0 120.3 199.8 160.1 16.0 18.0 17.0 2.4 2.8 2.7
Mean 20.3 25.7 23.3 190.5 308.4 249.5 20.2 24.0 22.1 2.7 3.3 2.9
68. Effect of growth regulators on fruit traits in the female parent of PH 1
Treatment Fruit
setting
(%)
Fruit
weight
(g)
Fruit
Length
(cm)
Seed
weight/
fruit (g)
GA3
@50 ppm
98.25 141.2 18.3 4.38
NAA
@200 ppm
96.75 140.7 17.7 4.00
MH
@100 ppm
91.25 139.2 15.8 4.22
Etherel
@50 ppm
98.50 145.4 18.1 4.28
Control 92.00 134.9 14.9 3.95
CD (P=0.05) 2.8 3.26 1.08 0.39
69. Effect of growth regulators and stage of spray on seed yield and seed germination
of ridge gourd
Seed yield (kg/ha) Seed germination (%)
Summer Kharif Summer Kharif
2002-03 2003-04 2002-03 2003-04
Growth regulators (G)
GA- 50ppm 427.73 269.41 93.22 87.37
Ethrel -500ppm 377.86 220.07 85.21 84.09
NAA-100ppm 439.74 294.13 96.04 89.34
conrol 326.90 172.84 82.02 80.26
S. Em ± 5.90 8.30 0.24 1.22
CD @ 5% 17.30 24.33 0.71 3.59
Stage of spray (S)
S1 402.56 246.29 88.50 84.90
S2 360.65 212.88 88.98 85.00
S3 415.97 258.17 89.89 85.89
S. Em ± 5.11 7.18 0.21 1.06
CD @ 5% 14.98 21.07 0.61 NS
(G x S) G1S1 445.67 284.32 92.45 87.19
G1S2 385.15 230.27 93.15 87.07
G1S3 452.37 293.64 94.05 87.92
G2 S1 382.76 227.30 84.89 83.92
G2 S2 352.26 194.15 84.92 83.98
G2S3 398.56 238.75 85.82 84.36
G3 S1 457.24 300.93 95.34 89.22
G3 S2 397.65 270.84 95.97 88.84
G3 S3 464.32 310.62 96.82 89.96
G4S1 324.57 172.62 81.32 79.27
G4S2 307.52 156.25 81.87 80.18
G4S3 348.62 189.66 82.86 81.32
S. Em ± 10.22 14.37 0.42 2.12
CD @ 5% 32.56 42.17 1.21 6.28
Hilli et al., 2008
70.
71. Plant growth regulators and grain legumes for yield analysis in Vicia faba at final
harvest (147 d after sowing).
Control Paclobutrazol -20
ppm
SEM
Pods/plant 5.1 7.0 0.20
Seeds/pod 2.1 2.3 0.06
Seed weight (mg) 354
376
6.0
Seed yield (g plant) 3.8 6.0 0.20
Plants/m2 59
51
1.26
Seed yield (g/m2) 190 270 10.0
Field et al.,1989
72. Precautions
in PGRs
Application
sprayed
preferably in
the afternoon
Avoid
spraying in
windy
hours
Spray should
be uniform
and wet both
the surface
of leaf
should be
completely
dissolved
before use
Use always
fresh solution
prepared in
distilled
water only
Wash the
machine or
pump after
each spraying
73. Constraints
cost of PGR is
very high
Screening for
PGR activities
much difficult
Some synthetic
PGRs causes
health hazards
Lack of support
from public and
private sectors.
Lack of
knowledge on
toxicity and
mechanism
74. Plant growth regulator in vegetables has been found beneficial for improve yield,
quality, synchronization in flowering, earliness, cold and high temperature fruit
setting, sex modification, increases post-harvest life, and develop resistance to biotic
and abiotic stresses. Those are also very effective for induction of male sterility in
vegetable crops.
Application of 4-CPA and GA showed an increased fruit set, diameter, single fruit
weight, number of fruits and yield
Application of 2, 4-D at 5 and 10 ppm reduced plant growth and hastened early
flowering and fruiting.
GA3 applications at all concentrations seem to promote vegetative growth .
Improvement in number of fruits per cluster, fruit set and marketable fruit number
per plant and extended maturity and time of harvest.
Conclusion
75. When the plants were treated with the synthetic gibberellic acid, 'ProGibb', the
number of seeds per fruit increased as the number of applications increased.
These growth regulators subsequently stimulated seed development when the
number of applications was increased.
Application of NAA (50 ppm) increased yield upto 30 % under field condition.
4-CPA showed best potentiality to improve yield, by solving flower and fruit
dropping problem.
