THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA .docx

THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA
2
THE STATE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA
2
The State of Education in America
Hayley Witham
EDU 300
California Baptist University

Introduction
The education system in the United States has undergone
significant changes over the years with a critical focus on
inclusion of major changes within the curriculum influenced by
the changing learning needs and technology integration. This is
having a major influence on the changes that are being
implemented within the education system in America. Within
the educational context, an important aspect to consider is the
quality which outlines better considerations that can be included
in a learning environment that promote positive development.
The major changes that have been embedded within the United
States education system have focused on improving the
knowledge of students through the integration of teaching
mechanisms that promote diversity and individuality. The
context associated provides a detailed evaluation of the major
changes in education within the United States. The United
States education system has integrated technology and other
important learning approaches which have sought to diversify
the quality of the classroom. Diversity within the social
environment has been essential in improving the quality of
education. Co-curricular approaches have been integrated
creating highly diversified quality education.
The state of education in the United States has integrated the
input of all participants in education with a key focus on
providing the most effective education that meets the needs of
learners, especially in a highly complex professional
environment. Education is a necessity and a symbol of a free
mind, which help in defining essential elements that define a
successful human development. Knowledge is not limited to the
specific concepts that are taught in schools but also the
interactive environment, which is based on the relationships that
exist between individuals (Witte, 2004). Having a positive
interactive environment outlines essential processes, which are
critical in shaping an individual development both mentally and
psychologically. Education offers a platform where individuals
can understand crucial aspects in life as well as providing an

essential background where it is possible to improve individual
knowledge and abilities. It is very difficult to take education
seriously without understanding the vital role it plays in
defining lives.
Recent Education Background
The American education system has sought to integrate
technology in the classroom to improve the learning needs
among learners in a different environment. However, the
influence of technology among students has created a
significant impact on the wellbeing of learners who have
integrated technology in their learning. As a result, they have
eliminated the traditional learning concepts and curriculum.
Exposure to modern technology has created a very intelligent
range of students who have more clear comprehension of things
and how they are done at a much earlier period in their lives
versus before when technology was not present. This integration
is increasing the level of creativity among students across the
board.
Education encompasses a wide consideration within a given
environment, and thus it is more than just “school education”.
Education takes place in many ways, and thus it does not have
to be within a school context necessarily. Technological
changes in recent years have had a significant bearing on
different sectors of the economy. The changes within
technological consideration have brought significant innovation,
which has been embraced significantly. There have been various
changes within the education sector over the years, which have
created a significant environment where learners have been
influenced greatly by teachers, peers and their parents.
Therefore, technology in within the education system has
positively revolutionized education, which has created a better
and enabling environment where it is easy to understand the
overall influence on learners (Office of Education Access and
Success, 2012). Therefore, the overall understanding of the key
underlying aspect within the education environment has been
significantly influenced by the technological changes in and

outside of the classroom.
The typical educational learning environment has significantly
shifted and has created an enabling environment where learners
can be readily engaged in different environments and scenarios.
Technology has significantly brought the aspect of virtual
learning where the traditional classroom setup has been
significantly transformed into a more enjoyable process where
learners can interact and engage freely. The students are
extensively engaged with their current focus on technology in
the classroom and the curriculum. Most teachers have a
comprehensive understanding of the need to effectively develop
a positive undertaking where they can considerably engage and
integrate technology into their learning process. Learners are
therefore required to be open-minded to easily embrace the
change, which is happening within the learning system to be
better placed in ensuring that there is better development
(Education Commission of the States, 2012).
Foundation of Education and Current Issues
The term “schooling” or getting an education is based
significantly within a classroom context, something, which
cannot specifically define the learning or the learning process at
large. Technology has significantly diversified the schooling
process, which has been significantly replaced by more
interesting learning techniques where learners have been
significantly embraced. Education is, therefore, being
incorporated in many different ways, which has significantly
revolutionized the whole learning system (Auck, Railey, &
States, 2016). The overall understanding of the key underlying
aspects within the society, therefore, has provided an impactful
environment where it is much easier to understand and integrate
a curriculum and a number of key elements which define the
current changes within the learning process. It is important to
understand the underlying fact that major changes within the
learning process have been redefined with a common
understanding on the assertion that the schooling process does
not necessarily ensure that the students have a better

understanding of key elements that are being taught within
schools.
According to Haynes (1997), “the first amendment provides a
very critical focus on important factors that need to be
evaluated and attain the desired objectives. The first amendment
outlines that, “American citizens have the freedom to their
preferred religion, freedom of expression, assembly as well as
the right to petition”. This amendment forbids the United States
congress from promoting one religion as well as restricting
individual's religious practices. This amendment also provides a
critical focus on the freedom of expression through prohibiting
Congress from adopting measures where religion can be
restricted, including in public schools”.
The author stresses that teaching religion in learning
institutions provides a better understanding of key elements
which define positive wellbeing in students. Religion plays an
important role in determining better aspects within the society
where it is possible to understand different concepts that are
critical in boosting the welfare of learners. Religion integrates
better measures which define positive change within a social
environment, such as a public school. Explaining key concepts
that define difference is integral in implementing better ideas
that define positive change. There is a need to ensure that
learners adopt better social values which define their wellbeing
in and outside of school. Religious integration help in creating a
highly effective setting where it is possible to make a better
determination regarding important concepts that define positive
change (Hayes, 1997). Therefore, it is vital to integrate better
ideas and programs which can help create a better level of
engagement with students in the classroom.
Development of an individuals’ spirituality is based on a
different focus on essential elements, which define vital
principles that determine a personal involvement in religion
itself. Therefore, the underlying beliefs that an individual hold
provide a diverse understanding of individual decision-making.
This is especially important when schools are determining what

kind of role religion can or may not be able to play within the
school day. The underlying interaction that an individual
establishes with their religion plays an integral role in
developing a higher consideration of religion as general.
Religion serves as a link between individual belief and
engagement which is why it is so important to protect the rights
religion has in a public school setting.
Cross-curricular Learning Approach
Cross-curricular teaching is a concept, which is implemented in
a learning institution based on strategic measures that are put in
place within a given school. According to eduplace.com, it is
defined as “the conscious effort to apply knowledge, principles
and values to more than one discipline simultaneously”.
However, the implementation of these diverse learning
approaches has been hindered by lack of clarity and
understanding within the school system. The integration of
traditional school subjects has been unable to meet the changing
knowledge needs among learners within modern society. The
development of rigid subject-based curriculum has been unable
to improve learners' diversity of subjects especially considering
the knowledge gaps that are created within the community. The
decisions that are made regarding curriculum implementation
are based on the underlying objectives, which shape learner
development as well as the ability of instructors to integrate
quality measures that can ensure a higher level of success. For
example, “In many school districts many students are English
Language Learners whose first language is not English,
therefore, they are learning English at the same time as the
other subjects within that given curriculum” (Johnson 2018).
The integration of a cross-curricular learning approach has been
crucial in improving the learning needs that help in shaping the
individual student development (States, 2012). If implemented
correctly, the cross-curricular approach to learning could have
an important impact on the future of education.
The adoption cross-curricular approach was in part due to the
increased criticism of the narrowly constructed curriculum of

secondary education since it focused on preparing learners for
the modern society and the changes that have taken place within
it. Schools provide students with the opportunity to adequately
develop essential skills that help in ensuring that they can adopt
significant changes with the society considering the changing
times. Thus, being successful requires diverse skills,
knowledge, and attitude, which are not always found in
developing a learning curriculum. Therefore, the need to adopt a
more varied approach, which would help learners adopt these
critical survival traits, was considered a priority (Harms &
Hastings, 2016). Schools, especially secondary schools, have an
increased role in the lives of learners considering the
occurrence at a compassionate place in individual development.
The inability of a student to understand the fundamental
concepts of learning which can help shape their development is
detrimental to their future wellbeing.
The cross approach teachers use has been considered a
significant platform based on diverse concepts including
underlying learning outcomes, technological innovation, as well
as valuable ideas, which define a successful development
process among learners. Therefore, it is an essential approach to
improving the needs of learners as well as ensuring that they
conform to critical elements, which are vital in defining a
successful individual development. Cross-curricular teaching
has been crucial in shaping educational reforms in secondary
schools (Education Commission of the States, 2012). However,
the implementation of cross-curricular themes based on
innovation does not necessarily mean educational change
considering the diverse problems, which are detrimental to the
successful implementation of cross-curricular in secondary
schools. The benefits of this approach in secondary schools are
quite evident considering the societal changes, which has
significantly shifted from the traditional learning needs.
Previously, these were rigid and were unable to successfully
teach life skills, which are essential to the development of
young learners. The implementation of a cross-curricular

approach requires a critical understanding of the application of
crucial factors within a multi-subject classroom, which in turn,
will improve the overall individual growth of students. Those
who are involved in a curriculum development may bring their
own beliefs and ideas to the table, and are able to implement
such strategies as this (Johnson 2018).
The implementation of this method of teaching is just like the
emphasis on integration of a new curriculum in learning which
requires sufficient support from all parties involved including
the staff, students and parents. The identification of learning
needs informs the decision to integrate essential measures,
which focus on developing a well-engaged focus on the needs of
students. The parties, in this case, include learners, teachers,
parents and the education system as a whole, which outlines
essential concepts that are integrated within the approach that is
adopted (Harris, Harrison, & McFahn, 2013). Therefore,
insufficient support with this approach to learning is
detrimental to the execution of essential cross-curricular
themes, which can help achieve different learning objectives as
a whole. The willingness to implement a more diverse approach
to educational development is key to shaping a greater focus on
essential components that aid in defining a successful learning
style and teaching approach.
Education systems within states, districts and schools
themselves must be adequately developed in order to allow
strategic focus on cross-curricular teaching and how it can be
achieved through the integration of essential processes, which
define a successful development in student learning and their
outcomes. Improving learning outcomes must be assessed and
evaluated based on a strategic approach that is outlined by the
education system in place. Therefore, if the education system is
not keen on implementing the cross-curricular approach in
schools within a given region, it becomes very difficult to
ensure that the process is successful at all.
There is a need to develop a more important approach which
emphasis on more considerable influence on the learning

outcomes based on the changing societal factors in and outside
of the school environment. The education system must be aware
of constant changes in a society. It would be easier to
understand the need for change where it would be possible to
achieve improved focus on delivery of strategic approaches,
which help to develop highly diverse learning outcomes based
on new teaching styles and methods. The ability to integrate
important measures and teaching approaches, in this case, is
essential in outlining strategic classroom procedures, which are
crucial to changing the perception among learners regarding the
concepts that are being incorporated within the learning
environment.
A cross-curricular approach is defined by distinct learning
concepts, which are critical in shaping the development of
students across their diverse social and professional platform. A
changing society means that there is a need for an individual to
be intelligent and embrace different skills, which are essential
in defining strategic measures. These are indeed difficult to
accomplish in a rigid education system. Changes within
education should focus on improving the learning outcomes
among students and thus should be embraced fully by the United
States education system.
The Current Environment of K-12 Education in the United
States
K-12 education in the United States has significantly shifted
based on the unwavering societal changes, which have a focus
on diversity within students. The inclusion of technological
concepts and ideas has been based on a strategic understanding
of better decisions, which support a successful development
where it would be easy to achieve a higher level of
improvement. The ability to achieve improved institutional
growth is based on an understanding of the underlying
objectives, which promote positive social development within
students.
An institution is an organization that influences social and

cognitive development through the socializing and growth of
individuals. The level of interaction within an institution
between students, teachers, and parents is instrumental in
defining positive interactions, which shape this individual
development. Education is indeed an institution, which has
significantly embraced diversity considering the different
cultural concepts, which represent personal events and growth.
Education is a planned network, which defines each individual’s
expression. It allocates and confers success or failure to
students based on social norms and rules which define
successful guidelines that are eventually developed by
individual students.
DiMaggio and Powell (2000) highlight that, educational
organizations in the 21st century based on innovation have been
developed based on strategic changes within the classroom,
which have focused on including specific concepts within the
learning environment. The coercive, mimetic and normative
mechanism were integral in the institutionalization of the
changes that have been developed which focus on successful
engagement in education in the United States.
Decision-making under uncertainty results in very adverse
traits, which influence a keen understanding of essential
processes that define a successful organizational development.
Better decision making provides a more substantial influence on
critical social processes. Many uncertainties of state and federal
financial support have been detrimental in strengthening the
quality of K-12 education in the United States. The complexity
of the organizational field presents a very diverse and
challenging platform where it is easier to focus on a single
development concept based on social processes (DiMaggio &
Powell, 2000). This means that students are more in focus and
the education system recognizes the needs of individuals as time
goes on.
Coercive pressures have been evident within the education
system considering the influential role that the government
plays in developing an improved setting in classrooms at all

levels. The ability to effectively use different operations is
based on a strategic focus on important concepts that outline
better decisions made by students and teachers, which influence
education system development. Mimetic actions integrated into
education have been based on successful education plans across
different districts, which form a crucial background where the
quality of K-12 education can be improved. Lack of a clear
strategy in education has led to increased mimetic pressures
(Railey & States, 2016). It is vital for the education system in
America to constantly adapt and improve with changing K-12
students and curriculum and to ensure that the plan for the
future of education is a trustworthy and beneficial one.
The Future of Education
The learning environment is exceptionally diverse, and thus it is
important to be very specific when considering fundamental
concepts that can help transform individual commitment within
a given learning environment. It is important for teachers and
parents to understand, appreciate and direct their focuses on the
different elements of the classroom and the abilities of each
learner as an individual. Vision building is a concept that is
based on the ability of students to understand the changes that
are being executed within the learning environment. Vision
building focuses on essential concepts that define a successful
implementation process of improved learning outcomes (Janes,
2014). It is a chance for students and teachers to gain a better
understanding of the classroom environment and be better
prepared for changes when they come. Vision building is a great
process to use for future education and a great way for teachers
to prepare students for important information and unexpected
changes. Teachers who find their vision and philosophy of
teaching will have better success with students. As stated by
(Johnson 2018), “Learning includes all of these things:
knowledge, thinking, and dispositions. However, as a teacher,
you will need to determine what the proper mix is”. This means
finding out what the proper “vision” is to be successful in the
classroom.

Evolutionary planning focuses on the changing learning
outcomes within schools, which are influenced by the changes
in the society surrounding them. Focusing on the needs of
learners created a profoundly transformed focus on critical
concepts, which are essential in transforming the community
through expanding outcomes in the classroom. As Johnson
stated, “There are no absolutes and hence the teacher needs to
help students learn to question what is and solve problems as
they naturally occur”. Education is vital in promoting
development and change within a given society. Therefore,
evolutionary planning is critical for adopting fundamental
changes, which shape a successful development process for
students (Goldfarb & Morrison, 2014). Moving from the
traditional education system to a more modern system is based
on assessment and evaluation of the learners and whether they
can integrate successful concepts, which can help them in
transforming their development process individually and as a
whole class.
The American education system has integrated a key focus on
important elements that define positive change. It is said that
“Knowledge is subject to revision, so it is more important to
know how to construct, use, and test knowledge claims”
(Johnson 2018). It is important for teachers to understand the
importance of ever changing knowledge and for students to be
able to have the ability to adapt to this. Meeting the needs of
learners have created a very diverse environment where there is
a need to integrate better strong organizational measures. The
learning success of students is based on addressing the
individual needs of them through integrating improved learning
methods and defining a classroom culture that works for
everyone. There is an integral focus on teamwork, the
participation of the community and consensus in reaching
positive development. The key values that drive the
organizational culture include commitment, communication, and
development (Stiggins & National Education Association of the
United States., 1998). These concepts are vital when

determining what the future of education is in the United States.
The needs of learners are more important to focus on when
developing a successful and efficient learning environment. The
development of culture is based on a review of the underlying
functions and objectives, which need to be achieved. An
important consideration that is deliberated is based on a
successful engagement where it is easier to improve
organization commitment. The decision that is considered by
districts and the education system as a whole in developing a
strategic organizational culture provides a greater emphasis on
the underlying concepts which promote positive development.
Conclusion
The United States education system has undergone significant
changes which have had both a positive and a negative impact
on learners based on the approaches that have been integrated in
an education setting. Education is significantly engaged where
learners are expected to grasp key learning aspects and show
what they have learned through projects and assessments.
Technological changes have been significantly embraced which
have created a better environment where the learning process
can be significantly managed through the use of better
methodology which young learners today can better associate
with. This shows that technological changes, which have made a
mark in education, have sought to strengthen the overall
education system and ensure that learners can understand key
learning concepts with much more ease. The integration of
puppets and educational toys in the classroom plays a more
advanced role in creating a better focus on how learners can
understand key elements both within the classroom environment
and how they engage with others outside the classroom
environment. There is a need to ensure that learners develop a
sense of how to interact with others within the social
environment.
References
Auck, A., Railey, H., & States, E. C. of the. (2016). 2016 State

of the State Addresses: Governors’ Top Education Issues.
Education Trends. Education Commission of the States.
Education Commission of the States. (2012). The Progress of
Education Reform: Teacher Expectations of Students. Education
Commission of the States, 13(6), 1–7.
Harms, S., & Hastings, J. (2016). A cross-curricular approach to
fostering innovation such as virtual reality development through
student-led projects. In Proceedings - Frontiers in Education
Conference, FIE (Vol. 2016–Novem).
https://doi.org/10.1109/FIE.2016.7757628
Harris, R., Harrison, S., & McFahn, R. (2013). Cross-curricular
teaching and learning in the secondary school: Humanities:
History, geography, religious studies, and citizenship. Cross-
Curricular Teaching and Learning in the Secondary School:
Humanities: History, Geography, Religious Studies, and
Citizenship. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203818015
Haynes, C. (Ed.). (1997). Finding Common Ground: A First
Amendment Guide to Religion & Public Education. DIANE
Publishing.
Janes, K. H. (2014). Using the visual arts for cross-curricular
teaching and learning: Imaginative ideas for the primary school.
Using the Visual Arts for Cross-Curricular Teaching and
Learning: Imaginative Ideas for the Primary School.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203125731
Johnson, James Allen, et al. Foundations of American
Education: Becoming Effective Teachers in Challenging Times.
Pearson, 2018.
Office of Education Access and Success. (2012). A Review of
State-Level Programs to Enhance Postsecondary STEM
Education in the United States. OEAS Working Paper
Series#12-02.
Railey, H., & States, E. C. of the. (2016). The Civics Education
Initiative 2015-2016. Education Trends. Education Commission
of the States.
States, E. C. of the. (2012). Teacher Expectations of Students.
The Progress of Education Reform, 13(6).

Stiggins, R. J., & National Education Association of the United
States. (1998). Classroom assessment for student success.
Student assessment series.
Witte, J. F. (2004). Regulation in public and private schools in
the United States. In Educating citizens: International
perspectives on civic values and school choice (pp. 355–367).
ISOL 536
Security Architecture and Design
Threat Modeling
Session 12a
Threat Modeling & Security Requirements
Agenda
• Interplay of threats and requirements
• Requirements
– Business & Scenarios
– Prevent/Detect/Respond

– Compliance
– Privacy
– STRIDE
• Non-Requirements
• Reading: Chapter 12
Interplay of Attacks, Mitigations and
Requirements
Requirements
Threats Mitigations
Requirements
drive threats
Threats expose
requirements
Un-mitigatable
threats drive
requirements
Threats need mitigation
Mitigations can be bypassed
1
2
3

4
5
6
Framing Requirements
• Important threats violate important requirements
• Crisp requirements help determine if something
violates
– Thought-provoking: “A program that hasn’t been fully
specified cannot be buggy, merely surprising.”
– Full specification is exceptionally rare
– Bugs are not rare
• Crisp requirements are hard
• Requirements often change as you learn more
• So getting “good enough” quickly is a useful goal
Cookbook Approach
• Chapter 12 is full of lists such as:
– Anyone with an email address can create an account

– Anyone with a validated email address can create an account
– Anyone with a credit card number can create an account
– Anyone with a valid, authorizable credit card can create an
account
– Anyone who can tell us how much we charged their credit
card can …
• Intended to provoke consideration/conversation
• Many are incomplete, requiring scoping or
customization
REQUIREMENTS
Business & Scenarios
• Scenario driven
– Use cases are a general approach to requirements
– Rare for security to show up in use cases, even as
a feature
• Industry
– PCI-DSS, medical, other “verticals” impose
requirements
• Competition

– One place it’s possible to get more crisp
Prevent/Detect/Respond (1/3)
• A common way of framing security problems
• Can lead to some interesting requirements for
both development and operations
• Prevent
– Isolation (firewalls, air gaps)
– Least-privilege (sandboxing, running unprivileged)
– Vulnerability management
Prevent: Vulnerability Management
(2/3)
• Vulnerabilities refer to code bugs which can be
exploited leading to attacker code running
• Track vulnerabilities in code you depend on
– Operationally to patch
– Developmentally to integrate security fixes & ship
updates
• Make it easy for others to report

vulnerabilities to you
Detect/Respond (3/3)
• Operational Detection
– Set goals for detection
– Use penetration testing, “Indicators of
Compromise” to test
• Product Enablement for Detection
– Ensure that attack surface logs
– Mark security messages as security
• Respond
– Plan & practice before a real incident
Compliance-Driven Requirements
• Can be a useful source even if not required
– NIST Special Publication 200
– PCI-DSS
– Both relate closely to other requirements
frameworks
• Cloud Security Alliance mappings
– Compare 10 frameworks (COBIT, HIPPA, ISO, PCI-

DSS, etc)
Privacy Requirements
• Meeting customer, regulatory & business needs
• Fair Information Practices
– Notice, consent, redress and others
– Basis of many national laws
• Privacy by Design
– Proactive, by default, embedded, positive sum,
lifecycle protection, transparency, respect for users
• Seven Laws of Identity
STRIDE
• The requirements are the inverse of the
threats
• Thus spoofing impacts authentication
requirements (etc.)
Spoofing — Authentication
• Is authentication required?

– Whitehouse.gov vs Wikipedia
• How strong an authentication is required?
• Account lifecycle
– Creation requirements
– Audit requirements
– Account closing
Tampering — Integrity
• Filesystem integrity
• Network integrity
• Log integrity
Repudiation — Non-Repudiation
• Logging
• Audit
• Fraud prevention
Info Disclosure — Confidentiality

• File confidentiality
• Metadata confidentiality
– Filename
– Directory name
– Fact of communication (“Calling an addiction
support line”)
• Network confidentiality
Elevation — Authorization
• Manage authorization or delegate to
platform?
• Central list of ACLs or rules stored with files?
– Central easier to manage programmatically
– Stored with files easier for people to understand
• Formal models (Bell-LaPadula, Biba)
Non-Requirements
• Important to decide, communicate what you
don’t defend against

– Then customers can decide if it’s the right model
• Operational Guides
• Publish non-requirements documents
– “Microsoft Immutable Laws of Security”
Recap
• Threats and requirements have a natural
interplay
• Lots of ways to find requirements
• Crisp requirements & non-requirements help
you find the important threats
• Focus your security effort
What is CBU's purpose?
California Baptist University believes each person has been
created for a purpose. CBU helps students understand and
engage this purpose by providing a Christ-centered educational
experience that integrates academics with spiritual and social
development opportunities. Graduates are challenged to become
individuals whose skills, integrity and sense of purpose glorify
God and distinguish them in the workplace and in the world.
To that end, CBU targets the following values as outcomes each
student should achieve along the way to graduation:
The University seeks to provide academic programs that prepare

students for professional careers, as well as co-curricular
programs that foster an environment supporting the intellectual,
physical, social and spiritual development of each student.
Within these arenas of the student experience the University,
through its faculty and administration, has identified student
outcomes as desirable and reflective of the impact it seeks to
have in the lives of its students. Upon completion of a degree
program, each student at California Baptist University should be
able to:
· Demonstrate spiritual literacy, including Biblical Christian
faith and practice, Baptist perspectives, and the Christian’s role
in fulfilling the Great Commission.
· Respect diverse religious, cultural, philosophical, and
aesthetic experiences and perspectives.
· Use critical thinking skills to demonstrate literacy: listening,
speaking, writing, reading, viewing, and visual representing.
· Demonstrate competence in mathematical, scientific, and
technological skills.
· Transfer academic studies to a profession and the workplace.
· Implement a personal and social ethic that results in informed
participation in multiple levels of community.
These outcomes, referred to as the "Core 4", are succinctly
distilled as follows:
· Academically Prepared
· Biblically Rooted
· Globally Minded
· Equipped to Serve

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