2. INTRO
Hi,
In this presetation we are going to talk about the
atom history ( who invented it, how did it change
through history,etc), physical and chemical changes
( their definition) and physical and chemical
processes ( the definition, how does it works, and
the description of the apparatus and their medical
and industrial uses).
5. ATOMIC MODEL
“In chemistry and physics, atomic theory is
a scientific theory of the nature of matter, which
states that matter is composed of discrete units
called atoms, as opposed to the earlier concept
which held that matter could be divided into any
arbitrarily small quantity. It began as a philosophical
concept in ancient Greece and India and entered
the scientific mainstream in the early 19th century
when discoveries in the field of chemistry showed
that matter did indeed behave as if it were made up
of particles.”
6. THOMSOM
J. J. Thomson considered that the structure of an
atom is something like a raisin bread, so that his
atomic model is sometimes called the raisin bread
model.
7. THOMSOM ATOM MODEL
He assumed that the basic body of an atom is a
spherical object containing N electrons confined in
homogeneous jellylike but relatively massive
positive charge distribution whose total charge
cancels that of the N electrons
8. THOMSOM ATOM MODEL
Thomson atomic model, earliest theoretical
description of the inner structure of atoms, proposed
about 1900 .
9.
10. RUTHERFURD
Ernest Rutherford publishes his atomic theory
describing the atom as having a central positive
nucleus surrounded by negative orbiting electrons.
This model suggested that most of the mass of the
atom was contained in the small nucleus, and that
the rest of the atom was mostly empty space.
Rutherford came to this conclusion following the
results of his famous gold foil experiment.
11. RUTHERFURD ATOM MODEL
his experiment involved the firing of radioactive
particles through minutely thin metal foils (notably
gold) and detecting them using screens coated with
zinc sulfide (a scintillator).
12. RUTHERFURD ATOM MODEL
Rutherford found that although the vast majority of
particles passed straight through the foil
approximately 1 in 8000 were deflected leading him
to his theory that most of the atom was made up of
'empty space'
13.
14. BӦHR
Bohr's starting point was to realize that classical
mechanics by itself could never explain the atom's
stability. A stable atom has a certain size so that
any equation describing it must contain some
fundamental constant or combination of constants
with a dimension of length.
15. BÖHR ATOM MODEL
The classical fundamental constants--namely, the
charges and the masses of the electron and the
nucleus--cannot be combined to make a length.
Bohr noticed, however, that the quantum constant
formulated by the German physicist Max Planck
has dimensions which, when combined with the
mass and charge of the electron, produce a
measure of length.
16. BÖHR ATOM MODEL
Numerically, the measure is close to the known size
of atoms. This encouraged Bohr to use Planck's
constant in searching for a theory of the atom
18. SCHRӦDINGER
A powerful model of the atom was developed by
Erwin Schrödinger in 1926. Schrödinger combined
the equations for the behavior of waves with the de
Broglie equation to generate a mathematical model
for the distribution of electrons in an atom.
19. SCHRӦDINGER ATOM MODEL
The advantage of this model is that it consists of
mathematical equations known as wave functions
that satisfy the requirements placed on the behavior
of electrons. The disadvantage is that it is difficult to
imagine a physical model of electrons as waves.
21. CHEMICAL CHANGE
Chemical changes take
place on the molecular
level. A chemical change
produces a new
substance. Examples of
chemical changes
include combustion
(burning), cooking an
egg, rusting of an iron
pan, and mixing
hydrochloric acid and
sodium hydroxide to
make salt and water.
22. PHYSICAL CHANGES
Physical changes are
concerned with energy
and states of matter. A
physical change does not
produce a new
substance. Changes in
state or phase (melting,
freezing, vaporization,
condensation,
sublimation) are physical
changes. Examples of
physical changes include
crushing a can, melting
an ice cube, and
breaking a bottle.
23. SOME PHYSICAL PROCESS USED TO IDENTIFY THE
MATTER STRUCTURE AT THE LAB.
Destillation:The
evaporation and
subsequent collection
of a liquid by
condensation as a
means of purification:
the distillation of water.
25. PROCEDURE
First you put impure
water in the distilation
flack. Then the gas will
go all arround the
condenser and the cold
and hot water wil go
out. And finally the
distilled water will go
down to the flask.
26. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
applications include both
batch and continuous
fractional, vacuum,
azeotropic, extractive,
and steam distillation.
The most widely used
industrial applications of
continuous, steady-state
fractional distillation are
in petroleum refineries,
petrochemical and
chemical plants and
natural gas processing
plants.
27. DESCRIPTION
MEDICAL:for medicinal
purposes as well as to
create balms, essences,
and perfumes. About
1810 B.C. in
Mesopotamia, the
perfumery of King
Zimrilim employed this
method to make
hundreds of litres of
balms, essences and
incense from cedar,
cypress, ginger and
myrrh every month.
28. Evaporation: To
convert or change into
a vapor.
30. First you set a tripode
on the gound. Then
you put a gauze ontop
of it. Then you put the
evaporation basin
ontop of it and you fill it
with water. Then you
heat it and the vapor
will go up.
31. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
In the pharmaceutical
industry, the evaporation
process is used to
eliminate excess
moisture, providing an
easily handled product
and improving product
stability. Preservation of
long-term activity or
stabilization of enzymes
in laboratories are greatly
assisted by the
evaporation process.
33. Filtiation:The act or .
process of filtering,
especially the process
of passing a liquid or
gas, such as air,
through a filter in order
to remove solid
particles
35. First you set a
measuring cup full of
impure water. Then
pour impure water and
pass it through a filter
funnel. And then the
clean water will stay in
the flack.
36. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
removes turbidity from
water, both coarse as
well as colloidal,
adsorbing undesired
odours, taste and colours
and organic pollutant
(antiparasitics, solvents,
cyanotoxins), eliminating
Iron, Manganese, Arsenic
and other heavy metals
(such as Chromium,
Aluminium, Nichel, etc.)
37. DESCRIPTION
MEDICAL:
The use of fine filtration
equipment, and
especially membrane
filter media, in the
processes of medicine
and health
maintenance
38. Decantation:Decanting
is done to separate
particulates from a
liquid by allowing the
solids to settle to the
bottom of the mixture
and pouring off the
particle-free part of the
liquid.
39.
40. PROCEDURE
First you put impure
water and you pour it
through a filter. Then
the sand or the
particles with separate
from the water. And
finally the water will go
t the flack.
43. DEFINITIONS OF CHEMICAL PROCESS
Burning:is the
sequence of
exothermic chemical
reactions between a
fuel and an oxidant
accompanied by the
production of heat and
conversion of chemical
species.
46. DESCRIPTION
MEDICAL
•The medical practice or
technique of cauterization is
the burning of part of a body
to remove or close off a part
of it in a process called
cautery, which destroys
some tissue, in an attempt
to mitigate damage, remove
an undesired growth, or
minimize other potential
medical harmful possibilities
such as infections, when
antibiotics are not available.
47. Electrolysis:is the
passage of a direct
electric current through
an ion-containing
solution
49. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
Production of aluminium,
lithium, sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium
Coulometric techniques can
be used to determine the
amount of matter
transformed during
electrolysis by measuring
the amount of electricity
required to perform the
electrolysis
Production of chlorine and
sodium hydroxide
51. Neutralization:Reaction
between an acid and a
base which produces a
neutral solution (pH =
7).
52.
53. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
Liquid Caustic (NaOH) is
most common in 50%
concentrations. Because of
safety issues, some
customers, to avoid a
hazardous liquid, may opt
for passive neutralization
via Lime or Limestone in its
solid, mineral form, despite
its bulk and weight. Sodium
Hydroxide is often preferred
because of its
solubility. Unfortunately, the
neutralization process also
forms salts that are very
soluble in water.
56. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
HC/VOC/CO Technology
Application Process Control NOx/CO Control PM Control Technology
Technology Technology
Surface coating,
printing, chemical
and petrochemical
2-way VOC
industries, industrial PM Trap System
Chemical Industry, Oxidation Catalyst 3-way NSCR
and commercial Combined Catalyst &
Commercial & 2-way HVOC CatalystSCR deNOx
processes, Trap System
Industrial Processes Oxidation Catalyst & Catalyst & Housing
manufacturing
Housing
processes using
organic solvents,
etc.
57. Ionization:is the
process of converting
an atom or molecule
into an ion by adding or
removing charged
particles such as
electrons or ions
58.
59. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
Ionizing has many
industrial, military, and
medical uses. Its usefulness
must be balanced with its
hazards, a compromise that
has shifted over time. For
example, at one time,
assistants in shoe shops
used X-rays to check a
child's shoe size, but this
practice was halted when
the risks of ionizing
radiation were better
understood.
60. Fermentation:An
anaerobic (without
oxygen) cellular
process in which
organic foods are
converted into simpler
compounds, and
chemical energy (ATP)
is produced.
61.
62. DESCRIPTION
INDUSTRIAL:
A variety of bacteria are
used in the production of
olives, cucumber pickles,
and sauerkraut from the raw
olives, cucumbers, and
cabbage, respectively. The
selection of exactly the right
bacteria and the right
conditions (for example,
acidity
and salt concentration) is
an art in producing food
products with exactly the
desired flavors.
66. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Is a property of matter
that describes a
substance ability to
participate in chemical
reactions
67. LIST OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Heat of combustion
Enthalpy of formation
Toxicity
Chemical stability in a given environment
Flammability (The ability to burn)
Preferred oxidation state(s)
Coordination number
