This presentation is published based on the eight domains of National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC) from National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE).
3. Based on 8 domains
Domain 1: Philosophy and Ethics
Domain 2: Safety and Injury Prevention
Domain 3: Physical Conditioning
Domain 4: Growth and Development
Domain 5: Teaching and Communication
Domain 6: Sport Skills and Tactics
Domain 7: Organization and Administration
Domain 8: Evaluation
National Association for Sport & Physical Education (2006).
19. Know the skills, elements
of skill combinations, and
techniques
Develop and apply
competitive strategies
Use scouting methods
for planning practices,
games, and analysis
21. Manage human resources – team work
Documentation of emergency action plan
Manage all information, documents, and records
Be involved in public relations
Manage fiscal resources
Fulfill all legal responsibilities
22.
23. Product based evaluation: performance
result and outcomes (quantitative)
(Ex. Shots on goal, pass completion %,
1RM, 10-m sprint time, etc.)
Process evaluation: “quantitative”
evaluation of movements
(Ex. Skills, techniques, body movements,
etc. )
(Hammermeister, 2010)
24. Regular evaluation
Formally and
informally
Evaluation on
individuals and as a
team
Competitive events
and in daily training
sessions
(Hammermeister, 2010)
25. Predict future performance
Indicate weaknesses
Measure improvement
Enable the coach to assess the success of
his training program
Place the athlete in appropriate training
group
Motivate the athlete
(Hammermeister, 2010)
26. Informal talks & observations
Feedback
End of season – formal evaluation
End of season result
Ask for inputs/feedback/
advices
Find out strengths & weaknesses
Learn from mistakes
27.
28. Baechle, T. R. & Earle, R. W. (Eds.). (2008). Essentials of strength training
and conditioning (3rd ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
Hammermeister, J. J. (2010). Conerstones of coaching: The building blocks of
success for sport coaches and teams. Traverse City, MI: Cooper Publishing
Group, LLC.
National Association for Sport and Physical Education. (2006). Quality
coaches quality sports: National standards for sport coaches (2nd ed.).
Reston, VA: Author
29. UEFA.com. (2013, May 8). Sir Alex Ferguson in his own words. Retrieved
January 23, 2015, from
http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/association=eng/news/newsid=1
949497.html.
Editor's Notes
Hello ladies and gentlemen!
My name is Sangyoon Hwang, and today, I am going to talk about the importance of coaching education, based on the National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC) created by National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE).
So, the first question comes down to: what’s the purpose of coaching education? Why do coaches need to be educated?
Coaches guide their athletes to success, a success being winning and beating their opponents. Dr. Steffen from Ohio University discussed about using researches as tools for winning at the library/APA style webinar that was delivered on January 21, 2015. At the webinar, Dr. Steffen said he will use researches if it can help him win the battle (personal statement during webinar, January 21, 2015). Educated coaches will have higher chance to lead their athletes to win because they will have more information and resources to be successful. Obviously, leading athletes to success doesn’t always mean about winning. It involves guiding them to a right direction to be a better self. Proper education for coaches will benefit those of who are eager to improve, and will guide them to be better self and a coach.
NASPE revised their standards for athletic coaches, which was shaped in 1995, to National Standards for Sport Coaches (NSSC) in 2006 (Hammermeister, 2010). The followings on the slide are the eight domains of essential coaching skills.
Domain 1, philosophy and ethics. This is a picture of Sir Alex Ferguson, one of the greatest managers in English football. He once stated, “Every coach should have his own philosophy” (UEFA.com, 2013, para. 4). The picture shows Sir Alex Ferguson’s own philosophy about the construction of his former club, Manchester United.
Athlete-centered coaching philosophy provides athletes a feeling of being cared, respected, and highly-valued. It creates a family within the team and that belief around the group is extremely important value.
Implementing proper ethical value to this group of family is another vital step. According to Hammermeister (2010), “ethics is the discipline that provides us with the tools to determine whether or not we should act a certain way …. Being “ethical” means doing what is good as well as avoiding what is wrong or bad” (p. 15). Coaches should lead by example. Be truthful, responsible, and fair to everyone; also, care and respect others.
The domain two is safety and injury prevention.
Keeping a facility safe is extremely important. “Maintaining a facility also involves making sure equipment is functional, clean, and safe to use. Equipment that … are … maintained … unsafe, can present health hazards, and must be repaired or replaced frequently.” (Baechle & Earle, 2008, pp. 552-553). It shows your passion, dedication, and care towards your program, team, athletes, and your sport. It is a coach’s responsibility to recognize if anything needs to be alerted. It is also coach’s call to modify or change the trainings if a facility or equipments are unsafe to carry on.
All teams should carry the first aid kit and emergency contacts at all times in case of something happen. The coaches should be educated on how to act on injury situations regardless of how dreadful the injury is. If athletic trainers are available, the situation can be dealt with ease.
The coaches also should collaborate with athletic directors to organize an educational session for the athletes with the injury prevention and management.
The training can be modified due to environmental factors, such as extreme hot or cold temperature, humidity, and altitude. A modified training plan due to the environment can help reduce the likelihood of injuries or serious health risks, such as dehydration, hypothermia, hyperthermia, heat illnesses, and hypoxia.
Training can also be modified by either moving the time or place of the training. Training can be moved to different time to avoid heat. Training also can be moved indoor in case of extreme weather conditions.
Training can be modified for individuals or certain group of players. Training for those of who are returning from injuries can be modified to meet their specific training goals.
Domain 3, physical conditioning.
Designing an effective training program requires proper overloading, progression, adaptation, and rest/recovery period. Coaches should have fundamental understanding of exercise physiology and apply them to the training. These are pictures of Christiano Ronaldo, a world-class soccer player who plays for Real Madrid of Spain. These pictures in sequence show how his body changed over the course of years with proper training programs with appropriate overloading and progression. Failure to do so can lead to overtraining or detraining, which eventually could result in injuries and/or de-conditioning that lead to decrement in performance.
Nutrition is a non-training factor that is significant for athletes. Proper knowledge of good nutrition and its appliance is a key for athlete’s overall health. Nutrition is not only limited to carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, but vitamins, minerals, and water contributes a big part as well. Education on pre- and post-training diet and eating healthy in general, as well as negative dietary effects such as eating disorders and poor diet habits, is essential and will guide players to help choose better choices.
Illegal drug use must be banned from athletes. Coaches have to stress the importance of anti-doping. In order to do so, proper education on illegal drugs versus legal supplements, and their appropriate recommendation/direction must be addressed.
There are different governing bodies for anti-doping for different sporting events. Even though substances that are banned in general are banned for most of the governing bodies, there are some differences in banned substances between different governing bodies. Therefore, it is imperative to double check the list of banned substances from the governing body that your team/athletes are in.
Domain 4, growth and development.
This is a great example of growth and development of world-class soccer players from one of the greatest football club, FC Barcelona. Messi, Andres Iniesta, and Xavi Hernandez, who are on the picture, are the products from FC Barcelona’s youth program, and they have grown to become iconic figures of the team. FC Barcelona youth academy is well-known for their coaching in technical excellence. Teaching skills and techniques early in the stage is vital because athletes tend to make habits as they grow. It is important to implement good habits within young athletes, and teach the motor skills that will allow them to properly execute simple to complex skills. All three players are known for their exceptional skills. They have been playing for the same club since their youth times. Their emotional growth within the team as well as their life time commitment to the sport and the club is something special. They hold great responsibility in the team, and all have been captains of the team which they had chance to develop to be a leader. This is only an extraordinary example of growth and development, but it shows what it takes to be successful and how these factors have helped in development of these players.
Domain 5 is teaching and communication.
Developing a good coach-athlete relationship is keys to success in both personnel. It creates trust, belief, and respect toward each other. It also creates positive environment that lead to commitment and dedication.
Coaches should know how to manage different types of athletes. Some athletes are able to take a bad critiques than others do. Some athletes don’t know how to deal with the criticisms and if they get criticized, their level of confidence will drop to the rock bottom. Identifying different characteristics of athletes and how to treat them will help manage athletes better.
Planning and setting goals for each training session will help manage the time of the training and its effectiveness. Planning for drills, work/rest period, and sequence of training all improves the quality of the training.
Having a good communication between coaches and players are blessing. It is the first step that creates a good coach-athlete relationship. In order to communicate well with athletes, coaches need to learn to listen first. By listening, coaches can figure out what the athletes needs and difficulties are, and by accommodating those needs, coaches can be more effective in their roles.
Coaches need to know how to positively motivate their athletes. Through motivation, athletes can aim higher, perform better, and achieve more.
Athletes get confused when coach’s instructions are inconsistent. Therefore, it is imperative to keep the message consistent at all cause.
A clear instruction to athletes is important. If an athlete doesn’t understand what you are trying to say, the athlete can’t learn from you. Use the language that the athlete can easily understand. Be simple and clear.
Domain 6, sport skills and tactics.
Coaches should try to learn all aspects of sport being coached. Knowing the skills, tactics, and techniques behind the sports will allow the coach to be able to teach more easily and clearly.
Scouting reports can help prepare for the upcoming games. They also can be used to prepare for the trainings accordingly and analyze one’s own team as well.
Domain 7, organization and administration
Administrative job is also a part of large task for coaches. It really takes huge chunk of work that needs to be done for the sake of the team’s management. In order for coaches to work effectively, coaches need to learn to work with their staffs. The assistant coaches and other administrative staffs have to work under the same coaching philosophy in which everyone has a good understanding of each other and work under the same goals. Assigning and dividing work between other staffs is clever and effective way.
Keep hold of the records in documents. Coaches need to be able to organize all the relevant documents in his/her drawer and be able to refer to it whenever in need. Documents include administration, financial, medical, legal, policies, and, etc. Coaches have to make plans for games such as player eligibility, officials, facility, and equipment. Away games require more work, such as planning for travel, transportations, budgets, and lodging.
Coaches need to know how to arrange activities such as fundraisers, and public relations as needed. Fiscal resources are also a great support if it is allocated to the program.
The last domain is evaluation.
There are two methods of evaluation in general. First one is product evaluation which involves quantitative performance outcomes. Examples of the product evaluations are shots on goal and pass completion percentage in soccer, and one-rep max and 10-m sprint time in physical testing. Second type of method is the process evaluation, which involves qualitative movement analysis. The examples of process evaluation is movement analysis of techniques involved in sprint mechanics (Hammermeister, 2010).
Athlete evaluation should be held regularly, both formally and informally, as a team and as an individual, and both in competitive settings and in daily training sessions (Hammermeister, 2010). With regular evaluations, athletes and team can set smaller achievable goals, monitor the improvements, find weaknesses to work on, and get motivated.
These are the listings of benefits of sport performance testing discussed by Hammermeister (2010): Predict future performance, indicate weaknesses, measure improvement, enable the coach to assess the success of his training program, place the athlete in appropriate training group, and motivate the athlete.
There should be an evaluation on the coaching staff as well as for one’s self. For the evaluation of coaching staff, it can be conducted informally with daily talks and observations. Observe their performances and end-result of their tasks. Have constant feedback from other members of the coaching staffs and maybe from athletes as well. At the end of the season, more formal evaluation can be conducted.
For the self-evaluation, coach can evaluate their performance by team’s or athlete’s result at the end of the season. Coaches can also ask for inputs, feedbacks, and advices on their performance from coaching staffs, athletes, and others involved in the program. Finding out strengths and weaknesses from the season will help improve as a coach and as a self. Learn from the mistakes and never make the same mistakes again.
Coaching has constant challenges and adversities. With coaching education, coaches can take a step closer to being a great mentor, educator, and coach. Educated coaches can be more effective, leading athletes to achieve their goals. This concludes my presentation. Thank you for listening and I will be available for any questions you may have.