The Reality Of Health Care Policies

The Reality Of Health Care Policies
In reality health care policies are generated and developed in the private sectors by various agencies
such as accrediting agencies, hospitals, and managed care organizations. The policy process is
conceptualized as a process of power and implementation that can influence meaningful changes
amongst the industry. Policies are generated from local, state, and court rulings that produce
policies. The process is identified as specific decisions and or events that occur before
implementation. The process of policy making can be broken down into 3 phases which are
formulation phase, implementation phase, and evaluation phase. Stakeholders, accrediting agencies,
managed care plans, and the external environment have the most influence in the formulation phase,
along with after the evaluation phase of policy making. Stakeholders along with elected officials,
organizations, and special interest groups all stake claim in proposal, which can cause quite the
controversy amongst the organizations since they all have different interest and perspective. These
individuals are those that have interest or even influence of decision making. This comes into effect
during the formulation phase where policies are being proposed. Then the proposed policy gets
thrown into the political process which is prominently dominated by Democrats and Republicans.
Amongst the democratic and republican party is usually simple math as who is holding the majority
has the political advantage. Politics have
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Ronald Reagan 's Economic Policies
Although he was a generally controversial president, Ronald Reagan's policy decisions to stimulate
economic prosperity, known as Reaganomics, were legitimately beneficial to the United States of
America. First, in order to substantiate the success of Reagan's economic policy decisions one must
first grasp the varying levels of importance for each aspect of his plan. As Reagan's policies were
substantial decisions that defined his presidency and alienated an entire population of more
economically liberal people, it makes sense that an understanding of his emphasis on certain
decisions would lead to a more persuasive argument. Next, the negation of well formed and logical
criticisms of Reagan's economic policies also lend to the support of their benefits and success.
Acknowledging a sensible counterargument and addressing specific points of critical analysis serves
to further enhance the argument for the success of Reagan's decisions. Furthermore, strong
economic growth and the curbing of federal domestic power reinforce the accomplishments of
Reaganomics. Though the U.S. did see economic growth, Reaganomics was not purely an economic
plan, as cuts in government power, not including the military, benefitted the average American
citizen. Moreover, Ronald Reagan's economic decisions regarding Soviet foreign policy were also
extremely beneficial to the United States. The tough decisions to further the national deficit proved a
worthy sacrifice in pressuring the collapse

Implementing An Effective Security Plan
Recommended Security Plan In order to create an effective security plan, it is necessary to create a
system that can be modified and adapt to changing threats. The ISO27005 standard details this
process by breaking it down into four steps – Plan, Do, Check, Act (Stallings & Brown, 2012). The
planning step involves performing a detailed risk assessment of the environment and creating a
security plan. By examining the infrastructure and potential vulnerabilities, we have determined that
controls are needed to address environmental, physical, and human vulnerabilities. We will start by
determining the management controls needed. In order to properly design, implement, and manage
an effective security policy, we need to define who is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these areas involve environmental threats such as earthquakes or fires. Suggested controls
for this threat can be to replicate our server environment to an offsite data center, secure an outside
vendor that provides disaster recovery services, or simply making sure an offsite backup is
available. To combat technical threats involving power issues there is a need for surge protectors,
UPS batteries for important systems, or possibly a generator at the corporate office to maintain core
service availability in case of a prolonged power outage. To deal with the human threats a
combination of properly managed access rights, physical locks restricting access to server rooms or
other sensitive areas, and a response team to respond to potential user threats are needed.
Based on the analysis, my recommendation is to create technical policies for the use of company
resources such as all hardware and software including email and internet, security policies that
govern password complexity and account access, in addition to policies that define network access,
personal phones, and assigned company equipment such as tablets. In addition to this, policies
regarding updating software patches, antivirus definitions, and other software need to be defined. In
order to ensure the network is protecting the entrance to the network effectively, access and
configuration should be defined

Venezuela 's Contemporary Policy Model
Venezuela's contemporary policy model is known for being deeply rooted in populist forms of
governance since it supports the division between the people and the elite. This has been more
prominent amongst Latin American rulers, since the role of a charismatic leader drives the relation
between the government and its people. Regimes like these have specific policy mixes that fit into
the spectrum of pro–poor and anti–imperialistic ideals. Chávez's regime was a perfect fit for the
definition and the history behind a populist paradigm. This essay focuses on the political and
economic policies endured by the New Bolivarian Constitution by analyzing the general role of a
populist regime, its autocratic power and the policy risks that come along with them. Venezuela's
populist regime was 'popular' amongst adherent regions in the area, since it claimed to be the leader
behind a global movement against imperialism. With the support of Bolivia and Ecuador's similar
oppressed regimes, Venezuela's main target is the 'imperialistic' ideals of the United States. Hence,
the draft of the new constitution includes notions of nationalism, democracy, redistribution of oil
wealth and regional integration, not to mention that some of the policies completely differ from the
U.S.' beliefs. However, in regards to democracy, Chavez and Maduro claim that advancing
democracy depends on replacing the unresponsive institutions of liberal democracy with new forms
of direct, participatory democracy.

Political Power And Public Policy
There are many factors that create and compose the American political system. Economic inequality
plays a huge part in composing this system. The argument that has been proposed is that inequality
structures political power and public policy. Having money always gets your far in this country,
especially when it comes to politics. Money can not only advance you, but it can corrupt you. When
you come from wealth it makes entering the political arena easier. That is what I will be arguing
throughout this essay, the fact that there is inequality and that money is what runs politics. American
politics has always been a field that revolves around money. The economy and political system go
hand and hand. Power in the United States comes from economic power. As discussed in class "to
understand political power in the United States one must appreciate the political power held by
corporate America" (Market as Prison). It is not unusual to see corporations and big businesses
controlling the U.S. political power. To give a prime example would be this year's presidential
election. It was between Hillary Clinton who was the former Secretary of State and Donald Trump
who is a well–known business tycoon. Hillary Clinton is worth some 30 plus million dollars. Donald
Trump is worth some 3 plus billion dollars. Clearly money dominates politics. The fact that the two
presidential candidates were both worth substantial amounts of money shows that. This
encompasses the idea of how economic

Analysis Of Barbara Nelson 's Book ' Making An Issue Of...
Barbara Nelson book review
Yaimar DeLeon
California State University of Fresno
The social problems that face our country continuously surround our government. Politicians,
although they attempt to avoid these issues are constantly in the eye of the public. Social problems
can be determined as, "...some condition, set of events, or group of persons constitutes a
troublesome situation that needs to be changed or ameliorated ". In Barbara J. Nelson's book Making
an Issue of Child Abuse Political Agenda Setting for Social Problems, the author broke down the
history of child abuse policy ensuring to depict the way in which this social issue became an agenda
setting topic, how the media contributed to this issues grand impact on society and how the
government made way and gave this issue the focus it needed. Throughout the book we learned
about many important programs and policies that were set forth to help children facing child abuse.
An important association that continues its work vigorously today, ensuring the safety of children is
the American Humane Association (AHA). For this matter it is important to understand the
importance of the history of child abuse as a policy and the role the AHA has had in regards to this
policy and protecting the children of our nation. The agenda setting process followed a series of
stages, which Nelson recurred to in order to develop her theories. The process included, recognizing,
adopting, setting priorities

Who Has The Power Of Foreign Policy Making?
Who has the most power in foreign policy making? Historically, in other government, kings, queens,
emperors, and Lords held all of authority and power over their people, they could establish any
rules. In 1789, George Washington became the first president of the United States, but at his times,
the presidency wasn't have much power because the power of the nation resided in congress. But,
today, the president of the United States is among the most powerful man on the world. Under our
Constitution, some power belong to president, and some power belong to congress and other branch.
The Constitution gives the president the powers to create a treaty, receive foreign ambassadors,
grant pardons, and execute the laws of Congress while Congress is the head of the legislative. When
it come to the foreign policy issue, both the executive and legislative branches each play important
roles in it; however, after reading the chapter 10 and 11 in the textbook "Understanding American
Government" 13 edition, I believe that the president is the dominant force in foreign policy making.
First of all, the president is a dominant role in making foreign policy because he is a chief diplomat.
As a chief diplomat, a spokesman, the president is granted the powers to appoint the secretary of
state and ambassadors to represent the United States aboard. Moreover, the president has the power
of negotiate treaties with other countries and receive foreign diplomats (335). Although most of
international

How Are Political Parties Are Powerless?
In the first part of the essay, we will start with the definition of political parties. Then, the functions
of political parties will be discussed. In the last part of the essay, we will evaluate whether political
parties in Hong Kong are powerless, since they cannot form a government and make policy, by the
history of the parties and the limitations that they are facing.
Political party can be defined as "a group of officials or would–be officials who are linked with a
sizeable group of citizens into an organization; a chief object of this organization is to ensure that its
officials attain power or are maintained in power" (Shively, 2001, p. 234). In short, "a group of
people that includes those who hold office and those who help get and keep them there" (Clark,
Golder and Golder, 2013, p.604). Political parties are not limited to democracies or electoral activity
as they exist in many dictatorships (ibid, p.605). Political parties have a major difference compared
to interest or pressure groups: although both attempt to influence government policy, the latter
would not take power.
Political parties perform ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The localist camp focuses on the preservation of Hong Kong's identity and autonomy (Law, 2013,
p.96). Although both the localist camp and the pan–democratic camp desire democracy, they have
almost hostile attitudes towards each other. The localist camp only identify themselves with Hong
Kong, while the pan–democratic camp identify themselves as Chinese based on the historical
connection. The localist camp often pursue and support radical action, including violent strategies,
to fight for their core political advocacies; the pan–democratic camp, on the other hand, criticize any
use of violence, and pursue non–violent strategies such as protesting or

Health Policy Process And Power
Health Policy Process & Power essay
Question 3. Present a critical case study of evidence based/informed health policy making. In doing
this, you will want to explain what the policy was, and what body of evidence was drawn upon or
seen as relevant. Then you should explore the political aspects of the policy. If there was
contestation over evidence (such as which evidence was used, what was seen as important, or how
to interpret evidence), you can explain the views of the opposed groups, and the roles of different
institutions or processes, which led to the final outcome.
A case study of evidence based health policy–making: Adopting DOTS for treatment of tuberculosis
in Ukraine
This paper will cover the process by which Ukraine adopted ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(Oxman et al., 2009) This paper will look at the role of evidence in informing the adoption of DOTS
in Ukraine, utilising Figure 1 from Oxman et al (2009) about how systematic reviews and local
evidence affect policy change. Local evidence will mainly be analysed as the systematic review was
done in order for WHO to recommend the DOTS strategy. As shown in this model it is important to
also consider local evidence when making evidence–informed decisions, since specific country
circumstances can have significant effect on policies and changing one policy may in fact require a
number of other policies to be modified as well.
TB Control Program in Ukraine
The Ukraine was formerly a part of the Soviet Union and as such many of its policies continue from
those that were in place during this period. The TB policy was one of these whereby TB cases were
detected by mass screening the population and TB services were vertical structures and highly
centralised. Treatment was performed in specialized TB hospitals and entailed long and non–
standard treatments. (Vassall et al., 2009) Patients were treated through individualized treatment,
which required them to stay between 6 months to 2 years in hospital.
Patients received TB services free of charge at point of delivery, as it was financed by national,
regional and local budgets, the funds were provided by external agencies. The finances are managed
by these

Social Policy is a Pluralistic Process.
Introduction
This assignment deals with the significance involvement of the pluralistic process in making of
social policy. The essay is divided into four main sections. It will first define the key terms as: social
policy, pluralism, welfare; and describe the role of the social policy, pluralism, but also to make
connection between this terms and their ideology. It will then go on to consider how social policy
gets made; it can assess the extent to which different ideas actually become social policy. The
different models will help to judge the relative influence of different groups with their different
ideas. The third part compares the early social policy with the contemporary social policy and the
pluralism with the other 'Power Models' of democracy in practice. Finally, some conclusions will be
drawn as to sum up the main points of the essay presented and toke a particular position to express
some of my opinions.
Main Body
First of all 'social policy entails the study of the social relations necessary for human wellbeing and
the systems by which wellbeing may be promoted' (Dean, 2006: 1). A more explicit description is
that social policy is a policy that deals with various social issues. Such issues may involve cultures,
discrimination against race and gender and diseases that are stigmatized among many others. Next
the term 'pluralism' is basically the distribution of power in society; it

Critically Analyse The Key Factors Involved On A...
CID Number: 00796902
Module Lead:
Word Count:
Essay Title: "Critically analyse the key factors involved in translating policy into practice to achieve
successful delivery of health care?"
"Critically analyse the key factors involved in translating policy into practice to achieve successful
delivery of health care?"
To deliver better care and outcomes, there is a need for evidence–based policy to be implemented
successfully (1). Policy change can achieve impacts and sustainability beyond what is possible
through standalone services or projects (2). Designing a policy and then translating it into practice is
"a messy business" and requiring understanding of the policy context, design processes, the
underlying values and beliefs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Here policy takes an incremental approach where decision makers take current practice as given,
and make small incremental adjustments in that behaviour, resulting in gradual policy change (5).
In the real world, policy making is more complex. In reaction to "rational approaches" the "garbage
can" model of decision was developed to remove any assumption of rationality. This asserts that
rational approaches suggest a greater level of intention, comprehension of problems, and
predictability of relations among actors than found in reality (3). Additional elements work against
rational policy making including the cognitive limitation of decision maker to consider all possible
options and foresee all consequences.
Ingram argued that policy problems are not neutral but subjectively identified through a political
exercise based on values, interpretation and the subjectivity of policy–makers (6). Pluralist–elitist
models recognise the distribution of power and how this affects decision–making, proposing that the
power to inﬂuence policy is concentrated in the hands of a few (2). The underlying suggestion of
these theories is that policy is not scientifically or rationally constructed, with the conclusion that
implementation attempts are constrained from the start.
Punctuated equilibrium theory outlines that when conditions are right, change

Myth Of Empire
Charlotte Schredder
February 21, 2017
Myths of Empire: Summary and Critical Analysis
In Myths of Empire: Domestic Politics and International Ambition, author Jack Snyder seeks to
explain why overexpansion has been so common among the great powers. Sometimes, Snyder
argues, states over–expand so aggressively that their actions risk the survival of the states
themselves, as was the case of Germany and Japan in the World War II era. Snyder explains that the
'central myth of empire,' which he considers 'defensive realism,' is that states think that their security
can only be safeguarded through further expansion. Snyder explains that this myth of empire is the
counterproductive aggressive foreign policy that was the major force that propelled ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, he considers the expansion of Britain and Russia to be similar, although the aftermath
of both countries' was very different, as was the influence that they possessed in the countries they
expanded to. In other words, the influence that Britain maintained in its post–colonialism era is
significantly greater than the Soviet Union's after that state lost control of its satellite countries. But
to Snyder, these experiences are still considered to be similar. Additionally, Snyder uses only one
non–Western case study to make his point. If Snyder were to come out with a new edition of Myths
of Empire, the book would greatly benefit from additional, non–Western case studies (considering
Japan is really the only non–Western case study the book analyzes) such as China and its emerging
global influence or North Korea.
Snyder also takes on too literal a definition of expansion, and does not take into account the others
ways in which states can expand. Expanding does not necessarily need to mean only territorially.
States (and its power) can expand its influence globally through technological advances and
economy, for example, and not just their military or through territorial gains. In this vein, including
an updated analysis on China's emerging global influence both

Renewable Power Policy and Hydroelectric Dams Essay
Renewable Power Policy and Hydroelectric Dams There has been much controversy over changes in
the environment due to the placement of hydroelectric dams, and also due to the pollution caused by
other power plants which use non–renewable sources of energy. The arguments which come from
certain groups against both sides seem rather strange. The purpose of this paper is to explore the
environmental and other effects from both energy sources, and the arguments which are presented
by different groups who lobby for and against the two sources of power. It appears in many
opinions; a group will only access one issue, actually separating two topics which go hand in hand.
The focus for examples in this paper with mainly rely on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the Lake Powell area, there are many recreational and historic sites, such as Rainbow Bridge
National Monument. "The flooding of Glen Canyon has damaged critical habitat for endangered fish
and plant species and destroyed tens of thousands of archaeological and sacred sites, including a
significant portion of Rainbow Bridge National Monument – one of the most sacred sites and
culturally significant sites for Native American tribes of the Colorado Plateau." ("Glen") Now the
example used is the "National Monument," which was made by the US government. The actual
existence of Rainbow Bridge was not harmed at all. It is still well out of the water, now a one mile
hike from the lake. This actually makes access to the bridge easier, without destroying the area of
importance to the Natives. A "national monument" title and set amount of land is not important to
these first people, only the sacred piece of ground. The Navajo nations natural resources director
denounced the Sierra Club on the issue "for giving legitimacy – and momentum – to the radical
fantasy." (Zengerle) These areas are of importance to many people, but what is lost is changing, not
just disappeared. Supporters of the draining do not focus on the underlying and very important
subjects which are important to the world's future. The sources of pollution and change in
ecosystems have much to do with power

Cooperatio Internationalists Argumentative Analysis
Throughout history, there have been two major viewpoints that have shaped how the United States
deals with foreign and defense. The first relies on realism, a belief that nations should be interested
first and foremost in their own advancement, and in fortifying their own power. Some critics of
realism persist that the goal of foreign policy should be cooperation and stability rather than
dominance. This view invokes idealism, a belief that nations should work together to solve global
problems such as hunger and poverty. Idealists view national power as a tool that can be used for
good in other nations rather than a way to amass more military and economic resources. These two
competing views of the world are debated heatedly as the United States attempts to decide how to
handle the conflict with ISIL, or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. United States officials
could approach the terrorist group idealistically by attempting to stop the wrathful attacks through
diplomacy, and perhaps negotiating with terrorists could actually work. Maybe with enough ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Those in favor of unilateralism think the United States has the right to handle threats alone, even if
other nations disagree with its approach. They argue the U.S. can and should act alone in using its
extensive, borderline excessive, military power. Opponents of this idea believe in multilateralism,
the idea that the United States should only become involved with clear support from other nations.
Now, it's clear to see that multilateralism is the better fit for dealing with ISIL. There are many
different nations being affected adversely by the terrorist group's violence, so it makes no sense for
the United States to be the sole responder to this catastrophe. Instead, each nation that is affected by
ISIL should have a role in dealing with a

The Keynes Solution By Paul Davidson Essay
Introduction
The Keynes solution "The Path to Global Economic Prosperity by Paul Davidson is written to show
the real reason of the global economic financial crisis that has led to widespread impact to the
economic policy. The author of this book discuss and emphasize to his reader what are the impact
and how they can get out into this crisis and he also showed how this Keynes Solution theories help
with this crisis. The author of this book, Paul Davidson discussed the possible problems that may
arrived and what are the result of this economic crisis, which lead to increase of unemployment and
inflation that affecting the economic production.
In this book Keynesian Solution, he suggested the detailed plan on how the government spending
money, monetary policy, financial market rules and regulation, and wages that may reverse the
effects of our past policies crisis. The author beliefs that the government has the most important role
in manipulating and stabilizing the behavior of the capitalist system to avoid and control recessions
and depression in the market economy. And with that, he explained the strategies that the
government may use to restore the prosperity in the twenty–first century.
The first chapter of this book of Keynes solution is the "Power of ideas to affect the policy", showed
how they continuously warning the public about the current economic crisis situation that was began
year 2007. He also explained why the ideas of the other economist is contradict with

A New Policy : The Clean Power Plan
Over the past few centuries, human society has been engaging in activities that have resulted in
excessive carbon dioxide emissions. These excessive emissions have been identified to be
detrimental to our health and to the environment. As a result, many efforts have been organized to
reduce carbon emissions. An effective effort to control carbon emissions is through legislation. The
Obama Administration has been pursuing a new policy: The Clean Power Plan. The successful
implementation of this policy would result in changes in regulations, health and infrastructure. As a
result, The Clean Power Plan helps illustrate the connection between public policy, public health and
urban planning and development. Carbon dioxide is a gas that ... Show more content on
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The EPA has provided options such as increasing the use of natural gas, improving the efficiency of
power plants, expanding renewable energy sources and creating energy efficiency programs for
consumers (High). The science behind the Clean Power Plan shows the importance of reducing
carbon emissions. High carbon emissions have an impact on the environment, human health as well
as the economy. If carbon emissions are not reduced, climate change will continue to create
problems. Average temperatures will increase, storms and heat waves are likely to increase in
frequency and intensity, and sea levels may rise. These extreme weather events could lead to
increased health risks such as cardiovascular and respiratory problems as well as certain cancers.
Furthermore, due to changed weather patterns, agriculture, forestry, recreation and tourism can be
impacted. Therefore, damage to the economy will also occur. In addition, these storms could cause
damage to infrastructure ("Impacts of Greenhouse Gas Emissions"). Due to the severity of the
environmental, health and economic problems carbon emissions can cause, the Obama
Administration is moving to advance the Clean Power Plan. Public policy that results in reduced
carbon emissions will be possible through the Clean Power Plan due to support from elected
officials. The Obama Administration has been the strongest force driving the policy. Other federal,
state and local public officials are also providing

Effects Of Power Fettweis On American Foreign Policy
There have been numerous books written in the past by various political scientists on how to
improve U.S. foreign policy. However, Fettweis's Pathologies of Power provides a very interesting
and somewhat unusual dig at U.S. foreign policy. In his book Pathologies of Power Fettweis is
highly critical of the below average foreign policy performance of the United States over the last
few decades and he strives to shed some light on why the U.S. keeps repeating the same mistakes
over and over again. In his view, the many blunders in American foreign policy can be attributed to
the nation's deep connection to a series of closely held pathological beliefs that he collectively
describes as fear, honor, glory, and hubris. Professor Fettweis in his book also discusses the origins
of these deep pathological beliefs. He strongly argues that some of the major foreign policy disasters
like the Iraq War, the Bay of Pigs and the Vietnam War was a result of these strongly held
pathological beliefs. He also recommends that American foreign policy performance can be
improved significantly if these strongly held pathological beliefs are identified and eradicated and
replaced with prudence and restraint.
The first among the pathological beliefs is fear which Fettweis strongly believes is a sort of paranoia
where one believes that the world is full of enemies and makes decisions based on these deeply held
beliefs which is often misguided. He then provides example of how America's paranoia about

Foreign Policy Making Power
Practicing the foreign policy is when the nation makes treaties with other countries, or when the
ambassadors are sent to abroad. The goals of foreign policy of the America are maintaining national
security, supporting democracy, promoting world peace, providing aid and establishing open trade.
Under the United States Constitution, the foreign policymaking power is divided between the
President and the Congress, so that means both have an important role in the making of foreign
policy. The Executive and Legislative Branches each has specific power; they assume their
responsibilities that are different but actually overlap. As I mentioned about the U.S President's
powers above, the President is the Commander in Chief of the United States Armed ... Show more
That does why in Article II of the Constitution affirm that the President has power to determine and
decide U.S foreign policy. And the President can nominate someone as his pleasure for specific
positions without the Senate's advice. The appointments are approved with a majority votes.
Therefore, the President has dominant force in the making of foreign policy. The most recent
example to assert the diplomatic power of the President using his strength to conduct foreign affairs
with other nations, even those nations may be the America's adversaries is Iran nuclear negotiation.
A nation like Iran has promoted acts of terrorism throughout the Middles East and attempted
destroying the Israel. President Barack Obama has tried to negotiate an arms nuclear deal while the
Congress claimed that the U.S should not oar or even negotiate with those terrorist countries. He has
actively engaged with Iranian leaders in an effort to end their nuclear programs. Thus, we can see
that President Barack Obama did not take the advice of the Senate, but pulled an effort with a tactic
of diplomacy to engage with those countries without using military

Essay The State of Solar Power Policy And Incentives in...
The State of Solar Power Policy And Incentives in Vermont
Vermont has become widely known as a progressive, even cutting–edge state in terms of its public
policy. With two out of three of its Congressional delegation officially independent, a
groundbreaking civil–unions law, and no fast–food franchises in its state capitol, perhaps that
reputation is well–deserved. Energy; its generation, transmission, usage, and impacts upon the Earth,
has arisen as a tempestuous, geo–political issue in the past few decades. As the petroleum era
explodes (or should we say implodes?), the development and utilization of renewable energy
sources has become vitally important for the survival of humanity and all the other species on our
shared Earth. So ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It explicitly does not "seek to replace Vt.'s current electric generation sources such as Vt. Yankee
and Hydro–Quebec." And it "is not a mandate that Vt. attain certain goals or that Vt. seek some sort
of 'energy independence.'" The initiative does look to "encourage alternatives to relying on large–
scale fossil fuel facilities." And in so doing, "give the state more options for meeting its energy
needs in the future." The document spells out how it would help push these goals forward: through
Legislative approval of $750,000 from the Petroleum Violation Escrow Fund for demonstration
projects, an extension on sales–tax exemptions to include solar hot–water and off–grid photovoltaic
(PV) systems, "Green Pricing" programs, and a mandate to the Public Service Board (P.S.B.) to
formulate a renewable portfolio standard for utilities. This would mean that power companies would
have to disclose, among other things, how their electricity was generated and what the
environmental impacts of this were. This was from 2001; in 2002 the Legislature did in fact pass
some of the measures. The purchase of off–grid power and hot water systems became exempt from
sales tax (32 V.S.A 9741) and Gov. Dean signed S.138 giving the P.S.B. authority to set disclosure
standards for utilities.
In stark

The Initiation Of A Grand Strategy
The Initiation of a Grand Strategy: A Comparative Analysis of the Carter, Bush, and Obama
Presidencies
Introduction The President of the United States sits at the epicenter of the U.S. Foreign policy
establishment. Seen as the most power person in the world, the judgment of the president on foreign
affairs is often regarded as unquestionable.1 For the president, policy–making power comes from
Article II of the Constitution. This article outlines executive powers and the roles of the
commander–in–chief, chief of state, chief executive, chief negotiator, and chief diplomat for the
president.2 These factors, along with the unparalleled level of influence the president holds, shape
his role in the foreign policy–making process, thus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the systemic side, significant influences include world events, the relative strength of the U.S.
Military, the U. S's involvement in multilateral organizations and the state of the global economy.
Hypothetically, these influences remain static for all presidents. However, in reality the pressure
these influence place vary from one president to another because each president inherits different
sets of circumstances and crises that trigger their own set of differential factors. Each president has
his own personal preferences and goals that he is forced to place on the back burner in order to
address these domestic and systemic influences. However, should the political atmosphere present
opportune conditions, "...existing political constraints and opportunities are well understood by the
individual in office, and if these factors are in a position to the manipulated, the president is capable
of exercising control beyond that of any other individual in the world."7 Under these circumstances
the president may attempt to initiate his own vision of a grand strategy, which consists of clearly
articulated notions of national interest in combination with a set of plans for advancing said ideas.8
Grand strategies, which are the president 's arguments about the role the U.S plays in the global
stage, are often laid out in advance, with the

ECQ 5: Building Coalitions
There is an intersection between career and political executives in the Federal government. As
discussed in Chapter 2, career and noncareer senior executives are subject to the same executive
core qualifications (ECQs) and performance criteria, even though some of them serve at the pleasure
of the President. However, their respective spans of control and expectations associated with
performance differ.
The most significant qualification is ECQ 5, "Building Coalitions." This is where the challenges and
opportunities identified previously are critical. The performance metrics and political savvy come
together in this ECQ. Some definitions and techniques to facilitate senior managers' success are
important to consider at this juncture.
Building ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Professionalism
It is important that executives exhibit professionalism in dealing with their stakeholders. Again, this
is not to suggest that executives do not know how to comport themselves with their stakeholders.
Senior executives are sometimes accused of being too "familiar" with their stakeholders. Executives
get to know their stakeholders very well after engaging with them through: written instruments,
one–on–one meetings, group meetings and events, and comments others involved in the issue(s) of
interest make. While executives know their audience, that audience–their stakeholders–sometimes
views their collegiality as a way to brush them off in a nice way. This perception is also wrongfully
viewed as an executive attempting to curry favor as a "friend" and to, thereby, co–opt their response
to the issue(s) being addressed.
Executives are also misconstrued as cold and bureaucratic on occasion. Thus, the bureaucratic
behavior fuels the perception that executives are unprofessional in the manner in which they treat
stakeholders. The report that an executive is curt or has talked down to stakeholder, thus, is
misconstrued as the executive is being purposefully confrontational or

American Social Policy And Social Change Essay
Here in the United States, disputes about the axiological restructuring of American social policy and
social change are at the forefront of our policymaking, and one can assume it will remain so for the
anticipated future. The belief that change is necessary is evident to all Americans, but which path to
take is immensely different. Abramovitz states that, "Ideology is more that abstract ideas. It has
raised hopes, inspired fear, and drawn blood for millions of human beings" (2008). Americans stand
to make their ideologies on platforms when they elect politicians who share in their beliefs,
ideologies, and cultural norms into positions of power. When this occurs, Americans look to their
politicians to adhere to their beliefs and take the path to change they see fit. Throughout history,
there is a persistent power struggle between American political parties, primarily Republican and
Democrat, and the ideologies they harbor. When one party has a more dominant omnipresence, the
overall ideology of the country tends to shift. In 2007, Karger & Stoesz state that, "Ideological
trends influence social welfare when adherents of one orientation hold sway in decision– making
capacities" (p.5). According to Gil, "Choices in social welfare policy are heavily influenced by the
dominant beliefs, values, ideologies, customs, and traditions of the cultural and political elites
recruited mainly from among the more powerful and privileged strata" (1981, p.32). During this
current election

Power And Decision Making In American Policies
Luisana Zambrano
Final Paper It is ambiguous to identify power with an absolute definition. When we talk about
power in the political spectrum, it can be considered as the ability of a person or a group of people
to rule over something and define specific policies that would affect the majority. However, we also
have to consider who put those people in power, in this case, the general population. At this point,
we are defining power as the ability of a massive group of individuals to choose who they want to
represent them. Given those two variants in the definition of power, we can infer that it is a constant
movement between the ruler and the followers. Beginning from the electoral aspect, if we analyze
who the power actors are, at ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, it is necessary to accept, for the society in general, that there is an issue of inequality, and that
even, though Americans share the same nationality and territory, the reality of each part can be
completely different. Second, for the population in general, it is necessary to start recognizing the
necessities and interests of each part, so it could be possible to compromise. And, third, the
adaptability on a specific period. The new idea of consolidation of power in the United States is
based on the principle of consumerism and the acquisition of power by an established economic
position. It is necessary for the people in power to understand that the American Dream cannot be
achieved without the help of the system. After compromising for the development of the society in
general, the idea of achievable power could be available to all Americans. The develop of a
collective identity will be only attainable by the promotion of equality among the whole society and
the elimination of extreme

Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixon's and Eisenhower's Use of...
Modern Presidency
Research Paper
Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixon's and Eisenhower's' Use of Power
Both President Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon were presidents during the cold war. Their
uses of presidential power within foreign policy greatly shaped the United State's strategies in cold
war politics. Comparing their actions as Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief Executive and
Commander in Chief shows how they have used both their formal and informal powers to lead the
nation. President Eisenhower was much more successful in gaining congress approval through
working with them yet had much more trouble dealing with peace abroad. Nixon was able to use
powers to make successful gains within the cold war abroad, yet had trouble ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Nixon was able to limit congress's oversight of his administration, and the publics control by using
the Chief Diplomat formal power of secrecy. He wanted to use these formal powers to show that the
president could plan and execute foreign policy as efficiently as historic leaders (Small 1999, 61).
Nixon used his power of executive agreements manipulatively in a strategy that he called, linkage
politics; this is a term for strategically organizing the United States relationships with communist
powers (Small 1999, 63). Nixon knew that he must settle the Vietnam War with honor because it
was a stake in Southeast Asia. Using his theory of linkage politics he saw that the end of the
Vietnam War would affect negotiations with China and Russia (Small, 1999 65). He first tried to
make an executive agreement with Russia, by explaining to them his idea of "strategic parity. This
was an idea that because both nations had enough weapons to completely demolishes the other,
neither should start war, and peace would continue. Like Eisenhower's attempts, Nixon was unable
to make an agreement with the USSR and talks continued to be slow (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). Playing
the China card was a new way Nixon was able to integrate his idea of linkage politics. His theory
was that because China was afraid of the Soviets, they may purse relations with the United States,
which in return, would help control the USSR (PBS Nixon

What Do Successful Policies Teach Us About Our Politics...
What do Successful Policies teach us about our Politics and Ourselves?
Introduction
Every American seems to have their own belief and idea of how to help our country continue to
grow and be successful. Whether or not each individual idea is helpful or beneficial to the country is
another story but, policy is the way for our country to continue to develop. Throughout American
history politicians have used their ideas for new policies to help their campaign and in turn elect
them into office. They can not always deliver their promises for change in part due to the separation
of powers in the United States which creates multiple veto points for policy. As a country we do not
remember policies that have little buzz or attention but rather the ones that were passed after a
buildup of continued conversation or debate. These conversations can be sparked by a particular
event or problem. As Marc Landry said "Greatness is rare and hostage to fortune. Crisis creates its
opportunity." Policies can be implemented to help solve these problems. As a society we would not
complain about a problem that we did not care about and to take the next step we would not display
effort for change unless we truly believed it would help. Successful policies teach us what those in
power honestly care about and what we truly care about.
Why Policy? For a policy to be on the agenda usually one or more of four particular items need to
be in play. Crisis, interests group, realigning elections and

The Overall Idea Of Sustainable Development Essay
The overall idea of sustainable development can be described in a lot of different ways. One simple
definition could be that sustainable development is the development that considers the needs of the
today, without compromising the needs of tomorrow by limiting the capabilities of future
generations (Robert, Parris and Leiserowitz, 2005). This approach talks about two key concepts:
1. The concept of needs: This concept particularly talks about the crucial needs of the world's poor
and solving world poverty should be the first on priority list
2. The concept of limitations: Talks about the environment 's ability to meet the present and future
needs. Social organisations and state technologies are considerable factors in this case.
Most of the time, the development is determined by a single specific need. Sustainable development
doesn't fully consider the larger or future impacts (Robert, Parris and Leiserowitz, 2005). But it's not
a secret that this kind of development approach is causing serious damage to our environment. From
huge economic crises caused by reckless banking, to radical changes in our global temperature
resulting from the constant use of fossil fuel. In this paper, we will talk about the Greening
Development (Enhancing capacity for environmental management) policy of OECD and its
implementation in the United States.
ENHANCING CAPACITY (A BASIS OF GREENING DEVELOPMENT):
Greening development is a policy undertaken by the organisation for economic co–operation

A Proposal Response On Climate Change And 192 Countries
Recommendation
This policy memo response the People's Climate March held on New York, September 21, 2014, by
focusing on how to decrease New York's level greenhouse gas emissions by 80 percent by 2050
from 2005 levels . Despite the fact that 195 countries have become Parties to The United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change and 192 countries have signed the protocol , the climate
crisis has not been solved but accelerated. By introduction a new energy–efficient standard in New
York City to both public and private buildings could largely relieve this intensified situation and
help sustain momentum from the People's Climate March. This new proposal will transform New
York City into an eco–friendly city with less greenhouse gas ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Big cities like New York with dense popularity should be extremely concerned about this
phenomenon by introducing new feasible energy saving proposal to mollify this challenge.
One of the main solution is to decrease or maintain the same greenhouse gas (GHG) emission level
for temperature control. Since nearly three–quarters of the GHG in New York City is emit from
buildings , targeted project aim at renew existing low energy efficiency building and expand more
new clean energy technology in both public and private housing. The new plan named "New City,
Built to Last" should be activate to transform New York City's Buildings for a Low–Carbon Future .
With this affordable project, every citizen could enjoy the benefit of an advanced low–carbon city,
improving the public health in long–term. Moreover, the new plan will generate large amount of
addition job positions to better boost the economy.
To better analysis the effect of this new plan, a stakeholder map is illustrate below, by placing each
stakeholder in their position.
The most affected group will be residents living in New York which could be grouped by low
income, middle income and high income residents. The low income residents tend to have negative
attitude since they pay a higher share of their rent for energy than wealthier residents, and often live
in less–efficient buildings. An

U.s. Policy Making Process
In order to effectively comprehend the United States of America's (U.S.) policy making process, one
must, accordingly, understand the various stages as well as the institutions involved in the same.
More particularly, there are four key institutions involved in the U.S.' policy making process; each
of which play a significant role in the various stages of the process. Specifically, the U.S.
policymaking process is comprised of four stages, to wit: agenda setting, formulation,
implementation, and evaluation. First, the agenda setting stage is concerned with the specific
problems of the public that the government aims to solve. Next, the formulation stage, or the "nuts
and bolts" of policymaking, is the point when policymakers attempt to resolve the problem by
creating new laws and policies. Thereafter, the new laws and policies that have been created are put
into play in the implementation stage. Finally, in the evaluation stage is when policymakers assess
whether the new laws and/or policies are working as intended, and whether it resolved the problem
it was designed to target. (Moats, 2016, Congress: The Legislative Branch). Moreover, there are key
institutions that are involved at the aforesaid various stages within the policymaking process, to wit:
Congress, the President, the Bureaucracy, and finally, the Courts. More specifically, Congress is
what is referred to as the "absolute center" of policymaking in the US – decides who gets what,
when, and how.

"National Interest’ Is the Most Important Factor in the...
"National interest' is the most important factor in the formation of any foreign policy. Evaluate this
claim".
___________________________________________________________________
It would seem a self–evident claim that national interest must play a significant part, if not a central
one, in the formation of any state's foreign policy. This claim could be made because it would
appear natural that the role of the state, in any situation, is primarily to further the interests of the
society and people that it represents. This is the basis of its legitimacy and the reason of its very
existence. This paper will explore the extent to which it can be said that states pursue national
interests in their foreign policy formation, regardless of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are also many theorists who subscribe to the idea that states are constantly involved in an
apparent game of power politics. Power politics is a perspective whereby international politics
'inevitably entails perceptions of insecurity (...); struggles for power; the use of Machiavellian
stratagems; the presence of coercion; attempts to balance power; and the use of war to settle
disputes' (Vasquez, 1998, p.168). The guiding assumption of this particular theory is that states have
little to no choice but to engage in this type of politics, and that failing to do so would have dire
consequences in so far that they would be '[placing] their fate in the hands of international
institutions or the good will of others' (Shimko, 2005, p.122). There is thus an underlying principle
in this theory that suggests states act not only to further their interests because they are inherently
prone to act in this way, but that to not do so would endanger their chances of survival. Strange
(1983) is also strongly in favour of the theory that it is essentially interest and power relationships
that mediate behaviour in the international system, in her critique of the impact of international
regimes (which she believes play a somewhat more negligible role). Unless a truly fundamental

The Social Sciences Of Modern Societies
Within the social sciences in contemporary times it is argued that corporatism has shrugged off its
previous association with authoritarian and fascists regimes, and is now deployed as a means for
analysing the role of organized interest in present day liberal democracies. Outhwaite argues that
corporatism has also passed into common political usage as shorthand for the involvement of trade
unions, together with organisations which represent the interests of capital in bargaining with
governments over economic policies. Debated publicly, corporatism is now seen as the antithesis of
neo–liberalism, in which governments seek to use competition rather than negotiation as the
dynamic of policy making. Contrastingly, contemporary academic writers deem corporatism as the
antithesis of pluralism, Philippe Schmitter (1974), who is argued to have been the leading exponent
of corporatist theory in the 1970s portrayed corporatism as a critique of what he saw as the
dominant pluralism orthodoxy in Political Sociology. The extraordinary range and diversity of
interest organisations in modern societies were, according to the pluralist, evidence for the openness
of democratic governments to a wide range of influence, and offered a benign view of interest group
politics as a supplement to electoral mechanisms for ensuring democratic accountability. On the
contrary, corporatist theorist stressed the number of organisations which are politically influential,
and the tendency for such

Potential Limits to Corporate Power in America Essay
The purpose of the textbook, Who Rules America? by G. William Domhoff, is to explain his theory
of Class Domination. My essay emphasises the relation of social class to power, the existence of a
Corporate community, the relationship of the Corporate community to the upper class, and various
methods used by the Corporate community to dominate the U.S Political System. Furthermore, my
essay will discuss the potential limits to corporate power in America.
The realtion of social class to power, is a belief about equality of opportunity that seems to be ignore
by former upper social mobility. According to Domhoff's statement about the relation of social class
to power, "No group or class had power in America, but only influence". In other ... Show more
The Corporate community is made up of large corporations, banks, and agri–businesses from
owners or top level manangers to share a common interest in making profits. . The center of the
Corporate community comes from the Fortune 500, Interlocks, Trade Associations, and Business
Associations. For example, the Business Rountable and the Business Council is the importance of a
network being recreated if companies looses connections with each other, (pg. 23). The largest
corporation and the Fortune 500 between interlocks in modern corporation is necessary because
interlocks are most noticeable when a person sits on two or more corporate board. Member of the
upper class are mostly part of the corporate rich because it is often owned by the same families or
financial institutions(pg. 22–23).
In the same way, members of the upper class have a great influence on Corporate community
because they involve themselves in the ownership and control of specific corporations through
family ownership, family offices, holding companies, and investment partnership. For example,
according to the documentary, 1% percent by Jamie Johnson, it shows how the corporate leaders
only consist of people who have common positions in economic system and share a common
lifestyle that meets at private schools, social clubs, retreat, resorts, and social gatherings, while they
leave out the people they dont see as

Nuclear Power Plant Closure Resolution Act Of 2014 And...
MEMORENDUM
Policy Options to Address the Economic Unsustainability of Nuclear Power Plants in Illinois
To: Senator Mattie Hunter, Illinois Senate Environment and Energy Committee Chair
From: Jon McDonnell, Policy Analysis and Energy Impact Center
Date: April 30, 2015
Subject: Nuclear Power Plant Closure Resolution Act of 2014 and Policy Alternatives
Executive Summery
In Illinois, three large nuclear power facilities, belonging to the energy giant Exelon, are under
threat of premature closure. They have lost the ability to be economically competitive in Illinois'
energy market. Illinois' nuclear energy sector and Exelon have set extremely high standards for
efficiency, safety, and reliability and the closure of these plants will result in the loss of thousands of
jobs, a weaker state economy, the opening of the gates for more environmentally harmful sources of
power, and would make it harder for Illinois to comply with new federal standards. The Illinois
House of Representatives devised a bill called The Nuclear Power Plant Closure Resolution Act,
which sought out to establish committees to study the effects of the closure of these facilities and to
provide possible market–based solutions. As you have requested, I have analyzed policy alternatives
for Nuclear Power Plant Closure Resolution based on robustness, feasibility, effectiveness, and
equity. I have concluded that a state–wide production tax credit would be a fair, robust, and effective
policy to keep Illinois'

William Churchill 's Quote On Russia Putin
To modify Winston Churchill's quote on Russia Putin "...is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an
enigma." We can unwrap this mystery by analyzing Putin's foreign policy through the eyes
Morgenthau which will be the basis of this paper. By understanding the mystery we can say that
Putin is following a Realist perspective and not the liberalist perspective especially with the
Crimean Conflict.
Before we begin in analyzing Putin's Russia we must outline a few of the essential factors of the
realist stance in international relations that can be traced back to Machiavelli's The Prince. First, we
ought to see at the existing position in the world that includes negative features. Second, it aims to
have an unfavorable aspect of human nature as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberals "propose establishing new principles in international relations and based on them a new
structure in international relations." This theory supports that state choices instead of state power
that are the dominant cause of state conduct. As realism theorists claim in the case of Russia and
Crimea that foreign policy is lead by national concerns. Liberalists claim it's by commercial
concerns and in this case it's not so. For example, Putin had provided Ukraine with "15 billion worth
of government bond and lowering the price of gas" (Isachenkov and Danilova, 2014). In the end,
Putin did not presented the money but provided the pro Russian political regime. As Realism
theoriests claim that the Crimean crisis emphasized that the international system is lawless and there
isn't an authority that would make decisions and implement them as liberal theorist assert. Russia
disregards the claims of international organizations therefore it disregards international structure.
The foreign policies of Russia also compliments in many ways its domestic policies, both in the
apparent want for dominance and security in the focal point on sovereignty. These aims lead to an
importance on bringing back Russia's international status and removing positions of power that
Western states have had in Russia

Stalin‚Äôs rise to power and his Key Domestic Policies
At the beginning of the twentieth century Russia had been ruled by the Tsars for over
three hundred years. However, with Russia doing badly in the Great War and living
conditions in Russia were poor, in March 1917, a revolution broke out, resulting in
the abdication of the Tsar, resulting in a provisional government being formed. This
essay will look at Stalin's rise to power and the success of his Domestic policies.
In April, Lenin, leader of the Bolshevik party returned from exile. His April thesis was
popular with the people through his communist ideology and popular slogans "All
power to the soviets" and "Peace, Bread, Land." In November a second revolution,
organised by Trotsky overthrew the provisional ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As stated by Kuromiya:
2
"Historians have traditionally attributed the rise of Stalin to his cunning, political
manipulation and intrigue." (Kuromiya, 2005, p70)
By 1928, Stalin had decided to modernise Soviet industry, requiring a more efficient
agricultural system. Most farms were small and used old fashioned farming methods,
with little machinery. Agriculture was producing two million tonnes less grain than
was needed, as Todd states:
"Stalin decided that 25 million individual peasant holdings should be joined into

250,000 state collected farms." (Todd, 1998, p37)
However in 1930 a serious food shortage led Stalin to end the NEP and begin
compulsory collectivisation of agriculture. This led to much opposition and many
slaughtered their animals and destroyed their crops and heavy machinery rather
than turn them over to collectivists. This led to Stalin result to harsher methods;
many Kulaks were sent to Gulags, prison camps or were hanged. Food production
dropped sharply and several million died from famine. By 1939, 99 percent had been
collectivised, with 90 percent of the produce going to the state, with the remaining 10
percent left to the workers.
Soviet industry was limited leading Stalin to fear invasion by capitalist nations. He
saw the country as being fifty to one

Policies Supporting Grid Interactive Non Conventional...
2.34.5 Policies supporting Grid–interactive Non–Conventional Power National Rural Electrification
Policy 2006 Rural Electrification is high time need for India where still 45 million households are
un–electrified. Several goals are set under this policy: Access to quality and reliable electricity at
reliable rates and minimum lifeline consumption of 1unit/household/day by year 2012. For remote
villages where grid electrification is not feasible, off–grid based solutions based on stand–alone
systems to be taken up for supply of electricity. Every state to come up with rural electrification plan
mapping details of electricity delivery mechanism that may be linked to district development plans
and this has to be intimated to appropriate commission. Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana
(RGGVY) This scheme is being implemented by Rural Electrification Corporation for permitting
stand alone systems, rural electrification, bulk power purchase & management of local distribution
(through franchisee model). Under this scheme, projects could be financed with 90% capital
subsidy. For households below poverty line, 100% capital subsidy would be provided as per norms
of Kutir Jyoti Programme. Main provisions under this policy are to set up– Rural Electricity
Distribution Backbone (REDB): Provision of 33/11 KV (or 66/11 KV) sub–stations of adequate
capacity and lines in blocks where these do not exist. Creation of Village Electrification
Infrastructure (VEI): Electrification of

The Government Regulation Of Tobacco And Alcohol Sales And...
Q1 Distributive policies control the allocation of benefits to particular groups, they are easily
introduced as they can be implemented independently without effecting other groups benefits.
(Palmer, Short, 2014) Such as governments Indigenous Chronic Disease Package which aims to
manage chronic diseases that effect Indigenous Australians. (AIWH 2014) Another health policy is
regulatory, which provides limitations on how specific groups act, some groups are allowed more
freedom while others can be more restricted. (Palmer, Short 2014) For example, the state
government regulation of tobacco and alcohol sales and supply. (AIHW 2014) While in pursuit of
credibility and self promotion, organisations can develop a self regulation policy which can
potentially reduce government interfering. (Palmer, Short 2014) Redistributive policies consist of
the change of distribution of income, wealth, property and rights of groups by deliberate acts from
the Government. (Palmer, Short 2014) The Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme is an example, as it
provides medicine to disadvantaged Australians at a reduced cost. (Human Services 2016)
Q2 Health policy is different from other types of policy due to the complex structure of health care,
role of medical professionals and the ethical and societal expectations. Firstly, due to the complexity
of the health care system, there is dubious comparison to other models such as economic or social
activity which add to the difficulty of individuals

Continuity Of Foreign Policy Of The Obama Administration
University of Westminster
School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Languages
Project Module
Continuity in Foreign Policy of the Obama Administration
By: Chao Huang
................................
Project Supervisor: Ali Tajvidi
March 2016
I. Introduction
The formulation of US foreign policy has always been a controversial issue with different views
emphasizing on various factors–the role of the president, the influence of the congress, the impact of
interests group and public opinion, etc–in the process of decision making. This project intends to
discuss the extent to which the Obama Administration is to change the direction of the US foreign
policy. First, the characteristics in the US foreign policy making is explored to show how critical the
presidential pre–eminence is to the policymaking. Second, a revisit to the Clinton and George W.
Bush Administration is made to trace the pattern of the US foreign policy. Third, the Obama
Doctrine is studied to identify the policy continuity and the sporadic changes. Based on the analysis,
the project comes to the conclusion that continuity still prevails in the Obama Doctrine and the
changes are only made in a minor and incremental fashion.
II. Characteristics of US Foreign Policy Making
The uniqueness of the US politics and the plurality of its culture has made the formulation of the US
foreign policy a complicated process. However, according to Wittkipf, all of the factors that
contribute to the policymaking fall into

The Participatory Irrigation Management Policy
Case study
The selected case study investigates the relationship of community (farmers) participation in policy
formation towards rural development of Sri Lana. In this case (Merrey et al., 1992) the alternative
approaches to encourage public participation was highlighted aiming rural development by
participation in irrigation management. Both the government and NGO's (non–governmental
organisations) jointly implemented a series of activities for enhancing farmer participation in
irrigation management. It has been a successful intervention and the government incorporated the
lessons learnt into the government policy.
In 1990 this unique initiative was implemented by the government of Sri Lanka with the
development partnership with United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The
Irrigation Management Policy Support Activity (IMPSA) followed a systematic process to integrate
the experiences, recommendations and guild lines from people from all levels varying from farmers
to policy decision making officials in the government to come to a clear consensus to form the
participatory irrigation management policy in Sri Lanka (Merrey et al., 1992).
The irrigated land area of the county is more than 5700 km3. About 65% this area under major
irrigation schemes managed by the Ministry if Irrigation, the rest categorised under minor irrigation
schemes and responsibility is vested on the ministry of Agriculture and provincial level government.
The focus of the case study

Global Strategy On Diet, Physical Activity And Health
What is the global strategy on diet, physical activity and health?
The World Health Assembly (WHA) endorsed the World Health Organization's (WHO), Global
Strategy on Diet and Physical Activity and Health, henceforth referred to as the Strategy, in May
2004. (1) The Strategy was a result of a resolution created by Member states at the 2002 World
Health Assembly to address the globally increasing prevalence and consequences of chronic disease.
(1, 2) This was the first attempt of WHO to take an integrated and collaborative approach to address
chronic disease. (2) The strategy was developed through extensive consultation with Member states
and relevant stakeholders. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and
WHO expert report on Diet, Nutrition and Prevention of chronic disease was the scientific basis
behind the Strategy. (3)
Overall, the Strategy addressed a number of areas related to diet, physical activity and health. The
recommendations included limitations on intake of foods high in saturated fats, trans fats, sugars and
salts. It also recommended increases in levels of physical activity. Additionally, the Strategy
included policies on implementation processes and surveillance, roles of government, industry and
civil society as well as taxation, marketing, labeling and advertising of products. (1, 2, 4)
Who were the key stakeholders?
I will conduct a brief stakeholder analysis on the development of the strategy. Stakeholders are

The Reality Of Health Care Policies

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