ic

2.  Dual Polity
 Division of Powers
1. Union List
2. State List
3. Concurrent List
4. Residuary List
 Written Constitution
 Rigid Constitution

3.  Supremacy of the Constitution
 Supremacy of the Judiciary
 Bicameral Legislature

4.  More powers with the centre
 Emergency Provisions
 Failure of Constitutional machinery in the
States
 Interference in State’s jurisdiction during
normal times
 Appointment and removal of State Governors
by the President
 Creation of new States and changes in the
boundaries of old States

5.  States have no right to frame or amend their
Constitutions
 Units have no right to split from the Union
 Easy method of amending the Constitution
 Unequal representation to states in the second
chamber of Parliament
 Single Citizenship
 Single Judicial System
 All India Administrative Services
 Weak economic position of states
 Economic and Social Planning
 Right of centre to deploy armed forces in states

6.  Role of Governor
 Misuse of article 356 by the centre government
 Creation of new All India Services
 The role of Planning Commission
 National Development Council
 Discretionary Grants
 Establishment of central public undertakings
 Periodic conferences

7.  Law and order and centre’s property
 Role of finance commission
 Zonal councils
 42nd amendment and Indian federal System
 Effects of 44th amendment on Indian Federal System
 Inter-State council

8. Interference of Union Government in the
Legislative Sphere of States:
 At the resolution of the Rajya Sabha
 At the time of emergency arising to due to
war, external aggression and armed rebellion
 Due to failure of constitutional machinery in
the states
 At the request of two or more states
 To enforce international treaties, agreements
and decision of international conferences

9.  Assent of the president on certain state laws is
essential
 Superior position of central parliament in respect of
subjects mentioned in the Concurrent List
 Power to establish or abolish Legislative Councils in
States
 Power to make changes in the boundaries of
existing states and create new states

10.  Governors of state are appointed and
removed by the President
 Limitations on the powers of State Executive
 Responsibilities for construction and
maintenance of means of communication
 Directions regarding protection of railways
and waterways
 Adjudication of disputes relating to waters of
inter-state rivers
 Provision regarding entrusting of Union
functions to states

11.  Protection of federal property in states
 At the time of emergency due to war, external
aggression and armed rebellion
 Failure of constitutional machinery in the states
 All India Services
 Right of centre to deploy armed forces in the states
 Inter-State Council

12.  Main sources of revenue of Union
Government
 Main sources of State revenue
 Duties to be levied by the Union but
collected and appropriated by the States
 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but
assigned to States
 Taxes levied and collected by the Union but
distributed between the Union and States
 Grants in lieu of export duties on jute and
jute products

13.  Grants-in-aid to States
 Power of borrowing
 Financial emergency
The main recommendations of the commisssion were as
follows:
• Rejection of demands for the reduction in powers of
the centre
• Establishment of Inter-Governmental Council

14.  Regarding National Development Council
 President Rule in States
 Appointment of Governors
 Appointment of Judges
 Financial Matters
 Planning Commission
 All India Services
 Language
 Zonal Councils
 Deployment of Armed Forces
 Forest Lands