This document defines and explains the key components of data analysis: compilation, tabulation, classification, presentation, and interpretation. It provides details on each component, such as that compilation refers to statistical procedures for producing intermediate and final data outputs, tabulation organizes numeric data in rows and columns for comparison, and classification arranges data into groups based on common characteristics. The document also describes different methods of data presentation, including textual, tabular, and graphical formats. Finally, it states that interpretation involves reviewing analyzed data and making inferences to arrive at relevant conclusions.

1. Analysis of Data
By- Salman khan
Lecturer

2. Definition
• Data analysis is a process of
inspecting, cleansing, transforming,
and modeling data with the goal of
discovering useful information, informing
conclusions, and supporting decision-making.

3. Components of data analysis
• Compilation
• Tabulation
• Classification
• Presentation
• Interpretation

4. Compilation
• “Data compilation” refers to the description
of statistical procedures used for producing
intermediate data and final statistical outputs.

5. Tabulation
• Tabulation is a systematic and logical
representation of numeric data in rows and
columns to facilitate comparison and
statistical analysis.
• In other words, the method of placing
organised data into a tabular form is known
as tabulation.
• It may be complex, double, or simple,
depending upon the nature of categorisation.

6. Data classification
• Data classification is broadly defined as the
process of organizing data by relevant
categories so that it may be used and
protected more efficiently.
• Data classification is of particular importance
when it comes to risk management,
compliance, and data security.

7. Meaning of Classification of Data
• It is the process of arranging data into
homogeneous (similar) groups according to their
common characteristics.
• Raw data cannot be easily understood, and it is
not fit for further analysis and interpretation.
Arrangement of data helps users in comparison
and analysis.
• For example, the population of a town can be
grouped according to sex, age, marital status, etc.

8. Definition
• “Classification is the process of arranging data
into sequences according to their common
characteristics or separating them into
different related parts.”

9. Presentation
• This refers to the organization of data into
tables, graphs or charts, so that logical and
statistical conclusions can be derived from the
collected measurements. Data may be
presented in(3 Methods): - Textual - Tabular
or - Graphical.

10. TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
• The data gathered are presented in paragraph
form.
• Data are written and read.
• It is a combination of texts and figures.

11. Example:
• Of the 150 sample interviewed, the following
complaints were noted: 27 for lack of books in
the library, 25 for a dirty playground, 20 for
lack of laboratory equipment, 17 for a not well
maintained university buildings

12. TABULAR PRESENTATION
• Method of presenting data using the
statistical table.
• A systematic organization of data in columns
and rows.

13. Parts of a statistical table
• Table heading – consists of table number and
title
• Stubs – classifications or categories which are
found at the left side of the body of the table
• Box head – the top of the column
• Body – main part of the table
• Footnotes – any statement or note inserted
• Source Note – source of the statistics

14. Interpretation
• Data interpretation is the process of
reviewing data through some predefined
processes which will help assign some
meaning to the data and arrive at a relevant
conclusion. It involves taking the result
of data analysis, making inferences on the
relations studied, and using them to conclude.