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(GAT1)
1.
2.
3.
1
4-5
Lohmann
2
3
1.
3
2.
3.–
–––
1.
()
2.
3
3.
4.
5.
1.23
1.
2.
3.
2.
2
O11O22
“__A”
“__D”
“__F”
4
“99H”
3.
2
,
5
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
-
()()
()()
()()
04
0203
05
01
0608
07
6
(05)2(06)(08)
(04)(02)
(05)
(01)(06)
0106F
0205A
0305A
0402A05A
0506D08D
0699H
0705A
0899H
(04)(02)(05)
202A05A
(05)2(06)(08)
206D08D
(01)(06)106F
(08)
/////99H
7
8
__________
____,____,____,
()____,____,____,
____,()____,____,___
_,____,____,___,____,
___,__
__________
____,____,____,
____,()____,____,
____,____,____,
____,____,____,____,
____,____,____,___
_,____,
____,____,____,
____
______________,____,__,____
,____
9
__________
____,____,____,____,___
_,____,____,
____,____,____,____
,____,____,
____,____,____,
____,____
______________,____,____,____
,____,____,____,_
___
10
,,,,
1.
_____
2.
_____
3.
_____
4.
_____
5.
_____
6.
_____
7.
_____
8.
_____
9.
_____
11
10.
_____
11.
_____
12.
_____
13.
_____
14.
_
____
15.
_____
16.
_____
17.
_____
18.
_____
19.
_____
20.
_____
12
21.
_____
22.
_____
23.
_____
24.
_____
25.
_____
26.
_____
27.
_____
28.
29.
_____
30.“”“”
13
1
..
HansTimmer
14
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
15
16
2
-..
(TnternationalTigerConservationForum)
,
,
,
17
WorldwideFundfor
Nature
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1819
2021
1
..2547
Earthtrust
2
150
GreatBarrierReef
K.S.Cheung
ShamWan
K.S.Cheung
22
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
23
2425
2
26
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
27
2829
1
5..
255282
“
”
30
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
31
3233
2
29..255276
867
..2550
..255024..25508
..255076
NBRLATEX
76
1230..2552
34
NBRLATEX
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
35
3637
Br2/CCl4
KMnO4
(HBr(g))
*
*+Fe(s)(HBr(g))
*****:1)
-CnH2nalkenecycloalkane
-CnH2n-2alkynecycloalkene
2)(Combustionreaction)
CxHy+(x+y/4)O2xCO2+y/2H2O
(Hydrocarboncompounds)
(Aliphatichydrocarbons)
(Alkaneandcycloalkane)(Alkeneandcycloalkene)(Alkyne)
(Aromatichydrocarbons)
(OrganicChemistry)
(isomer)
39
R
C
O
H
R
C
O
H/
***:
>>,>>
CH3COOHCH3CH2CH2OHCH3CH2CHOHCOOCH3CH3OCH2CH3CH3CH2CH2CH3
(C)11897-9846-5031.57.6-0.5
()
Na(s)NaOH(aq)NaHCO3(aq)
(H2(g))
(H2(g))(CO2(g))
O,N
1O
(R-OH)
(R-O-R')
(R-CHO)
(R-CO-R')
2O
(R-CO2H)
(R-CO2-R')
N
(R-NH2)
O+N
(R-CO-NHR')
40
1.(PAT#2’53)
1
1)2)
3)4)
2.C6H13Br3
C6H14
CH3C
H2
C(CH3)3CH3
C
H
CH(CH3)2
CH3
(H3C)2HC(CH2)2CH3
CH3
C
H2
C
H
C
H2
CH3
CH3
1)2)
3)4)
2BrH3H3
H1)H2()HCH32
CH32C
H3CCCH(CH3)2
CH3
HH
H3CCC
C
CH3
CH3
H
H3()
H
H3CCC
C
CH
CH3
H
H3
2)H33)H54)H4
Cl
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
1)2)3)4)
Cl
Br
ClCl
Br
Br
Br
Br
BrBr
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
Br
BrBr
Br
41
3.(A-net’49)
1.(CH3)2C=C(CH3)22.CH3HC=CHCH3
3.CH3CH2HC=CHCH34.CH3CH2HC=CHCH2CH3
1C
4.(A-net’52)
2
2
5.(A-Net’52)
1)C6H5O(CH3)2CHClCH3CHO
2)BrCH2CH2OHC4H9COOHCH3CH2NHCH3
3)HCON(CH3)2HCOOCH2CH3C6H5CONH2
4)CH3CH2CH2NH2(CH3)3COHCH3COCH3
2HON
1.2.
4.3.
42
6.(A-net’51)C5H10
1.2.
3.KMnO44.6
2C5H10
7.(PAT#1’53)CH3Cl
1)H2O2)CO23)COCl24)Cl2O
3(2O)
8.STPCxHy10cm3
O265cm3
CO240cm3
acm3
x,y
a
1)1,4,202)2,6,303)3,8,404)4,10,50
4CxHy+(x+y/4)O2xCO2+(y/2)H2O
10cm3
65cm3
40cm3
acm3
STP
CxHy+6.5O24CO2+aH2O
x=4x+y/4=6.5y/4=2.5y/2=5
a=y/2×10=50cm3
9.(PAT’54#1)A18XY
XCa(OH)280.0Y
50.068.0A
1)C2H5O22)C4H10O23)C6H15O44)C8H20O2
43
2
X+Ca(OH)280.0
X=CO2(g)CaCO3
CaCO380==0.8
CaCO30.8CO2(g)0.8
ACxHyOzCO2(g)=0.8=…………….
AC4H10O2A=90/x=4=0.8
HYY(H2O(g))
68.0-50.0=18=1.0
10.3C6H14,C8H18C10H221
1.C6H14>C8H18>C10H222.C8H18>C6H14>C10H22
3.C8H18>C10H22>C6H144.C10H22>C8H18>C6H14
4
11.(A-net’49)C2H4C2H65.8
1.6.52.11.63.20.84.41.6
3xC2H4=x
C2H4C2H6
3028
8.5xxx=3.0
C2H6=3.0C2H4=2.8
A+O2()X+Y
44
12.(A-net’50)1
1.2.
3.4.
21
(C6H6)>(C6H10)>(C6H12)>(C6H14)C/H
(C6H6)>(C6H10)>(C6H12)>(C6H14)
>>>
13.X,YZ
X+Br2C4H8Br2
Y+Br2C5H11Br+HBr
Z+7.5O25CO2+5H2O
1.YZ
2.XY
3.ZBr2
4.Y
4XBr2C4H8Br2(Br2)
XXBr2X=C4H8
HBrY=C5H12ZCCO2
HH2OZC5H10123
Z4
45
14.(PAT’52)C3H6ONa
1.22.33.44.5
2Alkene+OCnH2n+O1
C=CC=OC=CO–OH–O-()
NaC=O(aldehyde)(ketone)
C3H6ONa3()
1ACl2HCl
HClC5H11ClC5H12CnH(2n+2)BBr2
Br2(C4H8Br2)B=C4H8
CCCO2HH2OC
C5H10D=C4H6
15.(A-net’51)
1)CH3CH2CH2CH2OH2)CH3CHClCH2CH2OH
3)CH3CH2CH2CHClOH4)CH3CH2CHClCH2OH
3CClCl
ENOHH+
Cl
(C3H6O)
CnH2n+O
CC
CO
Alcohol
Ether
Aldehyde
Ketone
1doublebond
H2C
H
C
C
H2
OH
H2C
C
CH3
OH
C
H
H
C
CH3
HO
H2C
H
C
O
CH3
H3C
H2
C
C
O
H
H3C
C
CH3
O
46
16.a,bc
1)CH3CH2CH2CH2OH,CH3CH2CH2CHO,CH3CH2CH2COOH
2)CH3CH2CH2COOH,CH3CH2CH2CH2OH,CH3CH2CH2CHO
3)CH3(CH2)3OH,CH3(CH2)4OH,CH3(CH2)5OH
4)CH3(CH2)5OH,CH3(CH2)4OH,CH3(CH2)4OH
3
HC
17.4
NaHCO3Na
Br2
A
B
C
D
A,B,CD
ABCD
1)CH3COOHC5H11OHC4H8C8H18
2)C2H5OHC2H5-O-C2H5C7H8C10H18
3)C6H9COOHC6H5OHC10H18C6H14
4)C8H17NH2C6H5CHOC5H9COOHC8H14
3NaHCO3(A)13
ABr21
abc
(o
C)
(g/100 cm3
)
47
1.(PAT#2-’53)
3cis
HO
O
HO
O
HO
O
HO
O
1)
2)
3)
4)
HO
O
(Biomolecules)
48
2.(PAT54#1)transesterification
triglyceride(C16)
triglyceride8.06biodiesel
90%
1)2.432)2.703)7.294)8.10
32
1)triglyceride1biodiesel3
2)C16C=O
triglycerideR=C15H31-
triglycerideC51H98O6=806/
triglyceride8.06=8.06/806=0.01
90%biodiesel=3x0.01x90/100=0.027
biodieselC17H34O2=270/
biodiesel=0.027x270=7.29
3.(PAT54#1)
2-hydroxymethylfurfural(HMF)
RC
O
O
OC
O
R
OC
O
R
+3R'OHRC
O
OR'+3
HO
HO
HO
TriglycerideAlcoholBiodieselGlycerol
C15H31C
O
OCH3
OH
OH
OH
H
H
OHH
OH
CH2OH
H
O
HO
O
H
O
HO
O
O
HO
O
O
OH
Glucose
HMF
AB
49
HMFNaOHAB
2
CH
CO
-“
”
-“-OH,-COOH”
4.(PAT’52)pH7
1.2.3.4.
2()
–COOHH+
–NH2
–COO-
()–NH3
+
()pH7
HOOH
1)
2)
3)
4)
O
HOH2/Pt
O
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
91
24
5
6
7
8
93
3
B
O
OH
15
14
12
11
13
10
11
12
13
14
15
10
(C“”)
50
5.(GAT-52)Thyrotropin-releasinghormone
O
H
N
NHN
N
NH
H2N
O
O
O
1
1)12)23)34)4
3“”
O
H
N
NHN
N
NH
H2N
O
O
O
O
NH2
N
NH
OH
HO
NH2
O
HOO
N
H
HO
O
6.(O-Net’53)
HCl
51
1)
2)
3)
4)
3.HCl
1),3)4).
HCl
().
HCl.(
)
(bp)
<<()<
<<<<
(Nylon,
()
(PE,PP,
-:
-:
-:,
-(C8):isooctane=100,heptane=0
-(C16):cetane=100,-methylnaphthalene=0
:
-Thermoplastic
/
-Thermosetting
52
1.(PAT‘54#1)RR3
R
R
R
5
R
1)102)163)204)32
1
R
R1
(=R4)
R2
(=R3)
1
2
HHHHRRRR
HRHRRHRH
HHRHRRHR
IsotacticPolymer
SyndiotacticPolymer
AtacticPolymer
HHHHRRRRHR
HHHHRRRRHR
RHHHHRRRHR
HRHHRHRRHR
HHRHRRHRHR
RRHHHHRRHR
RHRHHRHRHR
RHHRHRRHHR
RHHHHRRRRH
HRRHRHHRHR
HRHRRHRHHR
53
2.(PAT‘54#1)RR
RmRr
Rmr
1)mrmrm2)rrrrr3)mmrrr4)mmmmm
4R
mmmmm
3.
(C)
1.
H2C
CH3
CH2CH2C
CH3
CH3
CH3
10099
2.
H3CCHCH2C
CH3
CH3
CH3CH3
10099
3.-6-10<10070-150
4.<10080
5.H3CCH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3098
6.H3CCHCH2CH2CH2CH3
CH3
098
1.1,3,52.2,3,53.1,4,54.2,3,6
2
4.(PAT#1-’53)
1)acetylene2)butadiene3)ethyleneglycol4)hexane
4
(C=C)-
=
HCCHH2CCHCHCH2H2CCH
OH
H2CCHCH2CH2CH2CH3
AcetyleneButadieneEthyleneglycolHexene
H2CCH2
Ethylene
54
5.(PAT#1-’53)
1)2)3)4)23)
1(polylactide)(dilactide)
(lacticacid)()
HO
O
O
OH
O
O
O
n
O
O
O
OO
Cl
Cl
O
OH
Cl
HO
OH
O
O
OO
O
HO
O
O
O
O
O
OH
n
Ringopenning
Polymerization
DilactideLacticacid
Oligomerization
Depolymerization
Polylactide
55
1.K,LM10,1420
1.2,4,82,3,4
2.4,8,23,2,4
3.4,2,84,3,2
4.8,4,22,3,4
2.
1.IE2He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe
2.Na,Mg,Al,Si,P,S,Cl
3.Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs
4.Eo
(M+
+e-
M)Li,Na,K,Rb,Cs
3.
2
8
1.2.
3.4.
Ẻ½ƒ¡ËÑ´
56
4.ABCDEFGH
A=2
B
C
DBDB
ED2
FIEH
GEB
8
1.DAEHFGBC2.DAEGFHCB
3.DAEGHFBC4.DAEGFHBC
5.
.235
92U+1
0nX+94
36Kr+31
0n
.238
92U+Y+1
0n
.238
92U+2
1HZ+21
0n
XYZ
XYZ
1.56,13992,23793,239
2.56,13892,23793,238
3.56,13894,24193,239
4.56,13994,24193,238
6.
o
Co
C
A-253-259
B357-39
C1390747
D4827<3550
57
ABCD
ABCD
1.CH4NaNaCl
2.H2HgNaBr
3.NH3KClSi
4.N2FeCaCl2
7.210
Po138206
Pb210
Po
1.0276
1.4.8x10-3
2.14.3x10-3
3.9.6x10-3
4.28.6x10-3
8.
(MJ/mol)
1234
A0.43.14.45.9
B0.61.14.96.5
C0.61.82.711.6
D0.71.57.710.5
1.AB2.AC3.BD4.AD
9.
1.BI3,PH3,NF32.PO3
3,SO2
3,ClO3
3.SO3,HgCl2,CO24.H2S,Br2O,O3
10.
1.CH4,NH3,CHCl32.CCl4,SF6,PCl5
3.BF3,PF3,NH34.PCl5,CH2Cl2,CCl4
58
11.E1E2
ABC
E1(kJ/mol)E2(kJ/mol)
A913.5932.8
B769.3762.4
C556.7563.2
ABC
1.A
2.B
3.C
4.C
12.ABCDEF
A
B
C
DH2
E
FHClH2
1EBFA
2DAEC
3BFCD
4ADBF
13.A+BP
AB
1.A2.P
3.AB4.AP
59
14.A+B+CD
A,BC
[A][B][C]
1xx4xx
24xxx4x
3x4xx2x
1.A>C>B2.B>C>A3.A>B>C4.C>B>A
15.
Mg(s)+H2SO4(aq)MgSO4(aq)+H2(g)
H25cm3
H2cm3
(s)
14
26
39
414
520
(cm3
/s)
H23-5cm3
10.160.18
20.250.18
30.500.25
40.0250.27
60
16.
1).
2).
3).
4).
17.[FeSCN]2+
1).Fe(III)NH4SCN
2).1(NH4)2HPO4
3).KINH4SCN
4).3(NH4)2HPO4
18.
BiCl3(aq)+H2O(l)BiOCl(s)+2HCl(aq)
1.
][
]][[
3
2
BiCl
HClBiOCl
2.
]][[
]][[
23
2
OHBiCl
HClBiOCl
3.
]][[
][
23OHBiCl
HCl
4.
][
][
3
2
BiCl
HCl
19.
1)A+3BCK1
2)2C3D+2EK2
3)2A+6B3D+2EK3
K3
1.K2
1xK22.K1xK23.
2
1
K
K
4.
1
2
K
K
61
20.COCl2()2
COCl2(g)CO(g)+Cl2(g)
0.4/
1.6/
Cl2
1.2.2
3.44.
21.
][
1
2H
1.H2(g)+S(s)H2S(g)2.H2(g)+S(l)H2S(g)
3.H2(g)+S(g)H2S(g)4.H2(g)+S(s)H2S(s)
22.H2(g)+S(s)H2S(g)90o
C4.0x10-2
2
1
H2S(g)
2
1
H2(g)+
2
1
S(s)
1.5.02.1.4x10-3
3.4.64.2.6x10-1
23.
1.HF,HNO3,HCOOH,HBr,HCN2.HCN,HI,H2S,HF,HCOOH
3.HI,HF,HCN,HBr,HNO24.HF,HNO2,HCOOH,HCN,H2S
24.
HSO3H2PO4HCO3
1.SO2
3,HPO2
4,CO2
32.H2SO3,H3PO4,H2CO3
3.HSO3,HPO2
4,CO2
34.SO2
3,HPO2
4,H2CO3
25.
1.NH4,CO2
3,CH3COO-
2.H2PO4,HCO3,NO3
3.NH4,H2PO4,HCO34.HS-,H2PO4,CH3COO-
62
26.pH
1.HCl1x10-3
mol/dm3
2.CH3COOH0.18mol/dm3
,KaCH3COOH=1.8x10-5
3.HCOOH5mol/dm3
,KaHCOOH=1.8x10-4
4.C6H5COOH0.65mol/dm3
,KaC6H5COOH=6.5x10-5
27.3
CaCO
114.0g1.2g4.8g1.0g
1020%6%24%50%
103.2g0.96g3.84g2.0g
1.2.
3.4.
28.H2SO4x%ygm/cm3
H2SO4gm/cm3
1.
xyy
x
100100
2.
xyy
y
100100
3.
xyy
xy
100100
4.
xyy
xy
100100
29.2gm/cm3
.amolal.bmolar.x%.y%/
1.a>b,x>y2.a>b,x<y3.a<b,x<y4.a<b,x<y
30.H2C2O40.1/100cm3
100cm3
(H2C2O4.2H2O)
1.1.002.2.003.1.264.126
63
31.(X)4
K[X(SO4)2],[X(NH3)6]Cl2,K2[X(CN)6],[X(H2O)6]Br3
1.0,+2,+4,-32.+2,+1,-2,-1
3.+3,+2,+4,+34.+1,+3,-4,+6
32.Cr2O2
71
Cr2O2
7+H+
+e-
Cr3+
+H2O
1.H+
1432.H+
146
3.H+
734.H+
76
33.
1.
2.HCl
3.
4.(II)
1.Ag,Cu,Fe,Zn,Na2.Na,Zn,Fe,Cu,Ag
3.Na,Fe,Zn,Ag,Cu3.Zn,Na,Fe,Cu,Ag
34.
1.Ag+
2.Ag+
3.Fe2+
4.Fe2+
6465
6667
1
3
69
1.(crust)
1.1
1.2
2.(mantle)
2,900
3.(core)2,9002
3.12,900-5,100
3.2
6,000C
(focus)
696
(epicenter)
3
1.
80(RingofFire)
2.15
3.5
(actionfault)
70
2
1
(lava)1200C
()
2
()
(pyroclasticrock)
(Tuff)0.06-2
64
(Bomb)
(Pumice)
1.
2.
71
3.
1.
2.
3.
()
1.
2.
3.
2
(Platetectonic)
.
(Pangaea-)
7273
1.
2.
3.
3.1(Glossopteris)
3.2(Mesosaurus)
4.
4.1
4.2(Paleomagnetism)
1.
2.
3
2.1
74
2.2
2.3
3.
3
--
--
--
-
-
-
75
1.
1.1(relativeage)
(geologictime)
1.2(absoluteage)
-14,-40,-226,-328
2.
(indexfossil)
76
4
-
-
-
-15,000
-15,000
-
77
1100,000
78
(BigBang)
(Quark)(Electron)(Neutrino)(Photon)
(Anti–particle)
+
>
()
10-6
3
300,00010,000
1,000-
1.
2.
=
79
(MilkyWayGalaxy)
()(
)()(
)
5
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
80
--
-
-5,000
-5,000
(m)(E)
2
Emc
E=()
m=()
c==300,000km
s
81
41
564
5604
1(25,000)
82
Thermonuclearreaction
100
15
100
(-redgiant)
(whitedwarf)13,000Km
(planetarynebula)
(blackdwarf)
83
7
()
O-35,000
B25,000-12,000
A10,000-8,000
F-7,500-6,000
G6,000-4,200
K5,000-3,000
M3,200-3,000
1.
6
2.
4.26(40)2
500(8.3)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
84
6
1.
2.
3.
99.8%
4
1.
()
100
2.
3.()
(
)
4.
-
-
-6,000
-
-
-8.3020–40
-11
85
7
7.91
8.26644
11.2
(escapevelocity)
(Circularvelocity)
(Characteristicvelocity)(escapevelocity)
()()
()
)
07.917.9111.2
1617.808.0011.0
3227.708.1010.9
6447.538.2610.6
1,6097.068.6610.0
8,0455.269.857.4
35,8803.0710.87.3
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
86
-
-
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.3
2.:
-
-
87
1.
1.2.
3.4.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.ABCD
1.ABCD2.BCDA
3.CDAB4.DCBA
5.
1.7.912.7.91
3.11.24.11.2
6.
.
.
.
.
1.2.3.4.
88
7.
1.2.
3.4.
8.
1.2.
3.4.
9.
1.A2.B
3.C4.D
10.
A-3
B0
C1
D3
1.AD2.B
3.C4.DC
89
1.
20/
/
1.2.4m/s2
2.3.2m/s2
3.3.6m/s2
4.4.3m/s2
2.10m/s120
222
2
1.22.6
3.124.24
3.10kg90
1.1m/s2
2.1m/s2
3.9m/s2
4.9m/s2
ABCDE
26323844
g=9.8m/s2
10m/s2
e=1.610-19
Cc=3108
m/s
G=6.6710-11
Nm2
/kg2
h=6.610-34
Js
R=8.3J/molKkB=1.3810-23
J/K
kE=229
0
C/mN109
4
1
NA=6.01023
/mol
me=9.010-31
kgmp=1.6710-27
kg
1u=930MeVcos37=0.80
log2=0.301log3=0.477
In2=0.693In10=2.30
=3.142
10
91
10
20
30
40
50
0
102030405060
t(s)
B
A
v(m/s)
4.BABA
ABA
1.1500
2.1200
3.720
4.400
5.AB1kg3kgF30
0.5AB
1.17.5N
2.15N
3.7.5N
4.5N
6.5kg3725N
1.0.2
2.0.3
3.0.4
4.0.5
7.m2
s/m
3
310
1.302.60
3.tan-1
(2)4.tan-1
(3)
8.162
g
1.80m/s2
2.40m/s2
3.20m/s2
4.15m/s2
B
A
F
370
5kg25N
92
9.1.216kg2
1.160N
2.120N
3.100N
4.80N
10.ABAB
C
1.0.55
2.0.64
3.0.75
4.0.81
11.3710kg
11m(
0.5)
1.880J2.550J
3.440J4.400J
12.mC1(AB)
30.2
A
1.0.52.1.0
3.1.54.2.0
1.2m
AB
C
530
1m
93
13.501000m/s
200
1.4002.250
3.2004.100
14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
15.AB3045
AB
1.45,A2.45,B
3.60,A4.60,B
16.
1.2.
3.4.
17.5Hz
80430
48
1.302.60
3.904.180
18.
3031
1.30
2.45
3.60
4.
1
300
94
19.680Hz230.2
340m/s
1.0.22.0.1
3.0.054.0.06
20.f2f
1.2
2.
3.2
4.
21.22.2
4Hz400m/s
1.1.02.2.0
3.2.34.2.5
22.AB10100
A1B10
1.02.10
3.204.100
23.600Hz
760Hz
(=340m/s)
1.144km/hr2.126km/hr
3.108km/hr4.90km/hr
95
24.m20100m/sM480
1
1.3N
2.5N
3.8N
4.13N
25.Q2q2
Q
1.Q=q222.Q=q2
3.Q=-2q4.Q=-4q
26.V81
1.1V2.2V
3.4V4.8V
27.ABE320N/Cx
AB
1.192V
2.256V
3.320V
4.400V
28.22
1.2:12.1:2
3.4:14.1:4
29.5410
1.5402.270
3.5.44.6.0
M
m
100m/s
E=320
B(1.3,1.0
A(0.5,0.4)
X(m)
Y(m)
96
30.20100025C
200(
50%4kJ/kgK)
1.1002.200
3.3004.500
31.
1.
2.
3.
4.
32.H1
1H2
1
1.0.52.1.0
3.2.04.4.0
33.200m/s8000
1.tan-1
(0.5)2.tan-1
(1)
3.tan-1
(1.5)4.tan-1
(2)
34.2A=2BmA=2mB
1.A=B
2.A=
2
1
B
3.2AB
4.A=2B
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
xxxxxxxx
B
e
v
97
35.4103
kg/m3
1103
kg/m3
24
1.3.2kg2.4.0kg
3.7.2kg4.9.6kg
36.312
4103
3103
kg/m3
3
(kg/m3
)
1.2.5103
2.2.4103
3.2.0103
4.1.2103
37.30m/s
(0.3kg/m3
200
)
1.1103
N2.9103
N
3.18103
N4.27103
N
38.2(N)
(He)1:2=4:10.5
(NHe284)
1.28
2.14
3.7
4.3.5
0
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.2
1.0
0.4
(m)
NHe
1l2l
98
39.
1.
2.
3.
4.
40.2
n
1
n
16eV2
1.58nm2.64nm
3.69nm4.78nm
41.722
Al27
13
1.22.3
3.64.18
1=12=33=24=15=36=27=1
8=29=310=311=412=213=314=4
15=116=317=418=319=220=421=3
22=223=124=425=126=327=328=1
29=430=331=332=233=234=335=3
36=337=438=239=140=341=2.
99
1.
1.RER
2.DNAWURNAWU
3.Ribosome
4.Peroxisome
2.(Cellcoat)
..
..
1.2.3..
3.
..
..
1.2.3.4.
4.
1.PeripheralProtein
2.
3.
4.
5.
.Exocytosis.Pinocytosis
.Facilitateddiffusion.Receptormediatedendocytosis
1...2...3...4...
101
6.SPhase
1.
2.DNA
3.S
4.G1
7.MitosisCytokinesisG1CellCycle
1.DNA
2.DNA
3.DNA
4.DNA
8.DNA
1.2DNA
2.DNA
3.DNA
4.DNA
4
1
9.
1.02.
4
1
3.
2
1
4.
4
3
10.DihybridcrossPhenotype3:3:1:1genotype
1.AaBbxAaBb2.AaBbxAabb
3.AaBbxAaBB4.AaBbxaabb
102
11.genotypeheterozygous8homozygous
recessive
1.0.22.0.43.0.54.0.8
12.(Cw
Cw
)(CR
Cw
)(CR
CR
)
1404020
HWE
1.0.2,32%2.0.2,16%3.0.8,32%4.0.8,16%
13.HWEsicklecellanemic16,400
100,000autosome
1.64,002.2,5003.12,8004.8,000
14.
1.O2
2.Eukaryotecell
3.
4.
15.
1.AcetylCoA
2.
3.FADH2
4.NADH
16.
1.O2
2.ATP
3.ATPoxidativephosphorylation
4.NADH
103
17.24
1.2.
3.4.12
18.
1.EstrogenFSHLH
2.EstrogenFSHLH
3.EstrogenProgesteroneFSHLH
4.ProgesteroneFSHLH
19.
1.PTHCalcitonin2.PTHCalcitonin
3.PTHCalcitonin4.PTHCalcitonin
202
.4623
.AaBbAaBa
.Dd2
.MmNn41:1:1:1
1...2...3...4...
**************
1.22.33.14.25.4
6.27.38.49.110.2
11.112.113.214.315.4
16.217.418.319.120.4
104105
106107
108109
110111
112113
114115
116117
118119
120121
122123
124125
126127
128129
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PARTI:
COMMONENGLISHIDIOMS
LearningEnglishisn’tallit’scrackeduptobe(LearningEnglishisdifficult).First,grammarmuddies
thewaters(makesthingsunclear),butidiomaticexpressionsonlyaddfueltothefire(makethings
worse).
1.“24/7”:Twenty-fourhoursaday;sevendaysaweek;allthetime;constantly
Mylittlesisterirritatesme24/7!
2.“Ashortfuse”:Aquicktemper
Jamieisknownforhisshortfuse;justafewdaysagohescreamedathiscoachfornotletting
himplay.
3.“Atasteofyourownmedicine”:Badtreatmentdeservedlyreceivedfortreatingotherpeople
badly
Afterconstantlybeingprank-called,JuliandecidedtogiveJuanatasteofhisownmedicine
andorderedtwenty-sevenpizzastobedeliveredtoJuan’shouse.
4.“Butterfliesinmystomach”:Tobenervous
Liamhadbutterfliesinhisstomachbeforehewentonstagetoplaytheviolin.
5.“Catgotyourtongue?”:Can’tyouspeak?(Usuallysaidtoembarrasstheotherperson)
Ijustsawyoukissingmyboyfriend.What’sthematter?Catgotyourtongue?
6.“Downforthecount”:Tired;givingup;unableorunwillingtoparticipateanylonger.
No,youcan’ttakemydogforawalk–she’sdownforthecountafterchasingcatsallday.
7.“Drawtheline”:Tostop;toknowthepointwheresomethinggoesfromokaytonotokay.
NowIdrawthelineatspeakinginfrontof34,000people.
8.“Easiersaidthandone”:Notaseasyasitappearstobe.
Youwantmetocometoworkat6:00AM?Easiersaidthandone!
9.“Everycloudhasasilverlining”:Youcanfindgoodineverybadsituation
Eventhoughyoujustgotfired,rememberthateverycloudhasasilverlining–atleastyoudon’t
havetoworkforthatgrouchybossanymore!
10.“Findinganeedleinahaystack”:Virtuallyimpossibletofind
Tryingtogetanewjobthesedaysisliketryingtofindaneedleinahaystack.
163
11.“Fishoutofwater”:Tobeoutofplace
TomfeltlikeafishoutofwaterattheStarTrekconventionhisnewgirlfriendbeggedhimto
attend.
12.“Getsomethingoffyourchest”:Totalkaboutsomethingthathasbeenbotheringyouforalong
time;toadmitsomethingyouhavedonewrong
Ihavetogetthisoffmychest–Icopiedyouranswersfromthetest.Thanksforthe“D”bythe
way.
13.“Giveitawhirl”:Totrysomething
I’venevergonekite-boarding,butI’mpreparedtogiveitawhirl!
14.“Inthefastlane”:Alifefilledwithexcitement
WhenCurtisturnedforty,hedecidedheneededtolivelifeinthefastlane,sohequithisjobas
adentistanddecidedtotourEuropebymotorcycle.
15.“Inthenickoftime”:Almosttoolate
Youcametopickmeupinthenickoftime–myteacherjustsawmeskippingclassandwas
onhiswaytogivemedetention.
16.“Letthecatoutofthebag”:Tellasecret
Brady’ssurprisepartyisgoingtobegreatifyoudon’tletthecatoutofthebag.
17.“Loseyourmarbles”:Togocrazy;insane
Ourprofessorhasreallylosthismarbles;heassignedussevenessaysthisweek!
18.“Onceinabluemoon”:Rarely
InFlorida,thetemperaturedropsbelowfreezingonlyonceinabluemoon.
19.“Plainasday”:Obvious;clear
It’splainasdaythatyou’reinlovewithher,sojustadmitit.
20.“Playsecondfiddle”:Tobelessimportant
Ihateplayingsecondfiddletomysister;shealwaysdoesthingsbetterthanIdo!
21.“Putyourfootinyourmouth”:Sayingsomethingyoushouldn’thave
JessicareallyputherfootinhermouthwhensheaskedaboutJohn’sjobrightafterhelostit.
22.“Sickandtired”:Tobebotheredorannoyedby
Sheissickandtiredofherdogchewinguphershoeseveryday.
164
23.“Sleeponit”:Tothinkaboutsomethingforawhilebeforemakingadecision
Don’ttellmewhetheryou’llmovetoTexaswithmeornottoday.Sleeponit,andgetbacktome
tomorrow.
24.“Snugasabuginarug”:Warmandcozy;content
Thatbabylooksassnugasabuginarugcuddledupnexttohismother.
25.“Stickyournoseintosomething”:Tointerfere
Sharonalwaysstickshernoseintoeveryoneelse’sbusiness.
26.“Straightfromthehorse’smouth”:Directlyfromthepersoninvolved
Listentothenewsstraightfromthehorse’smouth;we’reallgettingbonusesthisweek!
27.“Takeiteasy”:Relax
Iknowyou’renotfeelingwell,sotrytotakeiteasytoday.
28.“Tipoftheiceberg”:Thesmalleasilyvisiblepartofalargerproblem
ThefactthatCarrieisdatingamemberofthemafiaisjustthetipoftheiceberg;she’salso
smugglingcontrabandintothecountry.
29.“Tonotseethewoodforthetrees”:Tobesoinvolvedwiththedetailsthatyoudon’tgetthe
mostimportantfacts
Shealwaysarguesaboutthesilliestthings;it’slikeshecan’tseethewoodforthetrees.
30.“Upacreekwithoutapaddle”:Inanunlucky/badsituation
Ifyoudon’thaveanymoneytopayfortherepairswejustmadetoyourcar,Iguessyou’reupa
creekwithoutapaddlebecauseyoucan’thaveyourcarback.
ThesearejustafewofthethousandsofidiomsintheEnglishlanguage.Getyourfeetwet
(start)withthese,andthenmoveontotheidiomsthatwillknockyoursocksoff.(astoundyou).
PARTII:
INFERENCE
Usingyourbestinferencestrategies,makeaninferenceaboutthefollowingstatements.Thefirsttwo
aredoneforyou.
1.Iwouldn'teatafterthattwo-year-oldifIwereyou.
Inference:Thetwo-year-oldprobablydidsomethinggrosstothefoodyouwereabouttoeat
orhasacoldandyoucouldcatchit.Somethingbadwillhappentoyouifyoueatit!
165
2.ForValentine’sDay,myfantasticneighborgavehiswifeapoemthattookhimabouttwo
secondstowrite.Sheesh.
Inference:Myneighborisnotveryconsideratesincehedidn'ttakehistimewritingthepoem.
3.Amanranafteraretreatingbus,wavinghisbriefcasefrantically.
Inference:
4.Ifshedied,Iwouldn’tgotoherfuneral.
Inference:
5.Jakealmostwishedthathehadn’tlistenedtotheradio.Hewenttotheclosetandgrabbedhis
umbrellaeventhoughhewouldfeelsillycarryingittothebusstoponsuchasunnymorning.
Inference:
6.Hey!Whathappenedtoalltheschoolconstructionmoneytakenfromthetaxpayers?Itpaidfor
thistoiletthemoneywasflusheddown.
Inference:
7.Asyougiveaspeechinfrontofalargeaudience,yourealizethatpeoplearelaughingbehind
theirhandsandpointingtotheregionbelowyourwaist.
Inference:
8.No,Honey,Idon’twantyoutospendalotofmoneyonmybirthdaypresent.Justhavingyou
forahusbandistheonlygiftIneed.Infact,I’lljustdrivemyoldrustybucketofboltsdownto
themallandbuymyselfalittlepresent.Andifthepooroldcardoesn'tbreakdown,I’llbeback
soon.
Inference:
9.Awomanwalksintoahospitalclutchingherabdomenandcursingoutherhusband,whotrails
behindhercarryingalargebag.
Inference:
10.You'redrivingonthehighway,listeningtotheradio,andapoliceofficerpullsyouover.
Inference:
166
PARTIII:
CONTEXTCLUES
YouDon'tHavetoMemorizeVocabularyWordstoUnderstandtheMeanings!Reading
comprehensionisoneofthemostdifficultthingstomasteronastandardizedtest,especiallyif
Englishisyoursecondlanguage.Thetest-makersevaluatewhetheryoucanfindthemainidea,
makeinferences,findtheauthor'spurpose,andunderstandvocabularywords,someofwhichyou
mayhaveneverbeenintroducedtobefore.
Thegoodnews?Youcanunderstandvocabularywordsbasedonthecontextofthe
passage-thewords,clausesandphrasesaroundtheunknownvocabularyword.Youdon’thaveto
memorizeallthevocabularywordsinthedictionary!
Forexample,youmightnotunderstandtheword,acerbity,byitself,butthissentence,“The
acerbityofthelemoncausedthelittlegirltospitoutthebiteshehadjusttaken.”makesyou
understandthatthegeneralmeaningofacerbitymustbe“bitterorsour”.Thecontextclueslemon
andspittingoutthebite,whichprovidemoreinformationinthesentence,helpyouunderstandwhat
thevocabularywordmeans.
Aquestiononastandardizedtestmaylooksomethinglikethis:
Afterthefirstdayonthejob,thebank’snewmanagerrealizedhewouldbebusierthanhe
hadbeenledtobelieve.Notonlywasheassistingthebanktellerswiththeirwork,buthisnew
bosshaddecidedtoinundatehimwithothertaskslikecreatingsecuritysystems,managingthe
bank’sdepositsandrefunds,securingloans,andmaintainingthedailyoperations.Thenew
managerwasexhaustedashelockedthebankupforthenight.
Theword“inundate”fromthepassageisclosestinmeaningto
1.overload
2.provide
3.assault
4.underwhelm
Hint:Awaytofigureoutifyourchoiceiscorrectisbyputtingtheanswerchoiceinthesentencein
placeofthevocabularyword.Whichonefitstheintendedmeaningthebest?
UnderstandingVocabularyWordsinContextExercise
Trytodeterminethemeaningsofthefollowingitalicizedvocabularywords,basedonthecontext
cluesinthesentences.
167
1.Pabloalwaysshowedanimositytowardhisteachersbythrowingspitballsandmouthingoff,but
hissisterMarywaskindandsweet.
2.Thelittlegirlwasshowingsignsofocularproblems-shesquintedtoreadtheblackboardand
complainedofheadachesafterworkingonthecomputerfortoolong.
3.Thecrowdrewardedthesingerwithplaudits,orextremepraise,byclappingandcheering
duringastandingovation.
4.Elena’srepudiationofJerry’sbadtablemannerswasobvioustoeveryoneatdinnerasshe
droppedhernapkinandleftthetable.
5.Fromthefarpasttothepresentday,themoonhasbeenthoughttocauselunacy.Some
studieshaveshownthatthismomentaryinsanitydoeshavesomeassociationtothemoon's
phases.
6.Theoldman’shairwassparseratherthanthickandfulllikeitwaswhenhewasyoung.
7.JaniewasasdevoutasthePopehimself.
8.MysisterKimmyshowsagreatabhorrenceforcrowds,whereasmylittlebrotherMichaelloves
tobethecenterofattention.
9.Whenyouadmonishsomeone,youpointouthisorhererrors;anexamplewouldbescoldinga
childformisbehaving.
10.Thesorcerer’sminions,ordevotedfollowers,werewillingtoperformanysorceryhecould
conjure.
11.Forty-sevenpairsisasuperfluousamountofshoes.
12.Thespywashungatthegallowsofhishomelandforhisperfidiousdeeds.
13.“Busyasabee”and“quietasamouse”arehackneyedphrases–they’reusedallthetime.
14.Ameliawasaspretentiousasaprincesswhenshearrivedtotheparty.Shetossedhercoatto
thehostessandgrabbedadrinkoutofanearbyguest’shand.
15.Wealwayslistentomygreat-auntbecausesheisvenerable,butweignoremyniece’sadvice
becauseshe’sonlysix.
168
FourTypesofContextClues
Whenyou'reworkingonthereadingsectionofastandardizedtest,you'regoingtohavetoemploy
someseriousreadingprowesstogetyouthrough.Knowingthevarioustypesofcontextcluescan
helpyouunderstanddifficultvocabularywordsincontext,whichisamustonalongreadingsection.
You'llalsoneedtoknowhowtodeterminethemainideaandmakeinferences,andcontextclues
canhelpyououtthere,too.
ContextClue#1:DefinitionorRestatement
Themeaningofthevocabularywordisinthesentenceitself,usuallyfollowingthevocabulary
word.
Jack'sduplicity–craftydishonesty–causedhimtostealhiscoworker'spensionsbyfunnelingtheir
moneyintoanoffshoreaccount.
ContextClue#2:Synonym
Thesentenceusesasimilarwordtohelpexplainthemeaningofthevocabularyword.
Thebaseballcoachpunishedtheteam'sduplicityordeceitfulnessaftertheyadmittedtousing
steroidstoboosttheirbattingaverages.
ContextClue#3:Antonym/Opposite/Contrast
Thesentenceusesawordwithanoppositedefinitiontogivethemeaningofthevocabularyword.
Itwasyourduplicitythatcausedmetobreakupwithyou!Hadyoubeenhonest,Iwouldn'thavefelt
theneed.
Unlikemylastemployeewhohadintegritytospare,youhavenothingmorethanduplicityandwill
notreceivearecommendationfrommeforanotherjob.
ContextClue#4:ExampleorExplanation
Thistypeofcontextclueusesexamplestohelpthereaderinferthemeaningofthevocabulary
word.
Hisduplicityinvolvedloweringhisemployee'ssalaries,increasingtheirstockoptions,andthen
stealingthemoneyhesavedbydoingso.
Iwasaghastatherduplicitywhenshestolemydiamondearrings,soldthemoneBayandliedtome
aboutitthewholetime.
169
PARTIV:
STRUCTURALREADING
Massageandcancer
Manyofusthinkofmassageasatreat.But,forpeoplewithaseriousillnesslikecancer,it
canbeapowerfultooltohelpthemcopewiththeirtreatment.Mostofusturntomassagetohelp
relievestress,ortoeasetightmusclesafteraphysicalworkout.
However,massageisslowlybeingrecognisedasawaytoimprovewellbeingforpeoplewithcancer;
notasareplacementtomedicaltreatments,butasawayofhelpingpatientscopewiththeir
treatmentexperience.
Researchsuggestsmassagemayhelpcancerpatientscopebetterwithcertainaspectsof
theirtreatment.Areviewofeightstudiesfoundthatmassagehelpsimprovecancerpatients'
psychologicalwellbeing,andcanhelpreduceanxietyintheshort-term.
AttheMemorialSloanKetteringCancerCentreinNewYork,ateamofspecialistmassagetherapists
worksonthewardswithmedicalstaff.Afive-yearresearchproject,involvingmorethan1000ofthe
hospital'spatients,showedmassageprovidedasignificantimprovementinpainmanagementplusa
reductioninfatigueandanxiety.
Andwhiletherestillneedstobemoreresearchintothebenefitsofmassageforpeoplewith
cancer,theideaofintegratingmassageintocancertreatmentisslowlybecomingmoreacceptedin
theUnitedStates,partsofEuropeandBritain.
InAustralia,theSydneyAdventistHospital–whichhasastrongcommitmentto
complementarymedicinessuchasreflexology,meditationandacupuncture–nowemploysa
qualifiedmassagetherapisttoworkalongsidetheoncologyteam.
170

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