Here are 4-5 line descriptions of the locations and functions of some key digestive glands:
Salivary glands: Located beneath the jaw and near the back of the tongue. The parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands secrete saliva into the mouth. Saliva contains enzymes that begin digesting carbohydrates.
Liver: Located in the upper right portion of the abdomen. It produces bile which contains bile salts that help absorb fat. The liver also breaks down toxins and produces proteins and clotting factors vital to the body.
Pancreas: Located in the abdomen behind the stomach. It produces a variety of enzymes that are released into the
2. To provide energy to our body for daily activities like
walking etc
To grow new cells and tissues
Repairing of damaged tissues
Maintane a healthy body and production of heat
Food in our diet contains nutrients.
3. The chemical breakdown of complex molecules into simple
and soluble components is called as digestion.
Why food must be digested …..
Partially permeable cell membrane that allow small molecules
only to come in.
4.
5. Two main groups
Alimentary canal –
continuous coiled
hollow tube
Accessory digestive
organs
6. Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
7. Lips (labia) – protect
the anterior opening
Cheeks – form the
lateral walls
Hard palate – forms
the anterior roof
Soft palate – forms
the posterior roof
Uvula – fleshy
projection of the
soft palate
8. Vestibule – space between lips externally
and teeth and gums internally
Oral cavity – area contained by the teeth
Tongue – attached at hyoid and styloid
processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum
9.
10. Serves as a passageway for air and food
Food is propelled to the esophagus
by two muscle layers
1. Longitudinal inner layer
2. Circular outer layer
Food movement is by alternating contractions
of the muscle layers (peristalsis…wave like mov.
that propel the food in stomach)
11. Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
Conducts food by peristalsis
(slow rhythmic squeezing)
Passageway for food only (respiratory system branches off
after the pharynx
12. Regions of the stomach
Cardiac region – near the heart
Fundus
Body
Phylorus – funnel-shaped terminal end
Food empties into the small intestine
at the pyloric sphincter
14. Acts as a storage tank for food
Site of food breakdown
Chemical breakdown of protein begins
Delivers chyme (processed food) to the small intestine
Gastric glands – secrete gastric juice
Chief cells – produce protein-digesting enzymes
(pepsinogens)
Parietal cells – produce hydrochloric acid
Endocrine cell- produce gastrin
15. The body’s major digestive organ
Site of nutrient absorption into the blood
Muscular tube extending form the pyloric sphincter to the
ileocecal valve
Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the
mesentery
16. Duodenum
Attached to the stomach
Pancreatic ducts leads to duodenum
Jejunum
Attaches anteriorly to the duodenum
Ileum
Extends from jejunum to large intestine
Absorption of digested nutrients
17. Enzymes are mixed with chyme
Intestinal cells
Pancreatic juices
Bile enters from the
gall bladder
18.
19. Finger like structures
formed by the mucosa.
Give the small intestine
more surface area
22. Called circular folds or plicae circulares
Deep folds of the mucosa and submucosa
Do not disappear when filled with food
The submucosa has Peyer’s patches (collections of lymphatic
tissue)
23. Enzymes from the brush border
Break double sugars into simple sugars
Complete some protein digestion
Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function
Help complete digestion of starch (pancreatic amylase)
Carry out about half of all protein digestion (trypsin, etc.)
24. Pancreatic enzymes play the major digestive function
(continued)
Responsible for fat digestion (lipase)
Digest nucleic acids (nucleases)
Alkaline content neutralizes acidic chyme
25. Water is absorbed along the length of the small intestine
End products of digestion
Most substances are absorbed by active transport through cell
membranes
Lipids are absorbed by diffusion
Substances are transported to the liver by the hepatic portal
vein or lymph
26. Peristalsis is the major means of moving food
Segmental movements
Mix chyme with digestive juices
Aid in propelling food
27. Larger in diameter, but shorter than the small intestine
Frames the internal abdomen
28. Absorption of water
Eliminates indigestible food from the body as feces
Goblet cells produce mucus to act as a lubricant
29. Cecum – saclike first part of the large intestine
Appendix
Accumulation of lymphatic tissue that sometimes becomes
inflamed (appendicitis)
Hangs from the cecum
Colon
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
S-shaped sigmoidal
Rectum
Anus – external body opening
30. No digestive enzymes are produced
Resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients
Produce some vitamin K and B
Release gases
Water and vitamins K and B are absorbed
Remaining materials are eliminated via feces
31. Salivary glands..…saliva producing glands e.g parotid glands
Teeth….. Helps to form a food bolus
Pancreass………. Produces a wide spectrum of digestive enzymes
that break down all categories of food
Liver…Largest gland in the body, Several roles in digestion
Detoxifies drugs and alcohol
Degrades hormones
Produce cholesterol, blood proteins (albumin and clotting proteins)
Plays a central role in metabolism
Gall bladder…sac like structure that store bile.
32. Ingestion – getting food into the mouth
Propulsion – moving foods from one region of the digestive system to
another
Mechanical digestion
Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue
Churning of food in the stomach
Segmentation in the small intestine
33. Sluggish peristalsis
Mass movements
Slow, powerful movements
Occur three to four times per day
Presence of feces in the rectum causes a defecation reflex
Internal anal sphincter is relaxed
Defecation occurs with relaxation of the voluntary (external)
anal sphincter
34. Enzymes break down food molecules into their building blocks
Each major food group uses different enzymes
Carbohydrates are broken to simple sugars
Proteins are broken to amino acids
Fats are broken to fatty acids and alcohols
35. Absorption
End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph
Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries
Defecation
Elimination of indigestible substances as feces
36.
37. Stimuli include:
Stretch of the organ
pH of the contents
Presence of breakdown products
Reflexes include:
Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions
Smooth muscle activity
38. Small intesitine is 6meter and laarge is 1.5 then reason of naming small
and large.
Appendix
Sphinctere
39.
40. There are few glands that help in digestive proces, e.g
salivary glands ,liver,pancreatic glands .your work is to
identify the location in the body and their working in
digestive system in 4 to 5 lines.