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1. BRAKING SYSTEM

2. WHAT IS BRAKING SYSTEM?
• The brakes are used to reduce the speed of the vehicle,
and the speed of conversion determines the rate of the
vehicle slows down.
• Transfers the momentum into heat, in other words, which
transfers the kinetic energy into thermal energy.
• And how do the brakes transmit the force to the tires?
How do the tires transmit the force to the road? Both
answers are using friction.
• Therefore, this part will introduce these three physics
principle by first: Leverage, Hydraulics, Friction.

3. PURPOSE OF BRAKE
• To stop the vehicle in shortest
possible distance and time.
• To slow down the vehicle.
• To park the vehicle.
• To control the speed of the vehicle.

4. FUNDAMENTAL OF BRAKE SYSTEM
• Heat energy is converted into kinetic energy as the vehicle is put into motion.
MOTION
Brake friction
between brake
pad & disc brake
Temperature
increase, velocity
decrease.

5. Kinetic energy increases in direct
proportion to weight increase.
Kinetic energy is a fundamental
form of mechanical energy; it is
energy of a mass in motion

6. FRICTION
• Friction is measured on how hard it is to slide one
object over another.
• Kinetic energy is simply the energy an object
possesses because it has
both mass and velocity (speed in a certain
direction).
• The more mass you have (effectively, the heavier you
are) and the faster you're going, the more kinetic
energy you have.

7. COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
• A measurement of the friction between two objects in contact with each other.
• Force is the effort required to slide one surface across the other.
• Determined by dividing the force required to move an object by the weight of an object.

8. BASIC BRAKE SYSTEM
Theory
• Imagine how much force you need to stop a
fast-moving car. Simply pressing with your foot
would not generate enough force to apply all
four brakes hard enough to bring you quickly to
a stop.
• That's why brakes use hydraulics: a system of
fluid-filled pipes that can multiply force and
transmit it easily from one place to another.

9. Practice
• Your foot pushes on the brake pedal.
• As the pedal moves down, it pushes a class 2 lever (a kind of
simple machine), increasing your pushing force.
• The lever pushes a piston (blue) into a narrow cylinder filled
with hydraulic brake fluid (red).As the piston moves into the
cylinder, it squeezes hydraulic fluid out of the end (like a bicycle
pump squeezes out air).
• The brake fluid squirts down a long, thin pipe until it reaches
another cylinder at the wheel, which is much wider.
• When the fluid enters the cylinder, it pushes the piston in the
wider cylinder (blue) with greatly increased force.
• The piston pushes the brake pad (green) toward the brake disc
(gray).
• When the brake pad touches the brake disc, friction between
the two generates heat (red cloud).
• The friction slows down the outer wheel and tire, stopping the
car.

11. STOPPING PRINCIPLES
Foot Off from
the Acceleration
Pedal
Depress the
Brake Pedal

12. WHAT IS BRAKE FADE?
• Vehicle braking system fade, or brake fade, is the
reduction in stopping power that can occur after
repeated or sustained application of the brakes,
especially in high load or high speed conditions.
• Brake fade can be a factor in any vehicle that
utilizes a friction braking system.
• Brake fade occurs when the brake pad and the
brake rotor no longer generate sufficient mutual
friction to stop the vehicle at its preferred rate of
deceleration.

13. BASIC
HYDRAULIC
THEORY

14. WHAT IS BASIC HYDRAULIC
THEORY?
• Brake systems use hydraulic fluid in a closed system to transmit motion. The hydraulic brake
system is governed by physical laws that makes it efficient at transmitting both motion and
force.
• Pascal’s Law states that pressure applied anywhere to an enclosed body of fluid is transmitted
equally to all parts of the fluid.
• 100 psi generated at the master cylinder is the same at each wheel cylinder as well as
anywhere within a static system.

16. Another important distinction to make is that liquids cannot be compressed, whereas, air is compressible. A
hydraulic system must be free of air in order to function properly. Pedal travel will increase as air in the
system is compressed.

18. • Fluid pressure is indicated in pounds per square inch (psi). It is determined by dividing the input force
applied to a piston by the area of the piston. (force/area = pressure in psi) If a force of 100 pounds is
applied to a master cylinder piston, an area of 2 square inches, the resulting pressure will be 50 psi. This
pressure is transmitted to all parts of the fluid in the container equally.
• Force / area = psi
• 100 / 2 = 50 psi
• In the series of examples below we are examining working force and transfer of motion based on different
working piston diameters. In each example, piston A is the same diameter (1") and the same 100 lb. Input
force is applied. When the force is applied to piston A, piston B has 100 psi of output force and travels an
equal distance to piston A.
• By contrast piston C will have an output force of twice that of piston A because piston C has twice the
area. In addition, piston C transfers only half the distance of piston A.
• Yet another contrast is piston D which is half the area of piston A. The system pressure is the same as the
two previous examples but since piston D is half the area of piston A, the pressure is half the apply
pressure and the motion transfer is twice that of piston A.

19. BRAKE FLUID
• Brake fluid is specifically designed to be compatible with its environment of high heat, high
pressure and moving parts. Standards for brake fluid have been established by the Society of
Automotive Engineers (SAE) and the Department of Transportation (DOT). Requirements
of a fluid used in automotive brake applications must include the following:
i. remain viscous.
ii. have a high boiling point.
iii. act as lubricant for moving parts.

20. BRAKE FLUID TYPES
• Two types of brake fluid are used in automotive brake applications, each having specific
attributes and drawbacks.

21. DOT GRADES
• There are three grades of brake fluid which are determined by Federal Motor Vehicle Safety
Standard 116. Fluid grades are rated by the minimum boiling point for both pure fluid (dry)
and water contaminated fluid (wet):
TU 158

22. MASTER
CYLINDER

23. MASTER CYLINDER
The plastic tank you see is the brake-fluid reservoir, the
master cylinder's brake-fluid source.
The electrical connection is a sensor that triggers a
warning light when the brake fluid gets low.

24. PURPOSE OF MASTER CYLINDER
• To converts the pressure on the brake pedal to hydraulic pressure by feeding brake fluid into
the brake circuit.
• It is used both in disk brake and drum brake.

27. TANDEM MASTER
CYLINDER

28. WHAT IS TANDEM MASTER
CYLINDER?
• Tandem master cylinder is a main component of hydraulic braking system.The only difference
it has with a normal master cylinder is it has two pistons in it which helps to create much
more and equal pressure on the both ends of the car rare and front wheels as two pistons
work individually for two ends.

29. HOW DOES TANDEM MASTER
CYLINDER WORK?
• Tandem master cylinder works on Archimedes principle of hydrometer.
• Tandem master cylinder obtains the kinetic motion/force from majorly braking or by rotational
motion of wheel & concert it to Hydraulic pressure, force/area, to activate Tandem hydraulic.
• It than combines the effect of two serially switched master cylinders in one housing and is
used in the dual circuit brake systems.

31. ThankYou