The document provides information about the key components of a car, including: - The engine, which uses a four-stroke cycle to power the car. It intakes, compresses, powers and exhausts air and fuel in four strokes to drive the crankshaft. - The transmission, which uses planetary gear sets and hydraulic components like clutches, bands, and a torque converter to transfer power from the engine to the wheels through different gear ratios. - The braking system, which uses disc or drum brakes on each wheel and a hydraulic system or handbrake to slow and stop the car. - Other components like the speedometer, fuel gauge, air conditioning, and sound system

1. CAR

2. GROUP 1
Murtuza Indorewala
Ayushi Jain
Apeksha Mehta
Rohan Bhatkar
Yash Rawani
Mohammed Driver
Mayur Sancheti
Nandan Shah
01
05
08
11
21
24
32
33

3. CONTENT
Automotive Engine
Automotive Transmission
Breaking System
SpeedoMeter
Fuel Meter
Air Bags
Air Conditioning
Sound System
Automotive Sensors

4. FOUR STORKE ENGINE
ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES MADE EASY!
HERE IS HOW IT WORKSThe most common internal combustion engines of today can be defined as either four-stroke
or two-stroke cycle. Two-stroke or four-stroke refers to the number of strokes the piston
makes in the cylinder to complete one power cycle. A stroke is the movement of the piston in
one direction, moving the piston from the top to the bottom of the cylinder is one stroke. A
running internal combustion engine continually repeats a power cycle called: intake,
compression, power and exhaust. Your automobile or stern drive engine is most likely a four
stroke design. The majority of existing outboard motors use two stroke technology. However
the current movement in emissions regulations is pushing the design of current outboards
towards the 4 stroke and direct injection two stroke design. Efforts to build a 4 stroke outboard
in the past have been many and varied, mostly unsuccessful as the design technology and
precision production that can be achieved today were impossible to achieve then. Resulting
motors were bulky and unreliable. Those motors that were viable were for the most part
rejected by the boating public.
FOUR STROKE DEFINEDThe first description reviews the operation of the 4 stroke power cycle. Each 4 stroke image
depicts a piston in a cylinder, a spark plug and 2 valves; one intake, one exhaust. The valves
are held closed by means of a spring and opened by a rotating eccentric called a camshaft.
The camshaft is driven from the crankshaft by means of gears or a drive belt and timed to the
up and down movement of the piston. To complete all 4 strokes the crankshaft makes 2

5. Intake Stroke
As the piston is pulled down during the intake stroke, The
camshaft opens the intake valve and a fresh charge of fuel/air
mix is drawn into the cylinder. The intake valve closes when
the piston reaches the bottom of its downward stroke.
Compression Stroke
The piston now begins to move upward and starts to compress
the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder. Both valves are closed. This
continuing upward motion compresses the mixture to about 100120 PSI, around 7 or 8 times atmospheric pressure (the
compression "ratio"). As the piston reaches the top of the
cylinder the spark plug fires and ignites the compressed mixture.

6. Power Stroke
The fuel air mixture now BURNS very rapidly, increases in
pressure generated by combustion force the piston
downward in the cylinder. Both valves are still closed. This is
the only stroke that creates power in the 4 stroke cycle.
Exhaust Stroke
Upon completion of the power stroke the piston starts to move
upward again and now the exhaust valve starts to open. The
continuing upward movement forces the hot burned gases out
past the exhaust valve. When the piston reaches the top of the
cylinder the exhaust valve closes. The piston starts to go back
down and the cycle repeats itself.

7. The advantage to the 4 stroke is that the combustion process is very efficient at varying RPM
ranges with almost no unburned fuel escaping into the atmosphere. 4 stroke engines also
develop significant torque at low Rpm's. The big drawback is there is only one power stroke for
every 2 revolutions of the crankshaft so the engine lacks the burst of power experienced with
the 2 stroke engine. Four strokes are more complex as well as generally much heavier as a
result of additional parts, e.g. camshaft, valve train, balance shafts, etc. required to complete
the power cycle. This additional complexity does not reduce the engine's reliability. Four strokes
have a proven track record in reliability and dependability.
Four-stroke engine
The engine is an air-cooled one-cylinder 4-stroke Diesel engine. Front and side views of the
engine are shown in Fig. 4a and b, respectively. The engine is mounted on a base plate (1)
which is installed in the seat of the internal combustion engine basic module. The speed of the
engine is set with a controller (11). To measure the exhaust temperature, the engine is equipped
with a temperature sensor (6), which is installed in the area of the exhaust muffler (7). The
connection (8) for the exhaust hose is also located at the exhaust muffler.

8. 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Base Unit
Crank case
Vibration attenuator
Output shaft
Flywheel cover
Temperature sensor
Exhaust muffler
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
(a)
(b)
Exhaust connection
Air filter housing
Air hose connection
Speed controller
Pulley
Speed controller
Stop magnet
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Temperature sensor plug
Power supply stop magnet
Fuel line
Return line
Recoil starter
Oil filling connection
Oil discharge screw

9. Transmission
The modern automatic transmission is by far, the most complicated mechanical
component in
today’s automobile. Automatic transmissions contain Mechanical systems, Hydraulic
systems,
Electrical systems and Computer controls, all working together in perfect harmony which
goes
Virtually unnoticed until there is a problem.
What is Transmission ?
The transmission is a device that is connected to the back of the engine and sends the
power from the engine to the drive wheels
Purpose of the transmission is to provide high torque at the time of starting the engine,
hill climbing , accelerating and pulling a road.
TYPES OF AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION
1.
Rear wheel drive
2.
Front wheel drive
TRANSMISSION COMPONENTS
Planetary Gear Sets
Hydraulic System
Clutches
 Band

10. Rear Wheel
Drive
•
•
•
The transmission is usually mounted to the back of the engine.
Power flow on this system is simple and straight forward going from the engine,
through the torque converter, then through the transmission and drive shaft until it
reaches the final drive where it is split and sent to the two rear wheels.
Example of rear wheel – Alpha Romeo Alfeta in early 70’s

11. Front Wheel
Drive
•On a front wheel drive car, the transmission is usually combined with the final drive to
form what is called a transaxle. Transaxle is a device set up in the transmission gear
box, clutch, final drive, combined into a single unit.
• Front-wheel-drive layouts are those in which the front wheels of the vehicle are
driven. The most popular layout used in cars today is the front-engine, front-wheel
drive, with the engine in front of the front axle, driving the front wheels. This layout is
typically chosen for its compact packaging.
•Front axles are connected directly to the transaxle and provide power to the front
wheels.

12. PLANETARY GEAR
SETS
•A gear set in which all of the gears are in one plane, grouped around each other like
the planets around the sun.
•The central gear is called the "sun gear". In mesh with it is a circular grouping of gears,
called "planet gears", mounted on a rotating carrier.
•The planet gears also engage teeth on the inner periphery of the "ring gear".
•By holding any one of the three gear elements motionless, different ratios can be
produced between the other two. Planetary gear sets are common in automatic
transmissions.

13. Clutch
Packs
A clutch is a mechanical device which
provides for the transmission of power
(and therefore usually motion) from one
component (the driving member) to
another (the driven member).
the simplest application clutches are
employed in devices which have two
rotating shafts.
Band
s
A band is a steel strap with friction material
bonded to the inside surface.
One end of the band is anchored against
the transmission case while the other end
is connected to a servo.
A flexible metal ring fits around the outside
of the clutch housing. It tightens to
engage the gears, and loosens to release
them.

14. Torque
Converter
A torque converter is a fluid coupling that
is used to transfer rotating power from
a prime mover, such as an internal
combustion engine or electric motor, to a
rotating driven load.

15. Breaking System
 Modern cars have brakes on all four wheels, operated by a hydraulic system. The
brakes may be disc type or drum type.
 The front brakes play a greater part in stopping the car than the rear ones,
because braking throws the car weight forward on to the front wheels. Many cars
therefore have disc brakes, which are generally more efficient at the front and
drum brakes at the rear.
Types Of Breaking System Disc Breaks
 Drum Breaks
 Hand Breaks

16. Disc
Breaks
• A disc brake has a disc that turns with the wheel. The disc is straddled by a calliper
in which there are small hydraulic pistons worked by pressure from the master
cylinder.
•
The pistons press on friction pads that clamp against the disc from each side to
slow
or stop it. The pads are shaped to cover a broad sector of the disc.
•
•
There may be more than a single pair of pistons, especially in dual-circuit brakes.
The pistons move only a tiny distance to apply the brakes, and the pads barely
clear
the disc when the brakes are released. They have no return springs.

17. Drum
Breaks
A drum brake has a hollow drum that turns with the wheel. Its open back is covered by
a stationary back plate on which there are two curved shoes carrying friction linings.
The shoes are forced outwards by hydraulic pressure moving pistons in the brake's
wheel cylinders, so pressing the linings against the inside of the drum to slow or stop it.
Each brake shoe has a pivot at one end and a piston at the other. A leading shoe has
the piston at the leading edge relative to the direction in which the drum turns.
Hand
Breaks
Apart from the hydraulic braking system, all cars have a mechanical handbrake acting
on two wheels - usually the rear ones.
The handbrake gives limited braking if the hydraulic system fails completely, but its
main purpose is as a parking brake.
The handbrake lever pulls a cable or pair of cables linked to the brakes by a set of
smaller levers, pulleys and guides whose details vary greatly from car to car.

18. SpeedoMeter
There are 2 types of Speedometer:
1. Eddy Current
2. Electronic Speedometers

19. Eddy Current
Speedometer
1.When the engine turns over, the driveshaft turns to make the wheels spin round.
2.The speedometer cable, powered by the driveshaft, turns as well.
3.The cable spins a magnet around at the same speed inside the speed cup. The magnet
rotates continually in the same direction (in this case, counter-clockwise).
4.The spinning magnet creates eddy currents in the speed cup.
5.The eddy currents make the speed cup rotate counter-clockwise as well in an attempt to
catch up with the magnet. Remember that the magnet and the speed cup are not joined
together in any way—there's air in between them.
6.The hair spring tightens, restraining the speed cup so it can turn only a little way.
7.As the speed cup turns, it turns the pointer up the dial, indicating the car's speed.

20. Electronic
Speedometer
Electronic speedometers work in a completely different way. Small magnets attached to
the car's rotating drive shaft sweep past tiny magnetic sensors (either reed
switches or Hall-effect sensors) positioned nearby. Each time the magnets pass the
sensors, they generate a brief pulse of electric current. An electronic circuit counts how
quickly the pulses arrive and converts this into a speed, displayed electronically on
an LCD display. Since the circuit is measuring the number of wheel rotations, it can also
keep a count of how far you've traveled, doubling-up as an odometer (distancemeasuring meter).

21. Air-Conditioning systems
Understanding the system-
Your A/C system is nothing more than a heat
exchanger.
There are only 5 major parts to the system.
• The Compressor
• The Condenser
• The Receiver/Dryer or Accumulator
• The Thermal Expansion Valve or Orifice Tube
• The Evaporator

22. The
Compressor
•
•
Commonly referred to as the heart of the system, the
Compressor is typically a belt driven pump that is
fastened to the engine or motor. It is responsible for
compressing and transferring refrigerant gas.
The A/C system is split into two sides, a High
pressure side and a Low pressure side; defined as
Discharge and Suction. Since the Compressor is
basically a pump, it must have an intake side and a
discharge side.
The
Condenser
•
•
This is the area in which heat dissipation occurs.
The Condenser, in many cases, will have much
the same appearance as the radiator in you car as
the two have very similar functions. The
Condenser is designed to radiate heat. Its location
is usually in front of the radiator.
As hot compressed gasses are introduced into the
top of the Condenser, they’re cooled off. As the
gas cools, it condenses and exits the bottom as a
high pressure liquid.

23. •
•
The
Receiver/Dryer
The Receiver/Dryer is used on the high side of
systems that use a thermal expansion valve. This
type of metering valve requires liquid refrigerant. To
ensure that the valve gets liquid refrigerant, a receiver
is used. The primary function of the Receiver/Dryer is
to separate gas and liquid. The secondary purpose is
to remove moisture and filter out debris.
Newer Receiver/Dryers use desiccant type XH-7 and
are compatible with both R-12 and R-134a
refrigerants. Older Receiver/Dryers are not
compatible with R-134a refrigerants.
The Thermal Expansion
Valve
•
•
Thermal Expansion Valve, or TXV. Commonly used on
import and aftermarket systems, this type of valve can
sense both temperature and pressure. A TXV is very
efficient at regulating refrigerant flow to the evaporator.
These types of valves, although efficient, have some
disadvantages over Orifice Tube systems. Like Orifice
Tubes these valves can become clogged with debris, but
also have small moving parts that may stick and
malfunction due to corrosion.

24. The
Evaporator
 Located inside the vehicle, the Evaporator serves as the heat absorption component.
The Evaporator provides several functions. Its primary duty is to remove heat from the
inside of your vehicle. A secondary benefit is dehumidification. On humid days you
may have seen this as water dripping from the bottom of your vehicle.
 The ideal temperature of the evaporator is 32° Fahrenheit or 0° Celsius. Refrigerant
enters the bottom of the Evaporator as a low pressure liquid. The warm air passing
through the Evaporator fins causes the refrigerant to boil (refrigerants have very low
boiling points). As the refrigerant begins to boil, it can absorb large amounts of heat.

25. Fuel Meter
Introduction• Level sensors are not only used in Industrial and Chemical Applications
• Common household items use them as well
• These sensors range from simple mechanical devices to electronic or radiating tools
Level Sensors on Cars• Cars contain two of the main kinds of level sensors
– Float sensor
– Visual sensor
• The float sensor is found in the gas tank, whereas there are a few visual sensors
under the hood of the car

26. Gas Tank Float
Sensor
•
•
•
•
•
Initially, the float is at top of tank
The attached wiper is closer to
negative side of terminal
As fuel leaves tank, float lowers
Wiper moves further down resistor
Finally, after float hits bottom of tank, wiper is
pulled to far right.
•
Advantages:
– Relatively simple mechanical design
– Good for estimating level of fuel
•
Disadvantages:
– Inaccurate when:
• Tank is completely full
• Tank is near empty
– Doesn’t measure precise tank volume

27. Dipstick
s
•
•
•
•
•
Dipstick is inserted into engine
Then removed with oil residue on tip
Tip is marked with ―full‖ and ―add oil‖ markings
Checking transmission fluid is similar
Similarly to the fuel tank float meter:
– Good for estimating fluid level
– Not a precise measurement of volume

28. Container
Markings
•
•
•
Small tanks under the hood containing windshield washer fluid and coolant
have markings on the sides
Only good for level estimation
Can’t measure precise fluid volume

29. Sound System of CAR
Informationfor weddings and facility rentals
weddings held at oak canyon nature center are invited to use the nature center’s sound
system. The two-speaker, freedom fr-3neo sound system will be set up and taken down by
OCNC staff on the day of your event. Because this sound system is portable and batterypowered, it can be placed to fit your design needs.
The sound system includes:
1. (2) wireless microphones
2. (2) speaker stands
3. (2) microphone stands
4. (1) iPod, MP3, and laptop connection with cord
5. (1) CD player
the system also includes additional jacks:
RCA audio (input and output)
1. (1) XLR input
2. (1) 3 conductor ¼ in. Input
3. (1) 3 conductor ¼ in. Output
4. (1) speaker connector used for OCNC staff to connect the second speaker

30. Boss BV9990 7-Inch In-Dash Motorized Widescreen

31. Air Bags

34. Automotive Sensors
Head Lights
•Electrical
•The Bulbs
• Settings
• Types of Lights

35. Electrical
•
•
The headlights on the front of an automobile are powered using the
internal 12-volt electrical system that also powers the other electrical
accessories, such as the radio, the windshield wipers and the brake
lights.
The headlights are on a closed-circuit loop, meaning that when the
switch is off, the circuit is open, and therefore no power reaches the
headlights. Once the headlight switch is activated (toggled, pushed,
pulled, twisted--different vehicles have different types of switches), it
closes the circuit, allowing current to flow to the headlights, which
turns them on.

36. The Bulbs
•
•
Some types of headlights work differently than others, but they are all
actuated when the filament inside the casing receives electrical
power from the wiring attached to the assembly. Some headlights use
inert gasses, which glow brightly when electricity is applied to them,
and some use a wire-type filament that gets hot and glows brightly
enough for headlight use.
For example, high-intensity discharge (HID) lights use a Xenon gas that
glows brightly when current is applied. Halogen uses a mixture of gas
combined with a hot wire element, and incandescent bulbs use only
the hot wire element to illuminate the road.

37. Settings
•
•
Some vehicles have two sets of headlights. One set will be for low-beam,
regular driving, and another set is for high-beam driving in dark situations,
such as on mountain roads. More common on new vehicles is a single,
sealed-beam unit that combines both high and low applications. Low-beam
settings will illuminate the road but nothing above the hood of the car.
Manufacturers did this on purpose so that drivers travelling the other
direction will not be blinded.
High beams, on the other hand, illuminate things above the hood line of
the car and therefore should not be used if oncoming traffic could be
affected. Low-beam settings are also better for fog, because if the high
beams are used, the light simply bounces off of the fog and into the driver's
eyes, resulting in an unsafe situation.

38. Types Of Lights
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Side Lights
Dipped Headlights
Main Beam Headlights
Fog Lights
Parking Lights
Brake Lights
Indicators

39. THANK YOU…