Tumor markers (also known as biomarkers) are substances found at higher than normal levels in the blood, urine, or body tissue of some people with cancer. Although cancer cells often produce tumor markers, other healthy cells in the body produce them as well.

1. TUMOR MARKERS
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2. TUMOR MARKERS
 Tumor markers are substances found in the blood,
urine, stool, other bodily fluids, or tissues of some
patients with cancer.
 Tumor markers may be used to help diagnose cancer,
predict a patient’s response to certain cancer
therapies, check a patient’s response to treatment, or
determine whether cancer has returned.
 More than 20 tumor markers are currently in use.
Concentration increases with tumor progression,
highest levels when tumors metastasize.

3. APPLICATION OF TUMOR
MARKERS
Screening populations at risk
Diagnosis
Prognosis
Detection of recurrence
Monitoring response to treatment

4. TYPES OF TUMOR MARKERS
• ALK gene rearrangements
• Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
• Beta-2-microglobulin (B2M)
• Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-hCG)
• Calcitonin
• Chromogranin A (CgA)
• Fibrin/fibrinogen
• Lactate dehydrogenase
• Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
about 20 tumor markers are commonly used for tumor
diagnosis

5. USE OF TUMOR MARKERS IN
CANCER SCREENING
• Example: the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test,
which measures the level of PSA in the blood, is
often used to screen men for prostate cancer.
• an increased PSA level can be caused by benign
prostate conditions as well as by prostate cancer, and
most men with an elevated PSA level do not have
prostate cancer.
• Used to detect cancer early before any symptoms
• useful in determining whether a tumor is responding
to treatment.