Epidemiology - HPRO 7712 Fall, 2018 Final Examination PART A Name __________________________________ Date ____________________ Please respond to the following questions to the best of your knowledge while keeping in mind that “quality” is more important than “quantity”. 1. Define the term “community”. Briefly describe the application of epidemiology in community diagnosis. (25 points) 2. The mechanisms of spreading disease in human populations account for the levels of epidemics. Differentiate between (a)common source epidemic, and (b) propagated epidemic.(10 point) 3. Often in analyzing epidemiological data, it becomes necessary for the investigator to adjust for rates. Identify and describe two methods for rates adjustment. (10 points) 4. Identify and briefly discuss three factors that contribute to errors in epidemiologic studies of morbidity. (20 points) 5. The science of epidemiology is distinctively concerned with health and illness in populations and groups by place and time. Using a hypothetical situation, respond to question(A)or(B). (35 points) (A). Describe how you would use the epidemiologic model toward preventing and controlling a behavioral health problem in an identified human population or group. (Note: In essence, describe the behavioral adaptation of the epidemiologic model and how it can be applied to an identified health problem). OR (B). Describe how you would use the epidemiologic approach to develop a health care policy toward preventing and controlling an identified health or social problem in human populations. 1 Running Head: HOW SOCIAL MEDIA HAVE CHANGED MARKETING 2 HOW SOCIAL MEDIA HAVE CHANGED MARKETING HOW SOCIAL MEDIA HAVE CHANGED MARKETING Introduction Generally, marketing has been developing along with the world which revolves around it. From the perspective that marketing never occupies an exact science, there has been strategic mechanisms that are generally employed to improve the marketing mix as well as the marketing strategies utilized within the respective marketing field. Such mechanisms include social media which have been one of the rampant existences within networking marketing. Social media has been a key role within the worldwide marketing being experienced allover the globe. This runs from the newspapers, television to social media as imperative parameters towards moldering the marketing strategy of any given business organization. Essentially, the issues concerning the customer services are normally regarded as the solemn issues within the business setting of any given business organization. This literally implies that the people learning such business organizations ought to employ individuals who are professionally qualified in finding appropriate remedies for such issues. In the modern world, one of the great industries which have highly been positively as well as negatively impacted by the internet is the marketing (Malik.

1. Epidemiology - HPRO 7712
Fall, 2018
Final Examination
PART A
Name __________________________________ Date
____________________
Please respond to the following questions to the best of your
knowledge while keeping in mind that “quality” is more
important than “quantity”.
1.
Define the term “community”. Briefly describe the application
of epidemiology in
community diagnosis.
(25 points)
2.
The mechanisms of spreading disease in human populations
account for the levels
of epidemics. Differentiate between (a)common source
epidemic, and

2. (b) propagated epidemic.(10 point)
3.
Often in analyzing epidemiological data, it becomes necessary
for the investigator to adjust for rates. Identify and describe two
methods for rates adjustment.
(10 points)
4.
Identify and briefly discuss three factors that contribute to
errors in
epidemiologic studies of morbidity.
(20 points)
5.
The science of epidemiology is distinctively concerned with
health and illness in populations and groups by place and time.

3. Using a hypothetical situation, respond to question(A)or(B). (35
points)
(A). Describe how you would use the epidemiologic model
toward preventing and controlling a behavioral health problem
in an identified human population or group. (Note: In essence,
describe the behavioral adaptation of the epidemiologic model
and how it can be applied to an identified health problem).
OR
(B). Describe how you would use the epidemiologic approach to
develop a health care policy toward preventing and controlling
an identified health or social problem in human populations.
1
Running Head: HOW SOCIAL MEDIA HAVE CHANGED
MARKETING
2
HOW SOCIAL MEDIA HAVE CHANGED MARKETING
HOW SOCIAL MEDIA HAVE CHANGED MARKETING
Introduction

4. Generally, marketing has been developing along with the world
which revolves around it. From the perspective that marketing
never occupies an exact science, there has been strategic
mechanisms that are generally employed to improve the
marketing mix as well as the marketing strategies utilized
within the respective marketing field. Such mechanisms include
social media which have been one of the rampant existences
within networking marketing. Social media has been a key role
within the worldwide marketing being experienced allover the
globe. This runs from the newspapers, television to social media
as imperative parameters towards moldering the marketing
strategy of any given business organization.
Essentially, the issues concerning the customer services are
normally regarded as the solemn issues within the business
setting of any given business organization. This literally implies
that the people learning such business organizations ought to
employ individuals who are professionally qualified in finding
appropriate remedies for such issues. In the modern world, one
of the great industries which have highly been positively as well
as negatively impacted by the internet is the marketing (Malik,
2018). It is evident that once what was absolutely paper
marketing has now changed into a digital marketing which is
entirely influenced by the social media. That which was once a
fighter for the air time has been transformed to a hunter for low
hanging keywords. The online world has entirely been driven
entirely to a new transformation to marketing. Social media can
be regarded as one of the sectors in the online world which has
been transformed to manner in which the marketing operates.
There are numerous ways in which social media may influence
the marketing in the modern world in today’s business settings
as well as associative business environment (David, 2017). In
fact, social media has numerous positive diverse ways in which
it has transformed the marketing. Nevertheless, the negative
ways may not be disregarded.

5. Literature Review
Facilitating proper customer services can be termed as one of
the key priorities of business settings. This can be utilized to
retain their current customers as well as attract the customers in
venturing into the business. Several studies in various literature
books make efforts to explain the importance of social media in
marketing across the world. Pearl M (2018) in his book How
Social Media has Changed Marketing tend to explain how
customer services have massively contributed to the
transformation of the marketing field on a global basis. He
argues that social media has intensively transformed the manner
in which the customer service generally operates. In the world
today, customers are seen to have a capability of engaging with
their respective prestigious brands online through a quick as
well as easy response concerning the items. The social media
has in addition impacted the manner in which business
organizations cooperate with their respective consumers
concerning their merchandise through online websites (Pearl,
2018). This have apprehensively helped such business
organizations in greatly improving their marketing strategies.
In their book, Brands in Glass Houses; How to Embrace
Transparency and Grow Your Business, Dechay Watts and
Debbie Williams (2013), analyze how social media has changed
the transparency of the analytics which is one of the
cornerstones of the marketing in most of the business
organizations. Generally, analytics can be regarded as game
changer within the marketing world. Marketing strategies were
normally realized with an increment of sales before the digital
age chipped in. Through the social media marketing, analytics
are more reliable which exhibit the reason behind customer’s

6. ability to create purchases.
Fields & Ziska (2016) in their book, Collective Creativity for
Responsible and Sustainable Business Practice, explains how
the social media have heightened creativity, analytics and future
of the marketing in any business organization. These two
authors views marketing without social media as to restrict the
access to data which they regard as pretty limited. They further
examine how social media has moldered creativity, analytics as
well as future of marketing which are the key parameters
towards the success of marketing in the whole world. Analytics
generally shows the strengths as well as the weaknesses of
market segments hence implementing a desirable marketing mix
which may be used to gain competitive advantage in the
respective business organization. Essentially, the social media
information has enhanced the business organizations the access
to actual buying behavior. This helps the business organization
communicate with the prospective customers as well as
perceiving to what they actually need (Sophia, 2017). Besides,
social media has facilitated the creation of ads. Therefore,
rather than creating the vague promises, the business
organization may facilitate on the specific ones hence
improving their marketing strategy.
Conclusion
From the above assessment, it is clear to conclude that the
business industry is niching down. This therefore calls for
digital equipment, detailed analytics as well as effective
marketing attribution which implicates that the business
organization can at last focus on the targeted persons. This
therefore shows the very many relevance of the social media
within the marketing world of the business setting. There is
therefore an essential need to focus on the social media while
concentrating on the key technics to involved on the marketing
strategy.

7. References
David Meerman Scott (2017), The New Rules of Marketing and
PR, How to Use Social Media, pp. 123.
Dechay Watts & Debbie Williams (2013), Brands in Glass
Houses, How to Embrace Transparency and Grow Your
Business, pp. 226.
Fields & Ziska (2016), Collective Creativity for Responsible
and Sustainable Business Practice, pp. 205.
Malik Shahzad Shabbir (2018), Social Media Marketing, pp.
623.
Pearl M. (2018), How Social Media Has Changed Marketing,
Social Media, pp. 156.
Sophia Dagnon (2017), How Social Media Changed the
Marketing World Forever, pp. 312.