2. Sociometry
The word sociometry comes from LATIN word SOCIOUS-
partner/friend/campanion & METRUM- measure.
MORENO - coined the term and conducted 1st sociometric study
from 1932 to 1938 at NEWYORK.
SOCIOMETRY- it is a technique which measures the social
relationships among the individuals in a group (kothari,1996).
- it is the study of inerpersonal relationships between people in
a group.
- it is a quantitative method for measuring social
relationships.
3. Franz defines sociometry as “a method used for the discovery and
manipulation of social configurations by measuring the attractions
and repulsions between individuals in a group”.
Sociometry is a quantitative method for measuring social
relationships.
The measurement of social interaction is termed Sociometry.
Sociometry is based on the fact that people make choices in
interpersonal relationships.
Whenever people gather, they make choices:- where to sit or stand;
choices about who is perceived as friendly and who not, who is
central to the group, who is rejected, who is isolated.
Sociometry
4. Jacob Levy Moreno coined the term Sociometry and conducted the
first long-range sociometric study from 1932-38 at the New York
State Training School for Girls in Hudson, New York.
Moreno defines sociometry as “the mathematical study of
psychological properties of populations, the experimental technique
of and the results obtained by application of quantitative methods”.
It is an empirical, phenomenological approach to the study of group
structure.
Sociometry
5. The study of the patterns of interrelations among
people in groups, and the process of their
measurement.
Way of mapping preferences among group members.
Reveal relation of individual to group.
Reveal(sub) structure of group.
Reveal role (s) played by members.
Predict amount / direction of interaction
Sociometry
6. Purpose of sociometry
The purpose of sociometry is to facilitate group task effectiveness
and satisfaction of participants by bringing about greater degrees
of mutuality amongst people and greater authenticity in
relationships.
Measurement of relatedness can be useful not only in the
assessment of behavior within groups, but also for interventions to
bring about positive change and for determining the extent of
change.
Sociometry can be a powerful tool for reducing conflict and
improving communication because it allows the group to see itself
objectively and to analyze its own dynamics.
It is also a powerful tool for assessing dynamics and development
in groups devoted to therapy or training.
It shows the patterns of how individuals associate with each other
when acting as a group toward a specified end or goal.
7. Purpose of sociometry
To learn the interaction & the structure of group.
To discover where exactly individual exists in the group.
To elicit social relationship & the organization type of group
through analyzing attitudes & optitudes of group members among
each other.
To identify subgroups, leaders & cliques of a group.
To obtain objective information about the real structure of a group
& group integrity.
8. Application of Sociometry
In sociology,
psychology,
extension,
communication,
marketing
Industry
Service & public sector etc….
10. Types of sociometry
Sociometry has two main branches: Research sociometry, and
Applied sociometry.
Research sociometry is action research with groups exploring
the socio-emotional networks of relationships using specified
criteria.
Example : – Who in this group do you want to sit beside you at
work?
– Who in the group do you go to for advice on a work
problem?
– Who in the group do you see providing satisfying
leadership in the pending project?
Sometimes called network explorations, research sociometry is
concerned with relational patterns in small (individual and
small group) and larger populations, such as organizations and
neighborhoods.
11. Applied sociometry utilize a range of methods to assist people
and groups review, expand and develop their existing psycho-
social networks of relationships.
Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their
application, greater spontaneity and creativity of both
individuals and groups.
Types of sociometry
12. Sociometric measurements can be used to study the type
of interaction and factors affecting the interaction.
It is also used to measure group characteristics- such as
cohesiveness, morale, bonding etc.
It can also be used to measure individual characteristics
such as leadership, aggressiveness, liberalism and
conservatism.
Any personality factor that is related to interpersonal
attraction can be measured sociometrically.
Sociometry provides a bird’s eye view of group structure
and at the same time indicates the degree of social
attraction possessed by members of the group.
Uses of sociometric techniques
13. Analysis of sociometric data
sociometric matrix ( sociomatrix)
Sociogram
sociometric indices
14. Sociometric matrics
a convenient method of tabulation of sociometric data.
Sociometrc matrix is the tabular representation of the social links.
data is arranged in the form of n*n matrix. And that matrix
interpretates the social group details.
easy method & better representation of data.
Sociometric matrix is a process that attracts individuals to each other or
which repels them, that flow of feeling of which the social atom and the
networks are apparantely composed.
Let us take a hypothetical group of 11 persons , designated as
A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I,J and K.
Each of them asked a question “ which 2 members of this group you like to
go for informaion and advice on improving livestock farming?”
Each of them had two choices, but they could reply for two , one or none.
The data are arranged in the form of a 11* 11 matrix showing choosers and
chosen.
15. C H O S E N
A B C D E F G H I J K
A - 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
C B 0 - 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
H C 0 0 - 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
O D 0 1 0 - 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
S E 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0
E F 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0
R G 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0
S H 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 - 0 0 0
I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 1 1
J 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 - 1
K 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 -
T 0 4 1 1 2 1 0 2 2 2 2
• B- received 4 choices in the
group. Means it choosen by 4
members.
• E,H,I,J & K – 2 choices each.
• D,C,F- 1 choice each.
• Sociomatrix provides us with
limited information about
members of the group.
17. QUESTION
Which among the group you would like to go to mam to persue her
not to take any more classes ( choice-1 , rejections – 0 )
S A J N K C
S 0 1 1 0 0 0
A 0 0 1 0 1 0
J 1 0 0 1 0 0
N 0 0 1 0 1 0
K 1 0 1 0 0 0
C 1 0 1 0 0 0
Sum 3 1 5 1 2 0
J is chosen with 5 choices, while C is not chosen at all
18. Sociogram
Sociogram is a diagrammetic representaion of the internal structure of
choices of the members of a group.
Sociograms are charts that depict the sociometric choices.
Sociograms are constructed to identify leaders and followers.
A sociogram can be drawn on the basis of many different criteria, social
relations, channels of influence, lines of communication etc.
A simple one way arrow is used to represent one way choice.
A double headed arrow is used to represent mutual or two way choice.
In case of no choice represented by no line exists.
In preparing sociogram- the individual who has got maximum choice is put
at the centre, follwed gradually by others who have received lesser no. of
choices, towards the periphery .
19.
20. Those points on a sociogram who have many choices are called
stars.
Those points in sociogram with no choices are called isolates.
Individuals who choose each other are known to have made a
mutual choice.
choice refers to individuals who choose someone but the choice is
not reciprocated is called one-way choice.
Cliques are groups of three or more people within a larger who all
choose each other/ mutual choice.
Sociogram
22. Sociogram
Smaller population or fewer choice group is very well represented .
It can tell the investigator only which person to choose and which
person to be reject for a particular purpose.
But, do not provide any reason for their accepting and rejection over
a period of time.
Sociogram may yield vary for the same group , for the same topic
over a lapse of time.
Choices in a group may be effected by certain factors like caste, age,
gender, prestige, and rivaleries etc….
23. For a deeper understanding of the sociometric choices it is necessary
to compute some indices, these are called sociometric indices.
One common index is the choice status of a person, which is obtained
by:
CS = ∑C / n-1
Where, CS = Choice status of the person
∑C = Sum of choices a person receives
n = number of persons in the group
for eg: choice status of B as per above example.
B=4/11-1= 0.40=40%.
the value of choice status is the direct index of an individuals
popularity in the group.
The value of choice status is the direct index of anidividual’s
popularity in the group. This is also known as sociometric status
index.
Sociometric indices
24. Group cohesiveness: Extent to which the members of a group find staying
together to be in mutual interest.
Group cohesiveness may be obtained by the formula
CO = ∑(i↔j)/ n(n-1)/2
Where, CO = group cohesiveness
∑(i↔j) = sum of mutual choices (mutual pairs)
n = number of persons in the group
for eg: from above example BH,BD,IJ,IK,KI,CF are mutual pairs .
group cohesiveness shall be CO= 6/[11(11-1)/2]=6/55=11%.
However group cohesiveness of the clique represented by I,J &K shall be
follows:
cohesiveness of clique=3/[3(3-1)/2]=1 or 100 %.
is completely cohesive and for social action it is treated as a singular body.
Sociometric indices
25. Social compatibility index : It represents the long-
term interaction between two or more individuals in terms of the ease and
comfort of communication.
Social compatibility index is determined by the number of mutual choices
(pairs), divided by the one less than the group size.
Social compatibility index of the group= N/ n-1
Where, N = number of mutual choices (pairs)
n = group size
social compatibility index of the group= 6/11-1=0.06=60%
Sociometric indices
26. emotional expansiveness is determined by the amount of utilization
of available choices, expressed in percentage.
in the present eg., the sum total of choices made was 17 and the
choices available was 22.
Emotional expansiveness of the group = 17/22*100 = 77%
Sociometric indices
27. Importance of sociometry
It enables us to learn about the group dynamics and evaluate
socialization levels of students after some social activities and
their effect on reaching the intended goal.
It helps school administration, teachers and counselling
department by providing information about the general structure
and the social relationship of the group.
It helps in preparing social plans and programmes to develop
social groups in a better way and to find solutions to the
problems.
After applying these regulations, groups can be reconstructed to
increase efficiency in their performance.
Sociometry also gives us a chance to identify the
distance/closeness of the group members with each other and the
interaction among them.
