This document discusses viral encephalitis and provides examples of imaging findings. It begins with an overview of virus structure and taxonomy. It then focuses on specific neurotropic viruses like herpesviruses. For HSV-1, imaging may show temporal and frontal lobe lesions and hemorrhage. HSV-2 commonly causes neonatal encephalitis seen as white matter abnormalities. VZV can cause meningoencephalitis, vasculitis, and leukoencephalopathy. EBV occasionally causes non-specific cortical or deep nuclei abnormalities. Overall, the document examines viral encephalitis from multiple angles including virus properties, neuroanatomy, and characteristic imaging patterns.
Meningitis is an infection of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis or viruses. Symptoms include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics, steroids, and IV fluids. People remain contagious until 24-48 hours after antibiotics. Vaccines prevent certain bacterial causes.
1. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. It can affect the brain tissue itself as well as the meninges.
2. The most common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures and altered mental status. In newborns and infants, symptoms may be more subtle like irritability, poor feeding, or bulging fontanelles.
3. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid, imaging like MRI or CT scan of the brain, and testing to identify the causal virus. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications when indicated. Outcomes depend on the severity and underlying cause, but most children fully recover.
- The document summarizes a presentation on viral encephalitis given by Dr. Lucy Strens.
- It discusses the causes, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of viral encephalitis, with a focus on Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 encephalitis.
- Key points include that HSV-1 is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in developed countries. Clinical presentation typically includes fever, headache, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture for CSF analysis and viral PCR testing. Treatment is with intravenous aciclovir. Prognosis is poor if untreated but mortality can be reduced with antiviral treatment.
This document summarizes viral encephalitis, including common causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses how acute febrile illness with altered consciousness can be caused by viruses that infect the brain. While clinical presentation alone cannot reliably distinguish virus type, lab tests like CSF examination and PCR can identify pathogens like HSV, VZV, EBV, arboviruses, and Naegleria fowleri amoeba. MRI may show lesions and EEG periodic sharp waves. Treatment involves supportive ICU care, antivirals like acyclovir for HSV, and longer courses if PCR remains positive. Differential diagnosis considers conditions like rabies and fungal/paras
1) Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. Children, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems are most at risk.
2) Diagnosis involves imaging tests like MRI and CT scans to view brain inflammation, as well as tests of cerebrospinal fluid and blood to identify potential viral causes.
3) Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the inflammation. Supportive care aims to help the body fight infection, while antiviral drugs may be given if a viral cause is identified.
This document discusses encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. It defines encephalitis as an acute inflammatory process involving brain tissue. Japanese encephalitis is a leading viral cause of encephalitis in Asia, primarily affecting children under 15. It is transmitted via mosquitoes and has an incubation period of 5-15 days. Symptoms include high fever, headache, vomiting and altered mental status.
This document discusses viral encephalitis, including causes, presentation, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. It defines key terms like encephalitis, encephalopathy, and meningitis. Common causes of viral encephalitis are herpes viruses, enteroviruses, and paramyxoviruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the most common cause in developed countries. Clinical presentation typically includes fever, headache, altered mental status, and seizures. Investigations may include MRI, EEG, and lumbar puncture. Prognosis depends on the virus but untreated herpes simplex encephalitis has a mortality over 70% and most survivors have neurological sequelae.
This document discusses viral encephalitis and provides examples of imaging findings. It begins with an overview of virus structure and taxonomy. It then focuses on specific neurotropic viruses like herpesviruses. For HSV-1, imaging may show temporal and frontal lobe lesions and hemorrhage. HSV-2 commonly causes neonatal encephalitis seen as white matter abnormalities. VZV can cause meningoencephalitis, vasculitis, and leukoencephalopathy. EBV occasionally causes non-specific cortical or deep nuclei abnormalities. Overall, the document examines viral encephalitis from multiple angles including virus properties, neuroanatomy, and characteristic imaging patterns.
Meningitis is an infection of the meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It can be caused by bacteria like Neisseria meningitidis or viruses. Symptoms include headache, fever, and nuchal rigidity. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and imaging. Treatment involves antibiotics, steroids, and IV fluids. People remain contagious until 24-48 hours after antibiotics. Vaccines prevent certain bacterial causes.
1. Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. It can affect the brain tissue itself as well as the meninges.
2. The most common symptoms include fever, headache, confusion, seizures and altered mental status. In newborns and infants, symptoms may be more subtle like irritability, poor feeding, or bulging fontanelles.
3. Diagnosis involves examination of cerebrospinal fluid, imaging like MRI or CT scan of the brain, and testing to identify the causal virus. Treatment focuses on supportive care and antiviral medications when indicated. Outcomes depend on the severity and underlying cause, but most children fully recover.
- The document summarizes a presentation on viral encephalitis given by Dr. Lucy Strens.
- It discusses the causes, clinical presentation, investigations, and management of viral encephalitis, with a focus on Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 encephalitis.
- Key points include that HSV-1 is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in developed countries. Clinical presentation typically includes fever, headache, and altered mental status. Diagnosis involves MRI, lumbar puncture for CSF analysis and viral PCR testing. Treatment is with intravenous aciclovir. Prognosis is poor if untreated but mortality can be reduced with antiviral treatment.
This document summarizes viral encephalitis, including common causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic tests, differential diagnosis, and treatment. It discusses how acute febrile illness with altered consciousness can be caused by viruses that infect the brain. While clinical presentation alone cannot reliably distinguish virus type, lab tests like CSF examination and PCR can identify pathogens like HSV, VZV, EBV, arboviruses, and Naegleria fowleri amoeba. MRI may show lesions and EEG periodic sharp waves. Treatment involves supportive ICU care, antivirals like acyclovir for HSV, and longer courses if PCR remains positive. Differential diagnosis considers conditions like rabies and fungal/paras
1) Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of the brain that is usually caused by a viral infection. Children, the elderly, and those with weak immune systems are most at risk.
2) Diagnosis involves imaging tests like MRI and CT scans to view brain inflammation, as well as tests of cerebrospinal fluid and blood to identify potential viral causes.
3) Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the inflammation. Supportive care aims to help the body fight infection, while antiviral drugs may be given if a viral cause is identified.
This document discusses encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis. It defines encephalitis as an acute inflammatory process involving brain tissue. Japanese encephalitis is a leading viral cause of encephalitis in Asia, primarily affecting children under 15. It is transmitted via mosquitoes and has an incubation period of 5-15 days. Symptoms include high fever, headache, vomiting and altered mental status.
This document discusses viral encephalitis, including causes, presentation, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. It defines key terms like encephalitis, encephalopathy, and meningitis. Common causes of viral encephalitis are herpes viruses, enteroviruses, and paramyxoviruses. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is the most common cause in developed countries. Clinical presentation typically includes fever, headache, altered mental status, and seizures. Investigations may include MRI, EEG, and lumbar puncture. Prognosis depends on the virus but untreated herpes simplex encephalitis has a mortality over 70% and most survivors have neurological sequelae.
This document discusses the need for a paradigm shift in nursing research. It notes that while efforts have been made to promote evidence-based nursing, there remains a gap between research findings and clinical practice. The document outlines different research paradigms and factors that can drive paradigm shifts, such as technological advances. It argues that paradigm shifts are important for developing up-to-date knowledge and meeting human and social needs. Some examples of potential paradigm shifts in clinical nursing after COVID-19 include increased telehealth, home-based care, and focus on infection prevention and digital health technologies.
This document provides an overview of an autobiographical book written by Dr. Rordzor Dhital describing his life journey from childhood to the present. The book details his upbringing, family background, educational experiences, career struggles and successes as a medical professional. It is intended to inspire youth by sharing his challenges and perseverance in achieving his goals through hard work and dedication.
This dissertation examines home-based care for people living with AIDS in rural Nepal. The study had two parts: 1) Analyzing aspects of home-based care through interviews with 125 caregivers of people with AIDS, case studies of 14 people with AIDS, and focus groups/key informant interviews. 2) Implementing an 8-week education intervention program on home-based care and evaluating its impact using pre- and post-testing. The study found many caregivers lacked training and knowledge. Caregiving was burdensome and affected caregivers' health, social life, and finances. The education program significantly improved caregivers' knowledge and outcomes related to caregiving.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and enhance cognitive function. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for significant health benefits.
This dissertation examines home-based care for people living with AIDS in rural Nepal. The study had two parts: 1) Analyzing aspects of home-based care for 125 caregivers of people with AIDS through interviews, case studies, and focus groups. 2) Implementing an 8-week education intervention program on home-based care and evaluating its impact using pre- and post-testing. The study found many caregivers lacked training and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Caregivers reported high burdens and many faced health issues, social problems, and financial difficulties due to caregiving. The education program significantly improved caregivers' knowledge and preparedness for home-based care.
This document provides an overview of pancreatitis including:
- Defining pancreatitis and describing the types as acute or chronic.
- Stating the common causes as biliary disease, alcohol, ERCP, trauma, and drugs.
- Explaining the pathophysiology as premature activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas causing autodigestion.
- Identifying clinical manifestations such as abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and diagnostic tests including blood tests and imaging.
- Describing the management of fluid resuscitation, pain control, nutritional support, and antibiotics as well as surgical interventions for complications.
This document provides an overview of 12-lead EKG interpretation. It describes the normal P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and QT interval. It discusses abnormalities such as bundle branch blocks and signs of myocardial infarction including ST elevation, T wave inversion, and Q waves. Lead placement and determining the cardiac axis are also covered. The document outlines coronary anatomy and describes common infarction locations such as inferior, anterior, and lateral walls.
This document discusses patients' rights and advocacy in nursing. It outlines various patients' bills of rights which guarantee patients access to information, treatment, and medical decision making. Specific rights mentioned include the right to privacy, informed consent, and making complaints. The role of nurses as advocates who help patients understand and exercise their rights is described. Nurses act as advocates by developing relationships with patients and making decisions with them. They may also be whistleblowers by calling attention to unethical or illegal actions. The document is authored by Prof. Dr. Ram Sharan Mehta on the topics of patient rights and advocacy in nursing.
This document discusses various legal aspects related to nursing practice, including medico-legal issues, terminology, common medico-legal cases, torts, and legal safeguards for nurses. It provides definitions for terms like bill, law, constitution, negligence, and malpractice. It also outlines legal provisions in Nepal, common medico-legal cases seen in hospitals, intentional and unintentional torts, the functions of law in nursing, potential legal issues nurses may face, and the legal processes followed for medico-legal cases in hospitals.
This document discusses ethics and values in nursing. It defines ethics as concerning right and wrong based on knowledge rather than just principles. It also defines morals as private standards of right and wrong, while ethics reflect commitments beyond personal preferences. The document outlines ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. It discusses how a code of ethics provides guidance for decision making and lists primary nursing values. Finally, it provides steps for processing an ethical dilemma in nursing practice.
The document outlines the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics, which provides ethical guidance for nurses. It discusses four main sections - Nurses and Patients/People Requiring Care, Nurses and Practice, Nurses and the Profession, and Nurses and Global Health. Each section contains a number of points that define ethical nursing responsibilities in those areas. For example, section one emphasizes person-centered care and maintaining patient dignity, while section two stresses nurse accountability and maintaining competence through continuous learning. The full code aims to establish standards and accountability for ethical nursing practice globally.
This document appears to be a presentation by Prof. Dr. RS Mehta about his 23 year history working in ERH & BPKIHS from 2048-2071. It includes some pictures from his time there and lists him as a participant and resource person for a Research Methodology Training from March 3-7, 2013. It also mentions an HBC session and thanks Robert from CGH Singapore for an example of innovations and development.
The document discusses Singapore and Chengi General Hospital (CGH). It provides details about Singapore, noting its cleanliness, security, and transportation services. It then summarizes information about CGH, an 800-bed government-funded hospital in Singapore. Key details about CGH include its facilities, staff of 2000 including 1200 nurses, nurse to patient ratio of 1:6, and services like home care teams and celebration of special days for patients. The document also compares CGH to BPKIHS hospital in some aspects like bed numbers and duration of establishment, but notes CGH provides better quality and services.
This document summarizes international visits by Prof. Dr. Ram Sharan Mehta between 2000 and 2022. It lists visits to various cities in India as well as other countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia. The visits involved presentations on healthcare topics. The document concludes by thanking the audience.
This document provides an overview of an autobiographical book written by Dr. Rajendra Dhakal titled "From Birth to Retirement". The book describes key events and experiences from the author's life, from childhood through his professional career as a medical doctor. It covers his upbringing in rural Nepal, education journey, career experiences including hardships faced, professional achievements, and reflections on life lessons learned. The author hopes the book will inspire youth to work hard through perseverance despite challenges.
This document discusses patients' rights in healthcare. It begins by defining a patient's bill of rights as a list of guarantees for those receiving medical care, including the right to information, fair treatment, and autonomy over decisions. The document then outlines specific rights in more detail, such as the right to receive respectful and safe care, provide informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, refuse treatment, and make complaints. It discusses patients' rights during medication and treatment. Overall, the document aims to clearly define the rights and protections that should be afforded to all patients.
This document discusses various legal aspects related to nursing practice, including medico-legal issues and cases. It defines key terminology like tort, negligence, malpractice. Common medico-legal cases involve deliberate self-harm, accidents, and criminal cases. Nurses must properly document and handle medico-legal cases, obtain informed consent, and understand their legal duties and liabilities to practice safely and avoid litigation. Maintaining standards of care, competence, and keeping accurate records are important legal safeguards for nurses.
The document outlines the International Council of Nurses' (ICN) Code of Ethics for nurses. It discusses four main sections of the code: 1) Nurses and patients or other people requiring care or services, 2) Nurses and practice, 3) Nurses and the profession, and 4) Nurses and global health. For each section, it lists the guiding principles that nurses should uphold in their relationships with patients, in their nursing practice and professional responsibilities, and in promoting global health as a human right. The code aims to define ethical nursing practice and decision-making to meet high professional standards.
1. The document discusses ethics and values in nursing, defining key terms like ethics, morals, and values. It outlines ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, and beneficence.
2. Six standards of nursing practice are discussed, including accountability, continuing competence, and professional relationships. Methods of ethical decision making and processing ethical dilemmas are also presented.
3. Primary values for ethical nursing practice are outlined, including providing safe care, maintaining privacy, and promoting justice. The relationship between ethics, values, and the nursing code of ethics is explored.
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This document discusses the need for a paradigm shift in nursing research. It notes that while efforts have been made to promote evidence-based nursing, there remains a gap between research findings and clinical practice. The document outlines different research paradigms and factors that can drive paradigm shifts, such as technological advances. It argues that paradigm shifts are important for developing up-to-date knowledge and meeting human and social needs. Some examples of potential paradigm shifts in clinical nursing after COVID-19 include increased telehealth, home-based care, and focus on infection prevention and digital health technologies.
This document provides an overview of an autobiographical book written by Dr. Rordzor Dhital describing his life journey from childhood to the present. The book details his upbringing, family background, educational experiences, career struggles and successes as a medical professional. It is intended to inspire youth by sharing his challenges and perseverance in achieving his goals through hard work and dedication.
This dissertation examines home-based care for people living with AIDS in rural Nepal. The study had two parts: 1) Analyzing aspects of home-based care through interviews with 125 caregivers of people with AIDS, case studies of 14 people with AIDS, and focus groups/key informant interviews. 2) Implementing an 8-week education intervention program on home-based care and evaluating its impact using pre- and post-testing. The study found many caregivers lacked training and knowledge. Caregiving was burdensome and affected caregivers' health, social life, and finances. The education program significantly improved caregivers' knowledge and outcomes related to caregiving.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for both physical and mental health. Regular exercise can improve cardiovascular health, reduce stress and anxiety, boost mood, and enhance cognitive function. Staying physically active for at least 30 minutes each day is recommended for significant health benefits.
This dissertation examines home-based care for people living with AIDS in rural Nepal. The study had two parts: 1) Analyzing aspects of home-based care for 125 caregivers of people with AIDS through interviews, case studies, and focus groups. 2) Implementing an 8-week education intervention program on home-based care and evaluating its impact using pre- and post-testing. The study found many caregivers lacked training and knowledge about HIV/AIDS. Caregivers reported high burdens and many faced health issues, social problems, and financial difficulties due to caregiving. The education program significantly improved caregivers' knowledge and preparedness for home-based care.
This document provides an overview of pancreatitis including:
- Defining pancreatitis and describing the types as acute or chronic.
- Stating the common causes as biliary disease, alcohol, ERCP, trauma, and drugs.
- Explaining the pathophysiology as premature activation of digestive enzymes in the pancreas causing autodigestion.
- Identifying clinical manifestations such as abdominal pain, nausea, fever, and diagnostic tests including blood tests and imaging.
- Describing the management of fluid resuscitation, pain control, nutritional support, and antibiotics as well as surgical interventions for complications.
This document provides an overview of 12-lead EKG interpretation. It describes the normal P wave, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and QT interval. It discusses abnormalities such as bundle branch blocks and signs of myocardial infarction including ST elevation, T wave inversion, and Q waves. Lead placement and determining the cardiac axis are also covered. The document outlines coronary anatomy and describes common infarction locations such as inferior, anterior, and lateral walls.
This document discusses patients' rights and advocacy in nursing. It outlines various patients' bills of rights which guarantee patients access to information, treatment, and medical decision making. Specific rights mentioned include the right to privacy, informed consent, and making complaints. The role of nurses as advocates who help patients understand and exercise their rights is described. Nurses act as advocates by developing relationships with patients and making decisions with them. They may also be whistleblowers by calling attention to unethical or illegal actions. The document is authored by Prof. Dr. Ram Sharan Mehta on the topics of patient rights and advocacy in nursing.
This document discusses various legal aspects related to nursing practice, including medico-legal issues, terminology, common medico-legal cases, torts, and legal safeguards for nurses. It provides definitions for terms like bill, law, constitution, negligence, and malpractice. It also outlines legal provisions in Nepal, common medico-legal cases seen in hospitals, intentional and unintentional torts, the functions of law in nursing, potential legal issues nurses may face, and the legal processes followed for medico-legal cases in hospitals.
This document discusses ethics and values in nursing. It defines ethics as concerning right and wrong based on knowledge rather than just principles. It also defines morals as private standards of right and wrong, while ethics reflect commitments beyond personal preferences. The document outlines ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, beneficence, and justice. It discusses how a code of ethics provides guidance for decision making and lists primary nursing values. Finally, it provides steps for processing an ethical dilemma in nursing practice.
The document outlines the International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of Ethics, which provides ethical guidance for nurses. It discusses four main sections - Nurses and Patients/People Requiring Care, Nurses and Practice, Nurses and the Profession, and Nurses and Global Health. Each section contains a number of points that define ethical nursing responsibilities in those areas. For example, section one emphasizes person-centered care and maintaining patient dignity, while section two stresses nurse accountability and maintaining competence through continuous learning. The full code aims to establish standards and accountability for ethical nursing practice globally.
This document appears to be a presentation by Prof. Dr. RS Mehta about his 23 year history working in ERH & BPKIHS from 2048-2071. It includes some pictures from his time there and lists him as a participant and resource person for a Research Methodology Training from March 3-7, 2013. It also mentions an HBC session and thanks Robert from CGH Singapore for an example of innovations and development.
The document discusses Singapore and Chengi General Hospital (CGH). It provides details about Singapore, noting its cleanliness, security, and transportation services. It then summarizes information about CGH, an 800-bed government-funded hospital in Singapore. Key details about CGH include its facilities, staff of 2000 including 1200 nurses, nurse to patient ratio of 1:6, and services like home care teams and celebration of special days for patients. The document also compares CGH to BPKIHS hospital in some aspects like bed numbers and duration of establishment, but notes CGH provides better quality and services.
This document summarizes international visits by Prof. Dr. Ram Sharan Mehta between 2000 and 2022. It lists visits to various cities in India as well as other countries in Asia, Europe, North America, and Australia. The visits involved presentations on healthcare topics. The document concludes by thanking the audience.
This document provides an overview of an autobiographical book written by Dr. Rajendra Dhakal titled "From Birth to Retirement". The book describes key events and experiences from the author's life, from childhood through his professional career as a medical doctor. It covers his upbringing in rural Nepal, education journey, career experiences including hardships faced, professional achievements, and reflections on life lessons learned. The author hopes the book will inspire youth to work hard through perseverance despite challenges.
This document discusses patients' rights in healthcare. It begins by defining a patient's bill of rights as a list of guarantees for those receiving medical care, including the right to information, fair treatment, and autonomy over decisions. The document then outlines specific rights in more detail, such as the right to receive respectful and safe care, provide informed consent, privacy and confidentiality, refuse treatment, and make complaints. It discusses patients' rights during medication and treatment. Overall, the document aims to clearly define the rights and protections that should be afforded to all patients.
This document discusses various legal aspects related to nursing practice, including medico-legal issues and cases. It defines key terminology like tort, negligence, malpractice. Common medico-legal cases involve deliberate self-harm, accidents, and criminal cases. Nurses must properly document and handle medico-legal cases, obtain informed consent, and understand their legal duties and liabilities to practice safely and avoid litigation. Maintaining standards of care, competence, and keeping accurate records are important legal safeguards for nurses.
The document outlines the International Council of Nurses' (ICN) Code of Ethics for nurses. It discusses four main sections of the code: 1) Nurses and patients or other people requiring care or services, 2) Nurses and practice, 3) Nurses and the profession, and 4) Nurses and global health. For each section, it lists the guiding principles that nurses should uphold in their relationships with patients, in their nursing practice and professional responsibilities, and in promoting global health as a human right. The code aims to define ethical nursing practice and decision-making to meet high professional standards.
1. The document discusses ethics and values in nursing, defining key terms like ethics, morals, and values. It outlines ethical principles like autonomy, non-maleficence, and beneficence.
2. Six standards of nursing practice are discussed, including accountability, continuing competence, and professional relationships. Methods of ethical decision making and processing ethical dilemmas are also presented.
3. Primary values for ethical nursing practice are outlined, including providing safe care, maintaining privacy, and promoting justice. The relationship between ethics, values, and the nursing code of ethics is explored.
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