Annotated BibliographyList of Sources with Evaluation.docx

Annotated
Bibliography
List of Sources with Evaluation
What is an Annotated Bibliography?
• A list of citations to books, articles, and documents.
• Each citation is followed by a brief (about 150
words) descriptive and evaluative paragraph, the
annotation.
• The purpose of the annotation is to inform the
reader of the relevance, accuracy, and quality of the
sources cited.
Annotations vs. Abstracts
• Abstracts are the purely descriptive summaries found
at the beginning of scholarly journal articles or in
periodical indexes.
• Annotations are descriptive and critical; they expose
the author’s point of view, clarity appropriateness of
expression, and authority.

The Process
• Skills needed
• Concise exposition
• Succinct analysis
• Informed library research
• Locate and record citations to a variety of source
types that may contain useful information on your
issue.
The Process Cont’d.
• Briefly examine and review the actual items.
• Choose works that provide a variety of perspectives
on the issue.
• Cite the book, article, or document using MLA/APA
style.
• Write a concise annotation that summarizes the
central theme and scope of the book or article.
• Include one or more sentences that
• Evaluate the authority or background of the author.
• Comment on the intended audience.
• Compare or contrast this work with another you have

cited.
• Explain how this work illuminates your bibliography topic.
Critically Analyzing Sources
• Initial Appraisal
• Author
• What are the credentials-- instructional affiliation,
educational background, past writing, or experience?
• Has you seen or heard about this author in other places –
class, text, other sources?
• Is the author associated with a reputable institution?
• Date of Publication
• When was the source published
• Is the source current or out-of-date for your issue?
• Edition or Revision
• Is this the first edition of the publication?
• Further editions indicate revisions and updates were made in
knowledge, omissions corrected, and audience needs have
been addressed.
• Many printings can also mean the work has become a
standard.

• Publisher
• University press?
• Scholarly?
• Title of Journal
• Scholarly or popular?
• Scholarly are concerned with academic study, especially
research.
• Substantive is defined as having a solid base.
• Popular is fit for a large group of people.
• Sensational is defined as arousing or intending to arouse
strong interest.
• Content Analysis
• Intended Audience
• Objective Reasoning
• Fact, opinion, or propaganda?
• Valid and well-researched
• Arguments in line with other works on topic
• Author’s point of view objective and impartial
• Coverage
• Up-to-date

• Primary or secondary
• Writing Style
• Organized logically?
• Evaluative Reviews
• Are reviews positive?
• Do reviews agree on the value?
Sample Annotated Article in MLA
Goldscheider, Frances Kobrin, Linda J. Waite, and Christina
Witsberger.
"Nonfamily Living and the Erosion of Traditional Family
Orientations
Among Young Adults.“ American Sociological Review 51
(1986): 541-554.
Print.
Goldscheider, Waite, and Witsberger, researchers at the Rand
Corporation and
Brown University, use data from the National Longitudinal
Surveys of Young
Women and Young Men to test their hypothesis that nonfamily
living by young
adults alters their attitudes, values, plans, and expectations,
moving them away
from their belief in traditional sex roles. They find their
hypothesis strongly
supported in young females, while the effects were fewer in
studies of young

males. Increasing the time away from parents before marrying
increased
individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes in attitudes about
families. In
contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below shows no
significant gender
differences in sex role attitudes as a result of nonfamily living.
While Goldscheider, Waite, and Witsberger’s article is
becoming dated, it may
help support the role of the family on individual relationships
after marriage.
Sample Annotated Article in APA
Goldscheider, F. K., Waite, L. J., & Witsberger, C. (1986).
Nonfamily living
and the erosion of traditional family orientations among young
adults.
American Sociological Review, 51, 541-554.
Goldscheider, Waite, and Witsberger (1986), researchers at the
Rand
Corporation and Brown University, use data from the National
Longitudinal
Surveys of Young Women and Young Men to test their
hypothesis that
nonfamily living by young adults alters their attitudes, values,
plans, and
expectations, moving them away from their belief in traditional
sex roles. They
find their hypothesis strongly supported in young females, while
the effects were
fewer in studies of young males. Increasing the time away from
parents before

marrying increased individualism, self-sufficiency, and changes
in attitudes about
families. In contrast, an earlier study by Williams cited below
shows no
significant gender differences in sex role attitudes as a result of
nonfamily living.
While Goldscheider, Waite, and Witsberger’s (1986) article is
becoming dated, it
may help support the role of the family on individual
relationships after
marriage.
Rogerian Analysis
Rogerian = You Win and I Win
Rogerian argument establishes
common ground through shared
values and assumptions.
summarizing and restating the
opponent’s position.
Purpose

to bring together two opposing views
and show where/how they reach
common ground.
decisions can be made that all
parties can agree to.
Carl Rogers (1902--1987)
-
centered therapy in psychology and
clinical therapy situations.
n viewpoints believes “that
the most personal feelings are also
the most common and most likely to
be understood by others” (Mauk and
Metz 537).
Rogers’ Theory
tends to be pointed toward solving a
problem rather than toward
attacking a person or group” (qtd. in
Barnet and Bedau 455).

Uses for Rogerian
• Abortion
• Gun Control
• Death Penalty
• Stem Cell Research/Cloning
or more views are in
conflict
Emphasis
emotional arguments
• Pathos and ethos emphasized more
than logos and strict logic
Disadvantages of Rogerian
common ground
n
opponent.
views – a risk to many people.

Advantages to Rogerian
en power relationships
argument is
• Nonconfrontational, collegial, and friendly
• Seeks some degree of assent rather than
convince utterly.
Rogerian Strategy
understood
believes the reader's position to be
valid
the writer share certain moral
qualities (Writing Commons)
The Process
• Introduce the issue and state the

opposing position in order to show that
you understand it.
positions
• Where and under what circumstances is
the opposing view valid?
position is valid.
would be strengthened if elements
from your position were added.
or reconciliation.
Rogerian Essay
e using the issue you started
with the Classical
instructor

1,200-1,500 words PLUS Works
Cited
required
Getting Started
ng a summary of the
opposing position – the author’s.
• If you can summarize the opposing position,
you exhibit your understanding of the stance.
must be sure you understand both
positions – clearly.
Write
in the article chosen. Describe when the
position might work or be accepted.
• Imagine the article’s author is a member of
your audience.
• Show that you “heard” the author

acceptable.
Documentation
Cited/References page per MLA or
APA rules
u must properly cite in your essay
• Remember, sloppy documentation is
plagiarism.
Borden 1
Tammy Borden
Lucinda Ligget
ENGL 112-20
Final Position Paper
Pornography in Relationships
Most people have an immediate response to the word
PORNOGRAPHY. Some are
disgusted or embarrassed, while others are ambivalent, curious,

or even sexually aroused.
Pornography usually elicits a strong response when people are
asked about this controversial
subject. Since it affects people of all age, gender, class, and
position in American society, there
are few who do not have an opinion on the subject. While some
pastors and experts completely
oppose pornography in every situation, others think it is
harmless for all or think it has its place
in committed relationships. There will always be those that
strongly oppose pornography,
however kept in the right context and shared in an open and
honest relationship, pornography can
be a positive aspect of a relationship and an enhancement to
sexual intimacy.
While pornography can be damaging to a relationship if not
kept in the right context, it
can be a fun and exciting aspect of a relationship when dealt
with in an open and honest way. I
have been happily married for twenty years and my husband and
I have a deep respect for one
another and still enjoy a fulfilling intimate relationship. As a
couple, we enjoy watching
pornography together on occasion. We have openly discussed

the issue, respect each other’s
opinions, and only view pornography together. We have found
it to be a positive aspect of our
intimate relationship and have not had any negative experiences
because of it. This is only
possible because we both agree that watching pornography is
acceptable, have agreed on what
types of pornography to watch, respect the boundaries we have
set, and continue to communicate
Borden 2
with each other on an ongoing basis. Not only have I seen this
to be true in my own marriage,
but in an interview with Jeff Reynolds and Carla Reynolds both
expressed the mutual enjoyment
and sexual fulfillment they get from viewing pornography
together. They feel that this is right
for their marriage because they agree on the issue. If at any
time either of them becomes
uncomfortable with pornography, they would stop watching it
all together. They believe that the
solidarity of their views is what makes pornography a positive
aspect of their relationship rather

than a negative one (Reynolds and Reynolds).
Some experts agree that couples watching pornography together
can be good for their
relationships. Stacey Nelkin is an actress and the co-author of
You Can’t Afford to Break Up:
How an Empty Wallet and a Dirty Mind Can Save Your
Relationship. She is a relationship and
parenting expert and blogs for the website The Daily Affair. In
an article titled, “5 Reasons Why
Watching Porn Together Can Be Good For Your Relationship”
Nelkin addresses the myth that
pornography is destructive to relationships. She states that
instead of women being threatened
by their partner’s preference for porn, they should share in the
experience with him, creating a
sexual connection and mutually fulfilling experience. Nelkin
provides five reasons why she
believes pornography can actually be a positive aspect of a
relationship. The first reason is that it
creates a shared experience, which is an investment in the long
term intimacy of the relationship.
The second reason is that pornography allows partners to more
openly express their secret
fantasies. Some people might be more reserved about bringing

up a sexual fantasy with their
partner, but would be able to express these fantasies through the
pornography they choose or the
open sexual communication that pornography creates. Also,
pornography can introduce partners
to new experiences that they did not even realize was a fantasy,
but is discovered together
through porn. Nelkin’s third reason for pornography being a
good thing is that it gets each
Borden 3
partner excited faster and is part of foreplay. In this busy world
where everyone is rushing from
one commitment to another, partners might need to expedite
their intimate moments. Porn helps
get things moving quicker and allows couples to enjoy each
other in the few stolen moments they
have together. The fourth positive aspect of pornography is that
it helps people be comfortable
with the fact that their partner can be attracted to another
person without it threatening the
relationship. It is ok to become aroused by another person and
can even strengthen the

relationship when partners share in the external arousal
experience. Nelkin’s final reason for
pornography being good for relationships is that it may actually
lessen the possibility of one
partner acting out on sexual desires in the form of adultery. If
all the sexual needs and fantasies
are fulfilled with the committed partner then there is no need to
look elsewhere for sexual
fulfillment and excitement (Nelkin).
Choosing to view pornography together can build strong bonds
and help partners enjoy a
long, satisfying, and healthy sexual relationship. The key to
whether pornography is a positive
or negative force in a relationship is that both partners find it
exciting, enjoyable, and beneficial.
This means that not only does the man have to enjoy
pornography, but the woman as well.
Most people are not surprised to hear a man state that he enjoys
watching pornography,
but that is not the case for the perception toward women
viewing it. In general, men watch
pornography more than women and are more open about the
subject. Because of the social
stereotypes, women are less likely to be as open about their

views on the subject. However,
there are many women who have a positive attitude toward porn
and believe that watching
pornography is a mutually enjoyable activity that actually
increases rather than decreases
intimacy. In an article from the United Kingdom’s Daily Mail,
author Katy Winter cites a survey
conducted in 2013. The survey revealed that ninety-six percent
of women have watched
Borden 4
pornography with a partner and over half watch it on their own.
Fifty-five percent of those
surveyed said they view pornography on a monthly basis, with
forty percent of those women
viewing it weekly and nine percent viewing it daily. Fifty-eight
percent of the women surveyed
claimed pornography had a positive effect on their sexual
relationship and twenty-three percent
said it brought them closer together with their partner. Winter
states, “While the new
generations sexually liberated women are embracing porn as
part of their own sexuality, they are

also more open to sharing it with their partner.” Even though
pornography still seems to be a
taboo subject for women, this survey suggests that even though
it is not discussed as openly as
with men, women are enjoying pornography and are seeing
positive results in their relationships.
Viewing pornography together when both partners enjoy the
experience can be a positive
aspect of a relationship, however it can only be positive if the
decision is consensual. When
either partner is not comfortable with pornography or is against
pornography, it should be off
limits in the relationship. When one person chooses to view
pornography against the wishes of
their partner or views it in secret, then it becomes a destructive
force in a relationship. This not
only destroys the trust in a relationship but it also drives a
wedge between the couple sexually.
One partner is receiving pleasure absent the other, and each
feels closed off from the other. In
an interview with Phillip Cuilty, he discussed how pornography
affected his marriage and what
his past and present views were on the subject. Cuilty was
married for ten years, but the

marriage ended in divorce. During the marriage he asked his
wife to view pornography with him
on several occasions. Cuilty’s wife was disgusted by
pornography and refused to view it and
told him she did not want him viewing it either. At that time
Cuilty did not see anything wrong
with pornography and thought his wife was being unreasonable.
He began watching
pornography behind his wife’s back and continued undetected
for several years. When his wife
Borden 5
discovered what he had been doing she felt betrayed and hurt.
She asked him repeatedly to stop,
but Cuilty continued viewing pornography thinking he could
somehow keep it from his wife.
Eventually, after repeated unsuccessful attempts to get Cuilty to
stop, his wife divorced him. He
said, at the time, he thought the pornography was harmless, but
now realizes that it destroyed his
marriage. He did not realize until it was too late how much it
hurt his wife and how bad it made
her feel. Cuilty sought counseling from his pastor and has since
rejected all forms of

pornography. He realizes now what a destructive vice
pornography really was because it was not
something he and his wife shared together (Cuilty).
While some believe that pornography’s effect on a relationship
depends on how both
partners feel about porn, there are those that believe
pornography is always wrong in a
relationship regardless of how each partner feels about the
subject. A great deal of the
opposition to pornography comes from the Christian
community. Some pastors believe
pornography poses a great threat to the moral fabric of this
country and that it is ripping apart
homes and families. Many Christian leaders are making it their
mission to combat this problem
and lead people away from the morally corrupt pornographic
industry.
Christianity teaches that pornography goes against the Bible’s
teachings about sexual
purity, and is therefore morally wrong and harmful to
marriages. In Hebrews it states, “Let
marriage be held in honor among all, and let the marriage bed
be undefiled, for God will judge

the sexually immoral and adulterous” (The MacArthur Study
Bible, Heb. 13.4). It is clear that
the Christian faith teaches that sexually immoral and adulterous
behavior is wrong, but what is
considered adulterous behavior? Adultery is defined by Jesus
when He states, “But I say to you
that everyone who looks at a woman with lustful intent has
already committed adultery with her
in his heart” (Mat. 5.28). Based on these scriptures, looking at
a woman with lust, even if on the
Borden 6
television or the Internet, is committing adultery and a morally
wrong thing to do. It is not just
the married people that the Bible addresses. Everyone is called
to be sexually pure. “For this is
the will of God, your sanctification: that you abstain from
sexual immorality; that each one of
you know how to control his own body in holiness and honor,
not in the passion of lust like the
Gentiles who do not know God” (1 The. 4:3-5). God calls on
everyone to be sexually pure and
having sexual relations with someone other than a spouse is
considered impure. “If a man

seduces a virgin who he is not betrothed and lies with her, he
shall give the bride-price for her
and make her his wife” (Exo. 22:16). Since the Bible considers
sex with someone other than a
spouse to be wrong, and in Matthew it is taught that looking
lustfully at a woman is the same as
actually having sex, then viewing pornography, whether a
person is married or single, is immoral
and wrong according to the Christian faith.
Pastors, based on the teachings of the Bible, believe that
pornography is morally wrong,
is committing adultery, and is destroying the family. While I
respect the Christian faith and the
teachings of the Bible, I disagree with the interpretation of the
Bible concerning what constitutes
adultery. If a man and woman view the pornographic material
together, in an open and honest
way, it can be an enriching aspect of sexual intimacy and not
adultery. Obviously, if one partner
views the pornography without the knowledge or consent of the
other then I would agree that
constitutes adultery and is morally wrong.
Not all opposition to pornography is faith based. Secular

experts on the subject cite
several reasons why they believe pornography is destructive. In
a journal article titled “The
Impact of Internet Pornography on Marriage and the Family,”
author Jill Manning states that
pornography can have a negative effect on how men view and
treat women. It can cause
callousness toward women, trivialize rape as a criminal offense,
distort the man’s perception
Borden 7
about sexuality, increase his desire for more deviant types of
pornography, and devalue the idea
of monogamy, marriage, and children. Research has shown that
men who view pornography on
a regular basis tend to be less satisfied with their partner’s
sexual performance, physical
appearance, level of affection, and willingness to be
adventurous and try new things. Manning
also states that men who view pornography tend to see women
as a sexual object, there to fulfill
their fantasies rather than seeing them as a loving partner who
has needs of her own. Women

feel used, devalued, and unfulfilled in their own sexual needs
because the men are not focusing
on them, but using them as a “warm body” to be a stand-in for
the porn actress. Overall, the
effects of pornography on the man/woman relationship seem to
be negative. However, Manning
does acknowledge that while these finding are disturbing and
shed light on how destructive
pornography can be, they may not be relevant when the
pornography is viewed in a mutual,
consensual, and open manner by a couple. While pornography
can be detrimental when men
view it on their own, it can actually be an enriching aspect of a
couple’s sexual relationship when
it is enjoyed together (Manning). By sharing in the sexual
experience and being active
participants in fulfilling each other’s fantasies, couples can
avoid the negative effects of
pornography and enjoy building a sexual bond based on mutual
respect and sexual fulfillment.
The impact on relationships is only one aspect of pornography
and there are many other
areas that could be looked at. My discussion is limited to how
pornography affects couples and

whether it is a positive or negative aspect of relationships.
There are other aspects of
pornography that I did not discuss, such as the effects of it on
teens, the increasing availability
due to technology, or the differences between soft core, regular,
and hard core pornography. I
also did not discuss the subject from the viewpoint of those
making the pornography or the
dangers and negative aspects of the industry.
Borden 8
Pornography is controversial for many reasons and it involves a
topic that few people are
comfortable discussing. But human beings are sexual creatures
and it is natural to explore that
aspect of our lives. When a couple decides to look outside of
their own sexual relationship for
pleasure, this causes many to question the morality and validity
of that decision. Most Christian
leaders oppose pornography based on the teachings of the Bible
on sexual purity. Some secular
experts see pornography as the cause for men devaluing woman
and woman feeling used and

unfulfilled. While I see the validity of both viewpoints and
agree with both on some levels, I do
not believe that pornography is always a negative aspect in a
relationship. I agree with the faith
based argument that it is adultery, but only if it is done in secret
and against the wishes of one of
the partners. If it is a consensual and mutual decision, then it is
not adultery. I also agree with
the secular view that pornography contributes to the devaluing
of woman. However, this is only
if the man is viewing the pornography on his own, and not the
case when both partners are
enjoying the pornography together as a mutually fulfilling
aspect of their sexual relationship. It
would be inaccurate to make a blanket statement that
pornography is either a negative or positive
aspect in all relationships. For some couples pornography is
destructive, especially if either
partner is not comfortable with the situation or if one partner
secretly view the pornography. For
other couples, pornography can be a positive, shared experience
that benefits both partners.
Viewing pornography should be an enhancement to a sexual
relationship and used to explore

fantasies and create sexual intimacy. Whether pornography is
positive or negative depends on
each individual couple. The key to success in any relationship
is communication. The subject of
pornography should be explored in an open and honest way,
with each partner’s views being
considered and respected. As long as both partners are in
agreement, whichever decision is
made is the right decision.
Borden 9
Works Cited
Cuilty, Phillip. Personal Interview. 14 Sep. 2013.
Manning, Jill C. "The Impact of Internet Pornography on
Marriage and the Family: A Review of
the Research." Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity 13.2/3 (2006):
131-165. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 12 Sep. 2013.
Nelkin, Stacey. “5 Reasons Why Watching Porn Together Can
Be Good For Your Relationship.”
Huff Post Weddings. The Huffington Post, 7 Mar. 2013. Web.
18 Nov. 2013.

Reynolds, Jeff, and Carla Reynolds. Personal Interview. 12 Sep.
2013.
The MacArthur Study Bible. Eng. Standard Vers. John
MacArthur, gen. ed. Wheaton, IL:
Crossway, 2010. Print.
Winter, Katy. “It’s Not Just Men Who Watch Porn!” Mail
Online [London]. Associated
Newspapers, 15 Nov. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2013.
ENGL 112 Rogerian Argument Paper Instructions
Carl Rogers as an influential American psychologist. During
his years as a psychologist, Rogers
believed compromise was a key component of effective
argument.
Topic: Using the topic selected and approved for the Topic
Proposal, write a Rogeian Argument
about your issue.
Do not select topics from the following list unless you have
permission from your instructor.
These topics fall into the following categories: too broad (you
will not write a book for this class),
the topic is too current making reliable sources difficult to

obtain, or the instructor has seen the
issues too many times to read another paper on the issue.
Abortion Capital Punishment Censorship
Cell phone use while driving Child Abuse Eating disorders
Euthanasia Evolution Gun Control
Legalizing Marijuana Smoking Stem Cell Research
Objective: Once you have an issue, you will need to use
effective reasoning and specific
information to make your position convincing.
Review the argumentative techniques studied. Your objective is
reconcile two positions
allowing both positions to “win” the argument. You will need to
make clear for the reader your
reasons for the position you hold. Before finding a compromise,
it is important to show how both
views are valid. You will also need to show how each view
could be strengthened by adding
something from the other view.
Focus: The focus is on one position or perspective—your—but
you should clearly show the
compromise being made. Do not use first person “I” or second
person “you/your.”
Audience: The audience is appropriately identified stakeholders
interested in and affected by the
issue.
Organization and Development: Make sure the controlling ideas
presented in the paper are yours
and that all sources are clearly cited in the text of your essay.

Include a Works Cited/Reference
page and proper in-text citations for the documentation style per
your instructor’s requirements.
The Rogerian Argument Purpose: Help people with differing
opinions understand each other’s
views and reduce conflict. The key is to acknowledge the
discord between the two sides of an
issue and reach common ground. It is useful in psychological
and emotional arguments where
pathos (values & beliefs) and ethos (credibility) are
predominant.
1. Introduction:
a. State the problem to be resolved giving opposing views - be
objective, neutral, and
accurate.
b. State the issue as a question
2. Body:
a. Examine key points that support one side of the issue.
Acknowledge these differing
viewpoints have merit within particular contexts. Educate the
reader and verify that you,
as the arguer, understand the opposing view correctly. (cite
supporting evidence)
b. Examine the points that support an alternative (opposing)
position. This is the meat of the
paper. Explain the key evidence which supports the reasons you
have for choosing your

stance, while maintaining neutrality.
c. Find common ground. Achieve dialogue during the process
of discovery to establish trust.
The result is change for both sides. This step is essential for the
success of the Rogerian
method.
3. Conclusion:
a. Present a fair and concise summary of the strongest points
of both sides of the argument.
Craft a resolution that takes the best from both sides and offers
conformity. The solution
should satisfy all parties.
4. Works Cited/References page with a minimum of five
sources.
Length and Format: 1,200-1,500 words, plus Works Cited or
Reference page following MLA or
APA formatting guidelines both in the text and in the Works
Cited or Reference page per your
instructor’s guidelines.
Coherence: Show the connections between the evidence
presented and your claim.
Due dates: See the calendar for due dates.
Grading: Review the grade rubric to see how the instructor will
grade your essay.

Last Name 1
Sample of MLA Annotated Bibliography-this sample provides
students with an example of the Annotated Bibliography
content. It does not match MLA or APA format. Please consult
your assignment sheet.
Amir, Lisa H. “Social Theory and Infant Feeding.” Editorial.
International Breastfeeding Journal. BioMed Central Ltd, 2012.
Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
Lisa Amir’s article “Social Theory and Infant Feeding” details
just what it conveys, the overwhelming social opinion of breast-
feeding has a profound effect on its implementation. Amir
suggests using social scientist to employ the required effects to
change society’s opinion of breast-feeding from negative to a
positive and thus increase the rates of breast-feeding. By
exploring the studies of Lay knowledge (“or the meanings and
experiences influenced by the social circumstances in which
people live”) and the eating habits of different societies it is
determined how and why societies have different views about
what is normal accepted healthy practices. By understanding
why the stigma of breast-feeding occurs within a society, it then
can begin to change toward acceptance. Amir also portrays that
most women know breast-feeding is best but that knowledge
does not translate into action, breast-feedings is an ancient
practice that will forever be a part of our existence but moving
societies toward accepting and promoting its practice is yet to

come.
Amir’s editorial provides insight into a range of societies
breast-feeding practices and opinions; therefore I will use this
source to show how the controversy began, why it continues,
and possible signs of change.
“Breast-feeding.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
USA.gov, 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
<http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/government-in-
action/hhs-blueprints-and-policy-statements/index.cfm>.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has a
breast-feeding portion of their website that provides valuable
information regarding current statistics of breast-feeding as well
as the racial divide there seems to be concerning breast-feeding.
The CDC provides local and state intervention programs
regarding the support of a breast-feeding population and the
specifics required to close the racial gap concerning this issue.
When one clear choice can be made to affect the overall health
of an entire population, it would be unintelligent to employ its
effects; therefore the CDC is taking strides to improve breast-
feeding rates and subsequently lower the rate of many illnesses
and disease in this country. This website also includes when a
mother should not breast-feed as to ensure the best possible
health of her child, such as chemotherapy treatments, drug use,
HIV positive mothers and mothers with tuberculosis; the CDC is
concerned with promoting good health throughout the country
and while breast-feeding is best in most cases, there are a select
few that are better to use formula.
I will use this website to argue that encouraging the women who
are classified as healthy to breast-feed is a proved bonus to our
society and we must cross racial barriers to reach all mothers,
thus providing our society with stronger generations to come.

Gartner, Lawrence M. “Ethical Issues in Breast-Feeding
Support.” Lactation Matters. International Lactation Consultant
Association, 2012. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
<http://lactationmatters.org/2011/09/08/ethical-issues-in-
breastfeeding-support/>.
The Lactation Matters website provides a detailed lecture from
Dr. Lawrence Gartner entitled “Ethical Issues in Breast-Feeding
Support.” This work is geared toward the medical professionals
whom may allow companies to financially sway medical
facilities or professionals to support their brand or product
when it is known otherwise. Dr. Gartner continues on into the
ethical realm of what these slides in decision making really
employ, in the case of breast-feeding we (society) should be
working toward healthier goals and as medical professionals
only the best advice for mother and child should be given and
supported. Given coercion doesn’t come into play and the
mother makes the ultimate decision; Dr. Gartner deters from the
scenario of mentioning the fantastic elements of breast-feeding
and then sending the patient home with an array of free items
from the formula companies; formula companies that possibly
gave a large grant in your favor. The ethical practices of the
medical world play a huge role in the success of breast-feeding;
Dr. Gartner efforts graciously called the delicate issue of ethical
support of breast-feeding to the forefront.
I will use the discussion of Dr. Gartner to communicate the
importance of acceptance, support, and promotion of breast-
feeding beginning with the medical profession and continuing
through to the government level, the ethical bounds are the
same.

Olson, Elizabeth. “Massachusetts: Court Rules for Breast-
Feeding Test-Taker.” The New York Times [New York] 2012:
n. pag. Web. 5 Oct. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com>.
Elizabeth Olson reports in a news brief the decision of the
Massachusetts Supreme Court that breast-feeding mothers
should be afforded special accommodations when taking state
medical licensing exams. This ruling brought before the
Supreme Court by a Harvard Medical School student when she
was denied access during a state issued exam to retreat a private
room to express her milk. After the verdict was ruled in her
favor the courts decided “lactation is a sex-linked distinction
that is legally protected.”
I will use this short news brief to employ the argument for the
need of passing legislation to protect women’s breast-feeding
rights; this ruling could be another tipping point of forging
more breast-feeding friendly legislation.
Petit, William A., Jr., and Christine Adamec. “Breast-Feeding
and Diabetes.” The Encyclopedia of Diabetes. 2nd ed. N.p.:
n.p., n.d. N. pag. facts on File. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
<http://www.fofweb.com.bloomington.libproxy.ivytech.edu.allst
ate.libproxy.ivytech.edu/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE$*&SID=5
&iPin= ENDB0041&SingleRecord=True>.
In this work “Breast-feeding and Diabetes” by William Petit Jr.
and Christine Adamec, the benefits of breast-feeding for both
mother and child are clearly expressed through the medical
element of diabetes. Diabetes a disease plaguing our society of
adults and children alike, the studies show that breast-feeding

has a direct impact on the development of diabetes in breast-fed
children as well as medical benefits for the diabetic breast-
feeding mother. While a diabetic mother begins her delicate
balance of motherhood upon conception, breast-feeding hasn’t
always been encouraged for diabetic mothers because of the
delicate nature of the disease; however, now it is proved
diabetic mothers too will benefit and safe feeding procedures
are passed along to keep the mother’s glucose levels in range
before, during, and after feedings. The discovery of breast-milk
effects on diabetes is a big beginning step to rid societies of the
disease.
I will use Petit and Adamec’s work to argue the massive impact
on society breast-feeding can have, when improving the health
of the society as a whole the legislators should take notice of an
easy cost effective way to lower health care cost by simply
making breast-feeding a priority.
Pickert, Kate. “The Man Who Remade Motherhood.” Time
2012: 32-39. Print.
Kate Pickert has brought the topic of attachment parenting to
the forefront with her Time magazine cover title “Are You Mom
Enough”, showcasing her article “The Man Who Remade
Motherhood”a profile of Dr. Sears. Pickert reports the affects
of Dr.Sears popularization of attachment parenting style and the
controversy behind the movement. The article explains the
progression of a certain feminist appeal where women can
return to be the attentive mothers infants require; all the while
critics argue this attachment parenting guidelines is aimed at
returning women to the home and out of the workplace. While
few actually dispute the results of attachment parenting its
biggest controversy comes into play in the actual
implementation of the method, a method which leaves most
mothers feeling inadequate and allows no room for outside the
home engagements. While the dubbed “extreme” attachment

mothers do in fact carry out this practice, most mothers are
required to work outside the home and must settle for a lighter
approach. Breastfeeding is one of the main concepts of Dr.
Sears attachment parenting guidelines, not just the receiving of
breast-milk but receiving of the milk from the breast;
additionally this practice is continued into the toddler stage and
beyond. Pickert continues on to develop Dr. Sears reasoning
while deciphering through years of his research and
development of the topic, this allows for the long-term effects
of breastfeeding (from the breast) to be highlighted and while a
controversial method the medical evidence of receiving breast-
milk is rarely disputed.
This article by Pickert will allow me to effectively weigh the
many elements in the controversy of breastfeeding, with this
current spark of debate raging on we must understand while
attachment parenting is an extreme form of parenting; the
realization that true feminism rights must allow for women to
be mothers and CEOs alike, the door to the home for a mother is
constantly revolving.
Turkington, Carol, and Karen Krag. “Breast-Feeding and
Cancer.” The Encyclopedia of Breast Cancer. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N.
pag. Facts on File. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
<http://www.fofweb.com.bloomington.libproxy.ivytech.edu.allst
ate.libproxy.ivytech.edu/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE48&SID=5
&iPin= EBC0098&SingleRecord=True>.
Breast-feeding and Cancer written by Carol Turkington and
Karen Krag exposes us to the medical statistics that women who
breast-feed lower their risk for breast cancer. While the studies
for age of breast feeding and pre-menopausal versus post-
menopausal are still developing, the direct results of breast-
feeding reducing the breast cancer risk is considerable.
Turkington and Krag include the comparison of high developed
countries and developing countries, and that within developing

countries mothers are forced out of means to breast-feed and
breast-feed for a longer period of time as a result the occurrence
of breast cancer is considerably lower than that of women in
highly developed countries. This work continues to describe
breast-feeding recommendations as well as the length of breast
feeding, studies show women that breast feed longer (combining
times the breast-feeding of multiple children) for periods of 6
years or more drastically reduce their risk of breast cancer.
This work of Turkington and Krag will allow me to argue the
positive effects of breast-feeding not only from the baby’s
health perspective, but now also the mother’s health
perspective.
Wang, Shirley S. “A New Tactic to Encourage Mothers to
Breast-feed.” Wall Street Journal [New York] 1 May 2011: D1.
ProQuest LLC. Web. 1 Oct. 2012.
<http://search.proquest.com.bloomington.libproxy.ivytech.edu.a
llstate.libproxyaccountid=41070>.
In the Wall Street Journal article, Shirley Wang reports
breastfeeding rates are well below the public health goals of the
Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Therefore, hospitals
are being encouraged to change their practices to better
introduce mother and baby to solid breastfeeding habits,
beginning immediately after birth. Now hospitals are
understanding the importance of skin to skin bonding
immediately after birth between baby and mother, with the first
breast feeding occurring within a half hour of birth; a few
simple changes in delivery room procedure allows for this
crucial time to be spent between mother and baby before the
weighing and clean up begins. These seemingly small efforts
can ultimately decide the success or failure of continued
breastfeeding efforts. Wang continues to describe breast-
feeding habits that are developed early on in the hospital during
the first moments of life allow for more positive results

medically and socially, this form of nutrition requires much
more open information and discussion to become the common
practice of the majority of mothers.
I will use this article to develop the idea of society shifting its
opinion of breast-feeding due to informative beginning at the
hospital; if breast-feeding becomes the new normal the stigma
associated with it will decline.
“Womens Health Breast-Feeding.” Womens Health.gov. Ed.
Office of Womens Health. US Department of Health and Human
Services, n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2012.
<http://www.womenshealth.gov/breastfeeding/government-in-
action/hhs-blueprints-and-policy-statements/index.cfm>.
The government website for women’s health has an extensive
amount of information concerning breastfeeding issues. This
website contains information on workplace breast-feeding
programs as well as the massive importance of encouraging and
supporting breast-feeding our children for the betterment of
society. Additionally this site provides the Surgeon General’s
call to action regarding breast-feeding which lists the details of
the “Affordable Care Act” signed on March 23, 2010 which is a
part of the Fair Labor Standards act; this act states that any
employer must allow any nursing employee to take a break to
express breast-milk and also provide a private area (other than
the bathroom) for the employee to perform the act. The overall
content of this source, while government funded, is relatively
neutral in providing factual information surrounding the issues
of breast-feeding from tips and tricks to the extent of handling
breast-feeding in public or society as a whole. Again the
question of breast-feedings health advantages are not the issue,
on this most can agree however, the introduction of society’s
opinion make this issue an ever growing current topic.

I will use this website as a primary or secondary source to
solidify an argument for breast-feeding with additional
information from this credible source.

Annotated Bibliography #1Before beginning your Annotated
Bibliography #1 assignment, you must choose a topic for the
upcoming Classical Argument paper. In addition, the issue
selected for this assignment will be used for each of the
following assignments:· Annotated Bibliography #1· Annotated
Bibliography #2· Classical Argument Essay· Toulmin Argument
Essay· Rogerian Argument Essay
The following is a list of topics that students cannot use in this
class:
Abortion
Capital Punishment
Censorship
Cell phone use while driving
Child Abuse
Eating disorders
Euthanasia
Evolution
Gun Control
Legalizing Marijuana
Smoking
Stem Cell Research
One of the best places to start looking for a topic is the Ivy
Tech Community College library. You can access the library by
logging into Blackboard and clicking the LIBRARY tab at the
top of the page. On the next page, choose your home campus

location. Then, on the next page, click SEARCH & FIND, then
click ARTICLES. Scroll down until you see OPPOSING
VIEWPOINTS IN CONTEXT (part of GALE databases), and
click the link. In the menu bar, look on the right side for
BROWSE ISSUES. Scroll through the list to locate a topic of
interest. OPPOSING VIEWPOINTS is a great database filled
with articles on issues from multiple viewpoints. The database
can generate ideas and provide excellent material to argue
various positions. The Annotated Bibliography is an excellent
opportunity to explore various ideas and positions on the issue
in preparation for research. Selecting sources is a good first
step in research, but annotating the sources forces researchers to
read critically instead of just collecting information from a
source. Writing an annotated bibliography will help you learn
more about your topic. To write about the “heart of the
argument” in a given source, you have to fully understand the
argument presented. Writing an annotated bibliography will
also help you identify your thesis or claim for your later
argument papers. Evaluating multiple sources helps you gain
perspective about the issue and understand fully what the
argument is and who argues for or against the issue. Annotated
bibliographies are useful to other researchers. Select articles
and references carefully and be cautious when deciding what
articles and websites are appropriate for the issue. In an
argument, you must show both sides of the issue and therefore,
you will need sources to show how multiple sides views the
issue. Topic: Locate a minimum of five sources for your
annotated bibliography about the issue selected. Issues ideas
can be found in the news, in the community, on the job, in the
classroom, and so forth. Keep in mind that these sources may
or may not be the sources you ultimately use for your papers.
Make sure the sources have been selected from a variety of
source types (printed articles not available online, articles from
the Web [be cautious about using these as ANYONE can put
ANYTHING online and call it fact (do not use Wikipedia or
encyclopedias], websites, books, magazines, academic journals

[excellent source – check the PEER REVIEWED search criteria
for Virtual Library databases to limit the search to Professional
and Academic journals]), and so forth. At least three different
source types should be used (i.e. newspaper, journal, magazine,
organization, book, and so forth).
After deciding on the five sources read and analyze them and
take extensive notes. For long articles or books, use skimming
techniques to extract the important sections. Use the table of
contents, chapter headings, and the index or bibliography in the
book (or article) to help narrow the focus. Read carefully the
parts that are relevant to the position and that clearly show the
problem or a solution to the issue.
Arrange the sources alphabetically, using MLA or APA style as
specified by your instructor, and then write a five-to-ten
sentence blurb (short description) summarizing each source.
Identify the author's claim in the short summary. Indicate in a
sentence how the source might be used in the up-coming
argument paper. The following are examples using MLA and
APA.
MLA sample:
Pitts, Leonard. "Parents' Influence is Limited." The Dallas
Morning News 2 Feb. 2002: 27A. Print.
In this editorial, Pitts first claims that people are too quick to
blame a child's parents if the child does something wrong. In
fact, he says, parents might even enjoy pointing the finger at
other parents who have a child in trouble. However, Pitts tells
us, once he had his own children, he became more humble and
realized that no matter how "good" parents are children still do
things that are "bad" and against the "rules" that guided how
they were raised. This leads him to an example: a song by
Margin Gaye, suggesting that parents should stop trying to mold
children "like their own piece of clay." Finally, Pitts argues

that parents should keep offering wisdom, guidance, and love,
but stop thinking that they are the ultimate influence on their
children's lives.
I will use Pitts’ article to support my position that when a child
does something bad, the blame is too easily placed on the
parents.
APA sample:
Pitts, L. (2002, February 2). Parents' influence is limited. The
Dallas Morning News, p. 27A.
In this editorial, Pitts (2002) first claims that people are too
quick to blame a child's parents if the child does something
wrong. In fact, he says, parents might even enjoy pointing the
finger at other parents who have a child in trouble. However,
Pitts tells us, once he had his own children, he became more
humble and realized that no matter how "good" parents are
children still do things that are "bad" and against the "rules"
that guided how they were raised. This leads him to an
example: a song by Margin Gaye, suggesting that parents should
stop trying to mold children "like their own piece of clay."
Finally, Pitts argues that parents should keep offering wisdom,
guidance, and love, but stop thinking that they are the ultimate
influence on their children's lives.
I will use Pitts’ article to support my position that when a child
does something bad, the blame is too easily placed on the
parents.
Note how the researcher named the author, Pitts, throughout the
summary. Be specific and name the author. If the entry begins
with an article title, name the article title in the summary.
Development: The Annotated Bibliography should contain the
following items. Organize your sources alphabetically and
provide complete bibliographical data following MLA or APA

style of documentation rules as specified by your instructor.1.
Write, in your own words, a summary of your source. What is
the author’s position and how is it supported? You may include
a few short quotes, but for the most part, this should be a
summary. Name the author in your summary. 2. Write an
evaluation of the validity and appropriateness of the text to your
project. Does the text support/contradict/complicate your
attitude toward your subject? Relate it to other texts, raise
questions, and so on. Format: Format and document the
Annotated Bibliography using MLA or APA style as specified
by your instructor. Organize the data for each source following
MLA or APA rules for documentation. This Annotated
Bibliography is part 1 of 2.

Annotated BibliographyList of Sources with Evaluation.docx

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

Similar to Annotated BibliographyList of Sources with Evaluation.docx

Similar to Annotated BibliographyList of Sources with Evaluation.docx (20)

More from rossskuddershamus

More from rossskuddershamus (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Annotated BibliographyList of Sources with Evaluation.docx